Comparative studies on the dispersion-enhancing mechanisms of phenylalanine and leucine in spray-dried salbutamol sulphate powder formulations.

Chan, Ka Man Carmen.
"October 2009."
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-165).
s in English and Chinese.
Table of Contents --- p.I
Acknowledgements --- p.IV
p.V
(Chinese version) --- p.VIII
List of Figures --- p.X
List of Tables --- p.XVIII
Chapter Chapter One. --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Pulmonary drug delivery --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Inhalation drug delivery systems --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Dry powder inhalation aerosols --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Principle of operation of DPIs --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Aerodynamic diameter --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Fine particle fraction --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Dispersibility --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Factors that affect dispersibility --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Particle Size --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Particle Density and Morphology --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Interparticulate interactions一Cohesion and adhesion --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.4.3.1 --- Surface energetics --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.4.3.2 --- Effect of hygroscopicity and electrostatic charges --- p.12
Chapter 1.4 --- Particle formation techniques for DPI formulation --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Spray-drying --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Surface modification --- p.16
Chapter 1.5 --- Physical characterization --- p.17
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Laser diffraction --- p.17
Chapter 1.5.2 --- X-ray powder diffraction --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Thermal analysis --- p.19
Chapter 1.5.4 --- Particle morphology and surface area --- p.20
Chapter 1.5.5 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.21
Chapter 1.6 --- Surface characterization --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Inverse gas chromatography --- p.22
Chapter 1.7 --- Atomic force microscopy in pharmaceutical science --- p.23
Chapter 1.7.1 --- Principle of operation --- p.24
Chapter 1.7.1.1 --- Tapping mode --- p.27
Chapter 1.7.1.2 --- Contact mode --- p.27
Chapter 1.8 --- Scope of thesis --- p.29
Chapter Chapter Two. --- Materials and Methods
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.32
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Optimization of spray-drying parameters --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of spray-dried salbutamol sulphate powders containing different concentrations of amino acid additive --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical characterization of spray-dried powders --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Particle size and size distribution --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Specific surface area --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- X-ray powder diffraction --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.3.5. --- Thermal analysis --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.3.5.1 --- Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.3.5.2 --- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Water vapour sorption isotherm --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Density measurements --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- In vitro particle deposition (MSLI) --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Surface characterization of the spray-dried powders --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Surface energy measurement by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.4.2.1 --- Calculation of standard free energy of adsorption --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.4.2.2 --- Dispersive component of surface free energy and related thermodynamic parameters --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.4.2.3 --- Specific interactions and associated acid-base properties --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.5. --- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.5.1. --- Imaging --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.5.2. --- Force measurements --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.5.2.1 --- Adhesion force measurements --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.5.2.2 --- Force curve data conversions --- p.44
Chapter Chapter Three. --- "Optimal Spray-drying Conditions, Physical Characterization and Aerosol Performance of Additive-modified Spray-dried Salbutamol Sulphate particles"
Chapter 3.1 --- Optimization of spray-drying conditions --- p.46
Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of phenylalanine on the spray-dried SS particles --- p.52
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Phenylalanine as the additive --- p.52
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Particle morphology --- p.55
Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Crystallinity --- p.62
Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Particle size distribution and specific surface area --- p.63
Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Density --- p.65
Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Thermal analysis --- p.66
Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- Water vapour isotherm --- p.70
Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of leucine on the spray-dried SS particles --- p.77
Chapter 3.3.1. --- L-Leucine as the additive --- p.77
Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- In vitro aerosol performance --- p.78
Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Particle morphology --- p.80
Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Crystallinity --- p.86
Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Particle size distribution and specific surface area --- p.87
Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Density --- p.90
Chapter 3.3.1.6 --- Thermal analysis --- p.92
Chapter 3.3.1.7 --- Water vapour isotherm --- p.95
Chapter Chapter Four. --- Surface Characterization of Additive-modified Spray-dried Salbutamol Sulphate Particles
Chapter 4.1 --- X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy --- p.103
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Phenylalanine --- p.103
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Leucine --- p.104
Chapter 4.2 --- Inverse gas chromatography --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Phenylalanine --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Leucine --- p.107
Chapter 4.3 --- Atomic force microscopy --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Surface topography --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Adhesive force measurements --- p.118
Chapter Chapter Five. --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Works
Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.139
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Physical properties --- p.139
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Surface characteristics and aerosol performance --- p.140
Chapter 5.2 --- Future studies --- p.142
Appendix --- p.143
References --- p.160
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