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Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children : The Universal Sniff Test
- Publication Year :
- 2018
-
Abstract
- Objective To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. Study design This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean +/- SD of 9.88 +/- 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r(27) = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. Conclusions The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.
Details
- Database :
- OAIster
- Notes :
- English
- Publication Type :
- Electronic Resource
- Accession number :
- edsoai.on1235051660
- Document Type :
- Electronic Resource
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016.j.jpeds.2018.03.011