Mesoscopic magnetic systems: From fundamental properties to devices

Research into mesoscopic magnetic systems, which incorporate magnetic elements with dimensions ranging from a few nm up to a few 10s of micrometer, has been spurred on by the developments in their fabrication, characterisation, and control. Electron beam and optical lithography are key methods for their fabrication because they can be used to create tailor- made planar arrangements of elements or more complex layered structures. These can be further transformed into high quality three-dimensional mesoscale architectures using strain engineering based origami approaches. Further methods include fabrication of magnetic nano- and micro-objects on curved templates prepared using ion beam erosion techniques or via self-assembly of non-magnetic particles, which does not require expensive equipment. In addition, direct write methods such as focused electron or ion beam induced deposition, along with two photon laser lithography, provide a means to create geometrically curved and three dimensional structures. The characterisation of the magnetic states can be performed with electrical measurements or using various magnetic microscopy, tomography, and scattering methods. These characterisation methods can then be used to observe the behaviour of complex magnetic textures including magnetic domain walls, vortices, Bloch points, and skyrmions. The control of the magnetic states, which is important for applications, can be achieved with a variety of external stimuli including magnetic or electric fields, spin currents, strain, photons and heat. This results in magnetization dynamics that can happen at timescales ranging from minutes down to less than a picosecond. Mesoscopic magnetic systems and their magnetic configurations are therefore not only of fundamental interest, but have the potential to be implemented in a wide range of device applications including ferro-, ferri- and antiferromagnetic spintronics, computation, magnonics, mechanically flexible and printable human-mac