Role of CO2 and Southern Ocean winds in glacial abrupt climate change

This work was funded by the Spanish Ministries for Environment (MARM) and Science and Innovation (MCINN) under the 200800050084028 and CGL08-06558-C02-01 projects. Research by J. Álvarez-Solás was also supported by a PICATA postdoctoral fellowship of the Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UCM-UPM). The model simulations were performed at the Spanish Environmental Research Centre (CIEMAT) in Madrid. We are also grateful to the PalMA group for useful comments and suggestions as well as to G. Knorr and to three anonymous reviewers whose recommendations have contributed to improve the manuscript.
The study of Greenland ice cores revealed two decades ago the abrupt character of glacial millennial-scale climate variability. Several triggering mechanisms have been proposed and confronted against growing proxy-data evidence. Although the implication of North Atlantic deep water (NADW) formation reorganisations in glacial abrupt climate change seems robust nowadays, the final cause of these reorganisations remains unclear. Here, the role of CO2 and Southern Ocean winds is investigated using a coupled model of intermediate complexity in an experimental setup designed such that the climate system resides close to a threshold found in previous studies. An initial abrupt surface air temperature (SAT) increase over the North Atlantic by 4 K in less than a decade, followed by a more gradual warming greater than 10 K on centennial timescales, is simulated in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and/or enhancing southern westerlies. The simulated peak warming shows a similar pattern and amplitude over Greenland as registered in ice core records of Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) events. This is accompanied by a strong Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) intensification. The AMOC strengthening is found to be caused by a northward shift of NADW formation sites into the Nordic Seas as a result of a northward retreat of the sea-ice front in response to higher temperatures. This leads to enhanced heat loss to the atmosphere as well as reduced freshwater fluxes via reduced sea-ice import into the region. In this way, a new mechanism that is consistent with proxy data is identified by which abrupt climate change can be promoted.
Spanish Ministry for Environment (MARM)
Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (MCINN)
PICATA
Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica
Fac. de Ciencias Físicas
TRUE
pub