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The potential of immunotherapy as a treatment method for cancer is obvious based on the significant clinical response of a significant number of patients, mainly to chimeric antigen receptor-expressing pericyte transfer using transgenic autologous T cells. Nevertheless, the vast majority of malignant solid tumors do not respond specifically to CAR-T cell injections such as breast, colon and lung cancers. Suboptimal outcomes have been linked to lower expansion. They are also related to the durability of adoptively transferred CAR-T cells, antigen-negative relapses, and impairment by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in a series of clinical trials. The current status of CAR-T cell therapy of solid cancers is discussed. At the same time, this paper also discusses the barriers and how to overcome these obstacles so that CAR-T immunotherapy can be one of the treatment methods for malignant solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 signal transduction pathway can achieve tumor immune escape by enhancing tumor cell immune tolerance and inhibiting the activation of T lymphocytes. In recent years, immunosuppression, as one of the many mechanisms of tumor immune escape, has also become a research hotspo. The optimized CAR-T cells released immunosuppression by secreting antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, CAR-T therapy targeting tumor micro environment and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are important methods for cancer treatment. This paper summarizes the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in mediating tumor escape in tumor microenvironment, and briefly introduces CAR-T immunotherapy and its TME-related targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the popularity of immunotherapy, the technology of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells has received widespread attention. To date, the most successful and prevalent use of CAR T cell therapy is the CAR T cells targeting CD19 in B cell malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL), as well as B cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Concerning the remarkable success, a great many clinical trials applying CAR T cell therapy to solid tumors have been carried out, but these results have shown disappointing results. Several reasons may contribute to the limited effectiveness of CAR therapy in solid tumor, such as antigens on solid cancers are often heterogenous, physical barriers constrain the infiltration of T cells, and the repeating targeting of CAR T cells may give selective pressure on tumors. In this paper, according to the screening of specific antigens, optimization of receptor structure, affinity of T cells binding tumor antigens and CAR T cells homing, the existing improvement direction and feasible optimization of CAR-T technology has been discussed. The safety considerations (correlated to toxicity) of CARs therapy, the time and money cost of CAR T cells manufacturing, the cryopreservation of CAR T cells, formulation general principles for quality assurance, if these aspects mentioned above are solved, CARs therapy in solid tumors will have great application prospects in clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An immunomodulatory model for dengue infection is constructed in this paper. This study focuses on T-cell compartments and B cells that are immune cells involved in the dengue infection process. Dengue virus-infected monocyte cells release interferons to signal T-cells to activate B-cells and produce antibodies. Immunomodulator acts as a treatment control and aims to increase the numbers of antibodies so it is expected to reduce the number of infected monocyte cells by dengue virus. Numerical simulation shows that the greater the rate of f (t) the immune cells will be stimulated to suppress the number of infected cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]