PKR regulation by phosphorylation and antiviral activity of the PKR-ADAR1 axis

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) and Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) are two double stranded RNA binding proteins, respectively involved in the antiviral response to viruses and in the metabolism of dsRNA molecules. PKR is a cellular protein kinase, that in response to dsRNA molecules generated during viral infections, gets activated and phosphorylates the translation initiation factor, eIF2a, leading to translational shutoff and apoptosis. As PKR thereby acts as a potent antiviral effector, many viruses evolved mechanisms to counteract its antiviral response. Previous studies showed that Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a cardiovirus belonging to the Picornaviridae family, can block PKR activation through the activity of its Leader (L) protein, an accessory protein of the virus known to block IFN gene transcription and perturb nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In the first part of this thesis I contributed to a work showing that the L protein likely renders PKR insensitive to dsRNA molecules, possibly through the activation of cellular kinases. Next, we analyzed PKR phosphorylation modifications in the hope to identify potential phosphorylation sites responsible for PKR inhibition by TMEV L. We observed that the Ser6 residue located 3aa before the first double-stranded RNA binding motif (DRBM1) of PKR could be phosphorylated. A phospho-mimetic mutation of this site was inhibiting PKR activation after poly(I:C) transfection or viral infection, especially when combined to a phospho-mimetic mutation of the Ser97 residue, located 3aa before the second double- stranded RNA binding motif (DRBM2). We propose a model according to which phosphorylation occurring upstream of DRBMs would tighten the interaction of the DRBMs with the catalytic domain, blocking PKR in a closed conformation, and making it unable to be activated. ADAR1 is an editing enzyme, causing deamination of adenosines into inosines in dsRNA molecules, thus destabilizi
(BIFA - Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques) -- UCL, 2021