Klinički i ultrazvučni pregled vimena krava nakon primenelaktoferina u periodu involucije

Kontrola zdravlja vimena krava je bitan element u procesu proizvodnje zdravstveno bezbednog mleka, te se na farmama visokomlečnih krava, kroz program kontrole mastitisa, redovno sprovode mere otkrivanja i prevencije bolesti vimena. Klinički pregled vimena predstavlja osnovni metod koji pruţa korisne informacije o zdravstvenom statusu vimena krava, ali nailazi na poteškoće u otkrivanju patoloških promena unutar parenhima i papile vimena. U cilju otkrivanja promena u parenhimu vimena moţe se primeniti ultrazvučni pregled koji omogućava vizualizaciju strukturnih promena vimena nastalih kao posledica upalnih procesa i tako olakšava dijagnostiku oboljenja. Tokom poslednjih godina, javio se problem povećanja rezistencije bakterija na antimikrobne lekove, što oteţava lečenje bolesti, ali i ugroţava zdravlje ţivotinja i ljudi. Najčešći uzroci toga su nepravilna upotreba i eventualna zloupotreba antimikrobnih lekova. Mnoga istraţivanja vršena su u in vitro i in vivo uslovima na primeni laktoferina samog ili u kombinaciji sa antibioticima u terapiji i prevenciji mastitisa krava. Laktoferin, gvoţĎe vezujući antimikrobni glikoprotein koji se nalazi u mleku i drugim sekretima, predstavlja bitan deo sistema odbrane mlečne ţlezde. Cilj istraţivanja u okviru ove disertacije je procena dijagnostičke mogućnosti ultrazvučnog pregleda u detekciji subkliničkog mastitisa i poremećene sekrecije vimena, kao i razmatranje opravdanosti primene laktoferina u prevenciji i lečenju mastitisa. Kliničkim pregledom izvršena je procena opšteg zdravstvenog stanja krava, kao i ispitivanje mlečne ţlezde adspekcijom i palpacijom. Za otkrivanje poremećene sekrecije vimena i subkliničkih mastitisa korišćeni su brzi testovi, Kalifornija mastitis test i Draminski test, kao i ultrazvučni pregled mlečne ţlezde krava. OdreĎivanje broja somatskih ćelija u uzorcima mleka uraĎeno je metodom protočne citometrije. Za identifikaciju uzročnika mastitisa korišćene su klasične mikrobiološke metode. Krave sa pozitivnim
Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk production, thus, through the mastitis control program, dairy farms regularly conduct measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Clinical examination of the udder is a basic method that provides useful information about the health status of cow udders, but this method is limited in its ability to detect pathological changes in the udder parenchyma and teat. In order to detect changes in the parenchyma of the udder, an ultrasound can be applied which allows visualization of udder structural changes incurred as a result of inflammatory processes, thus facilitating diagnosis of diseases. Over the last few years, the problem of increasing resistance to antimicrobial drugs has appeared, making it difficult to treat disease and also threaten the health of animals and humans. The incorrect and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs are the most common cause of this. Many studies were conducted in vitro and in vivo conditions on the use of lactoferrin alone or in combination with antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of mastitis. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding antimicrobial glycoprotein which is found in milk and other secretions, represents an important part of the mammary gland defense system. The aim of the research within this thesis was to evaluate the diagnostic possibilities of udder ultrasonography in the detection of subclinical mastitis and udder secretion disorders, as well as considering the feasibility of lactoferrin application in the prevention and treatment of mastitis. The general condition of the animals was evaluated by clinical examination, as well as udder examination by adspection and palpation. The California mastitis test, Draminski test and ultrasound examination of the cow's mammary glands were used for detection of udder secretion disorders and subclinical mastitis. Somatic cell count in milk samples was determined by flow cytometry method. Classical microb