Revisiting the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Uncovering Influences of Plant Extracts as Reducing Agents for Enhanced Synthesis Efficiency and Its Biomedical Applications

Harjeet Singh,1 Martin F Desimone,2 Shivani Pandya,1,3 Srushti Jasani,1 Noble George,1,3 Mohd Adnan,4 Abdu Aldarhami,5 Abdulrahman S Bazaid,6 Suliman A Alderhami7 1Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India; 2Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Department of Forensic Science, PIAS, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India; 4Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Medical Microbiology, Qunfudah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, 28814, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia; 7Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Almakhwah, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Shivani Pandya, Department of Forensic Science, PIAS, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India, Email shivpan02@gmail.com Abdu Aldarhami, Department of Medical Microbiology, Qunfudah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, 28814, Saudi Arabia, Email ahdarhami@uqu.edu.saBackground: Conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods involve harsh conditions, high costs, and environmental pollution. In this context, researchers are actively searching for sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical synthesis methods. This has led to the development of green synthesis procedures among which the exploration of the plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles experienced a great development. Especially, because plant extracts can work as reducing and stabilizing agents. This opens up new possibilities for cost-effective, environmentally-friendly nanoparticle synthesis with enhanced size uniformity and stability. Moreover, bio-inspired