Radiotherapy to reinvigorate immunotherapy activity after acquired resistance in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A pooled analysis of two institutions prospective phase II single arm trials

AIM: The current work aimed to investigate the clinical benefit of radiotherapy in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) developing acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. METHOD: We report on a pooled, two-institution, phase II single-arm prospective cohort study. The study included patients with stage IV NSCLC who showed progression of one or more measurable lesions under anti-PD-(L)1 inhibition alone, after initially having achieved at least stable disease. Hypofractionated radiotherapy (hRT) of one to four metastases was performed, while one or more lesions were kept untreated. Following hRT, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors was continued unchanged until further evidence of tumor progression or unacceptable toxicity. Primary endpoint of the pooled analysis was progression-free survival (PFS), secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and toxicity. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients were enrolled: mean age was 67.1 ± 9.3 years, 50% were male and 72.9% were PD-L1 positive. Immunotherapy was in 95.8% of patients the first or second line therapy at time of enrollment. hRT was performed to one (93.8% of cases) or more lesions (median total dose: 27.5 Gy, median 6.5 Gy/fraction). Forty-five patients (93.8%) were able to continue immunotherapy for a median of 6.2 months following hRT. Median PFS was 4.4 months, with 62.5% disease control at three months and 37.5% at six months. Median OS was 14.9 months. Severe adverse events (grade =2) were reported in 12 cases (25%), of which none were radiotherapy-related and four were immunotherapy-related. Salvage therapy consisted of chemotherapy (48.8%) or repeated irradiation (21.9%). No further tumor treatment was performed in 29.3% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The current pooled analysis is a prospective evaluation of the role of radiation therapy for metastatic NSCLC in the setting of newly acquired immunotherapy resistance. Hypofractionated radiotherapy can support the outcom