Crossiella in Caves

“Rare actinobacteria” are non-Streptomyces actinobacteria whose isolation frequency is much lower than Streptomyces strains, commonly isolated by conventional methods [1][2]. Tiwari and Gupta [3][4] reported 120 new genera of “rare actinobacteria” in the first decade of the 21th century. A total of 40 out of 120 genera were isolated from soils, with comparatively lower percentages from other environments: marine and freshwater sediments, marine animals, plants, buildings, etc. A few reports included the rare genera Actinomadura, Nonomuraea, Micromonospora, Streptosporangium, Nocardiopsis, and Pseudonocardia as the most frequent in diverse environments [5][6][7][8][9]. It is noteworthy an abundance of “rare actinobacteria” in extreme environments, as exemplified in Atacama [7] and other deserts [10][11][12][13]. However, Crossiella has not been included among “rare actinobacteria” thus far. Researchers have found that Crossiella is an abundant genus in most studied Spanish caves, whether they are gypsum, karstic or volcanic [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and in other terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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