Cross-induction of systemic induced resistance between an insect and a fungal pathogen in Austrian pine over a fertility gradient

Evidence for cross-induction of systemic resistance or susceptibility in plant–fungus–herbivore interactions is mostly derived from herbaceous model systems and not perennial woody plants. Furthermore, the eVects of environmental variables such as soil fertility on these tripartite interactions are generally unknown. This study examined cross-induction of systemic resistance in Pinus nigra (Austrian pine) to infection by Sphaeropsis sapinea (a fungal pathogen), or feeding by Neodiprion sertifer (European pine sawXy), by prior induction with either S. sapinea or N. sertifer, over a fertility gradient. In a replicated 3-year study, cross-induction of systemic induced resistance (SIR) was found to be both asymmetric within a single year and variable between years. Prior induction with insect defoliation induced SIR to subsequent fungal challenge in 2006 but not in 2005. In 2005, a fertility-independent negative systemic eVect of the fungal infection on herbivore growth was detected while herbivore survival was affected by a signiWcant interaction between induction treatment and fertility level in 2006. Prior infection by the fungus induced SIR against the same fungus in both years regardless of fertility levels. This is the Wrst report of whole-plant SIR against a defoliating insect induced by a fungal pathogen and vice versa, under variable nutrient availability, in a conifer or any other tree.