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This paper presents a different Finite Control Set – Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) for grid-connected three-phase bidirectional power inverters. These are typically used in dc or ac renewable-based microgrids (MGs), where bidirectional operation and fast dynamic response is required. The bidirectional grid-connected inverters are an essential part of MG, which inject energy into the ac grid or demand energy from it. The dynamic behavior of the system is a major concern since the current can suddenly change depending on the hierarchical controller. This paper proposes a different cost function using sliding mode theory, which offers a good dynamic response, reduced computational burden, and a parameter-free control model. The operation principle of the proposed controller is given and evaluated using a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) system, but also experimentally with a 1kW laboratory prototype. The final results demonstrate the advantages of using this approach in grid-connected three-phase bidirectional power inverters in terms of dynamic response and reduced computational burden, making this solution technically attractive and viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-inertia microgrids are prone to large frequency fluctuations due to high penetration of inverter-fed renewable sources. A virtual synchronous machine (VSM) is capable of handling these frequency fluctuations. VSM imparts inertial behaviour in grid-connected inverters with the help of an electric storage device. Most of the reported VSM control schemes use a constant inertia parameter that leads to an inadequate dynamic frequency response. In this paper, a fuzzy controller-based self-adaptive VSM control scheme is proposed. Here, the value of the inertia parameter is decided using fuzzy rules which take the penetration index of renewable energy, frequency deviation and rate-of-change-of-frequency as the input parameters. These rules are formulated with the help of the sample data obtained from simulations done in MATLAB/Simulink, where the inertial parameter is optimized using a genetic algorithm for various cases. The proposed method is validated for solar photovoltaic-fed microgrid test systems using power–hardware-in-the loop and the results indicate a reduction in maximum frequency deviation compared to the constant inertia parameter based VSM schemes. The introduction of renewable energy penetration level and fuzzy expert system in modifying the inertia parameter are the novel contributions in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grid-connected inverter is a key device in the renewable energy power generation system and large-scale energy storage system, which the operational stability and reliability are the basis for the efficient and safe application of electrical energy. A real-time fault diagnosis method of a three-phase for grid-connected application combining a mixed logic dynamic (MLD) model and finitecontrol set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is proposed. This paper not only realizes the open circuit fault diagnosis and location of the switching devices in the main power circuit, but also discusses the threshold issues and post-fault operations. The advantage of the proposed method is that it directly uses the control data and measurement signals of the controller without extra sensors and calculation, which will shorter the fault diagnosis time and occupy less calculation resource of the main processor. Simulation results illustrate the quickness of the fault identification and accurate position with robustness to the interference of the diagnosis method. Finally, the effectiveness of the diagnosis method was verified by a 1500 W experimental prototype in a laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) has been widely used for fault diagnosis of induction motors (IMs) because of its non-invasiveness and comparatively low cost. However, the spectral leakage of the fundamental supply frequency can obscure the fault characteristic component when IMs operating at no-load or low-load conditions. In this paper, a broken rotor bar (BRB) fault diagnosis approach based on the third-order energy operator (TOEO) demodulated current signals is presented. The TOEO approach performs effectively in reducing the negative impact of the fundamental supply frequency spectral leakage and enhancing the BRB fault features. Theoretical and experimental results show that the TOEO approach can excellently reveal the fault characteristic frequency, instead of the sideband frequencies. Besides, the results are compared with the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO). The capability of the presented approach has several advantages over the TKEO, especially when the IMs are fed by an inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new control scheme to eliminate the 3rd harmonic in the output currents of grid-following inverters under unbalanced grid conditions. Unbalanced grids adversely affect the performance of grid-following inverters due to the oscillations appearing on the DC-link voltage with a frequency twice the line frequency. The paper is based on instantaneous active reactive control (IARC) technique due to its advantages over other existing methods. However, the presence of severe asymmetrical 3rd harmonic distortions in the inverter output currents is the main challenge with IARC method, which impairs the power quality requirements. This paper enhances the IARC scheme by proposing a 3rd harmonic elimination approach by adopting a current reference generation method using the symmetric sequence components concept. Furthermore, the proposed scheme complies with the grid code requirements by injecting the requested reactive current. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated by theoretical and simulation analysis and validated experimentally using a hardware setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In islanded microgrids, voltage source inverters working in parallel are expected to provide regulation of the local frequency while granting active power sharing. This paper presents a local control approach at each inverter based on an event-driven operation of a parameter-varying filter. It ensures perfect active power sharing and controllable accuracy for frequency restoration without requiring the exchange of control data between inverters over the communication network. This paper includes stability analysis and design guidelines for the control parameters using a modeling approach that considers the interaction between inverters. Selected experimental results on a three-inverter laboratory microgrid corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, and outlines its advantages with respect to previous similar schemes and the performance cost that implies not using communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-phase grid-connected inverter modeling depends on the equivalent resistance and inductance between the inverter and the grid. However, these parameters are not fixed during the operation of the inverter and vary with the operating conditions. In this paper, a new globally stable adaptive controller is proposed to estimate these values online and update the controller during its operation. A model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based on two fictitious quantities with no physical significance is utilized, namely $M = v \cdot i^*$ and $N = v^* \times i$ , where $v$ and $i$ are the steady-state values of voltage and current in synchronously rotating frame of reference. Detailed stability analysis of the proposed estimation technique has been presented using a Lyapunov energy function-based approach proving the global stability of the technique. Small-signal modeling and analysis of the proposed scheme has also been presented so as to understand the local dynamics of the system. The guidelines to select the parameter of the proposed MRAS system along with updating the controller are elaborated in this paper. Detailed simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS, along with experimental studies through a Texas Instruments TMS320F28377S microcontroller, validates the feasibility of the proposed control architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply-side current of an inverter-fed induction motor (IM) is easily accessible and less affected by noises than the motor stator current. This paper proposes a novel sensorless speed estimation method for an IM using the spectrum of the supply-side current. However, due to the influence of fundamental supply frequency, it is difficult to carry out the speed detection straight from the supply-side current signal. In this paper, an analytic model for characterizing the supply-side current of an inverter-fed IM using the modulation theory and the switching function concept is developed. Then, the Hilbert transform is applied to extract the speed harmonic component from the supply-side current. Finally, an interpolated Goertzel algorithm is put forward to enhance the estimation precision of IM speed. The performance of the proposed sensorless speed estimation method is proved by the speed estimation results obtained from hardware experiments of an IM fed by an inverter under different load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) inevitably deteriorates in the presence of local nonlinear loads and distorted grid. In this paper, the conflict involved in the simultaneous elimination of distortion for both the inverter local load voltage and the grid exchanged current is first described. A unified control structure is presented that enables a tunable tradeoff between the two constrained harmonic sources. Then, a hybrid harmonic suppression scheme is proposed to enable the further improvement of the adaptability of VSG, which mainly consists of a local voltage harmonic control loop and an adaptive grid current-controlled loop. The local voltage harmonic control loop aims to scale down the inverter output impedance via a negative feedback loop, while the grid current-controlled compensator is intended to counteract the adverse effects from a weak grid via an additional voltage, which leads to substantially lower total harmonic distortion for both the local load voltage and the grid current at the same time. Small-signal modelling is performed to investigate the system stability and its robustness to parameter perturbations. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified using hardware-in-the-loop simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the significant impact of distributed-energy-resource (DER) inverters (which are connected to the same node) on anti-islanding protection of DER-installations. As it concerns the harmonic injection-based schemes, the induced harmonic voltage component that is provoked by each inverter is compromised, as synchronous injection (injection at the same time intervals) among the inverters cannot be reassured. Therefore, harmonic injection-based anti-islanding schemes will fail if the harmonic voltage component falls below a certain level. In this framework, a novel metric (i.e., the upgrade factor, UF) is introduced, indicating the supplementary power (of DERs) that can be installed in the same point of common coupling without compromising the effectiveness of the harmonic injection scheme. As this metric enables the evaluation of harmonic injection schemes prior to the future integration of DERs, it could be a substantial addendum into the relevant standards that evaluates the anti-islanding features of grid-tied DER-inverters. Finally, this paper proposes a technique (implemented in the software level), which maximizes UF and reassures the effectiveness of the harmonic injection schemes under the power variations of installed inverters. Extensive simulations and experimental tests have been conducted that verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy under various penetration-levels and islanding-network conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an intelligent-based fault-tolerant system for a solar photovoltaic (PV) inverter. Artificial neural network based controller is used to monitor, detect, and diagnose the faults in solar PV panels, battery, semiconductor switches, and inverters. The cascaded multilevel inverter is connected across the combination of solar PV panel and battery for dc–ac conversion. The major advantage of the proposed topology is that it can deliver power from source to the load even under fault and partial shaded conditions. The paper also reviews on various faults in the solar PV energy conversion process and provides suitable solutions for each circumstance. Simulations are undertaken in MATLAB 2016a/Simulink and experimental investigation is carried out for a 3 kWp solar PV system. The results have proven that the system is capable to deliver power in spite of faulty environments. The comparison and discussion of the results were made to show the effectiveness of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase compensated proportional resonant (PR) controllers with phase leading angles embedded into resonant controllers, are used to improve the system stability, when the grid-connected inverter is connected to a weak grid with large grid impedance. However, an inappropriate phase leading angle will cause obvious anti-peak in the magnitude response of phase compensated PR controller. Thus, the phase leading angle should be selected carefully. The conventional phase compensation (CPC) method for selecting the phase leading angle can maximize the system phase margin, but at the expense of large peaks in the magnitude response of sensitivity transfer function. Meanwhile, the bandwidths of resonant controllers will be reduced. In the paper, an improved phase compensation (IPC) method is proposed, which does not cause peaks in the magnitude response of sensitivity transfer function while providing sufficient phase margin. Experimental tests were carried out on a single phase grid-connected inverter. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved in terms of the steady-state and transient performances, as well as the performance under the grid frequency deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent technical advances in control, protection and interconnection of distributed power generation units imply that it is practically viable and economically profitable to keep them as backup generators in isolated operating modes. Therefore, along with the development of islanding detection techniques, seamless operation in transition between islanded and grid connected modes is required and more sophisticated control strategies are needed to recognize the existing working condition and adjust the performance to meet the strict standards of grid interconnection. This paper presents a new adaptive control structure, based on internal model control (IMC), which uses multiple models and an inherent islanding detection method through an optimized switching mechanism to tune the operation of a three-phase inverter under transitions between islanded and grid-tied conditions. By applying a power synchronization method, the system emulates the operation of a synchronous machine which is needless to rely on a phase-locked loop to synchronize during the transitions. Hardware co-simulation environment in Simulink/PLECS and Xilinx System Generator have been utilized to evaluate the transient behavior of the controller in discretized domain and verify its robustness during parameter variations and load switching conditions. Various switching rules have been applied and a comparison of their effect in transient response is demonstrated. The results, taken from several case studies, confirm the significant robustness of the proposed control methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a general and stable numerical interface for power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) applications is a major challenge. This paper proposes a stable, robust and precise implementation of a multi-time-step interface for a PHIL simulator based on the Bergeron transmission line model (BTLM). Two limitations of the transmission-line-based interface were identified, and remedial strategies were formulated in order to ensure that the interface was compatible with the PHIL application. Stability and passivity analyses were then conducted on the resulting interface to verify its performance. The proposed interface was implemented in an experimental 3-kVA PHIL setup, using a custom-made switching power amplifier (PA). Multiple tests were performed in order to demonstrate the stability and accuracy of the closed-loop system under a wide range of operating conditions and with various devices under test (DUTs). Experimental results were obtained from islanding tests involving different simulated load configurations and solar inverter responses to network disturbance while operating in a closed-loop configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of current sampling and current reconstruction deviation, non-linearity of the inverters and parameter variation of the motors, DC offset component and high-order harmonic components exist in flux model, which makes the estimation of traditional rotor flux observer inaccurate and even divergent. In this paper, a rotor flux observer of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with adaptive flux compensation is proposed. The DC offset component and the high-order harmonic components with the flux integrator observer can be eliminated by fed them back to the input of the flux integrator through PI regulator, so that the output of the flux integrator observer only contains the fundamental component, thus the rotor flux can be accurately estimated. Since the parameters of PI regulator are related with the estimated motor angular velocity, the control system has good robustness in a wide speed range. The flux observer is based on the voltage model in stationary coordinate system, so it is suitable for both surface and interior PMSMs. Moreover, the control method of the whole system has less computational complexity and fewer variables, it is easy to implement on a low-cost hardware platform. Finally, the experimental results verify that the flux observer has superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability of power systems can be improved by the use of voltage source inverters (VSIs) with fast dynamic control, which can handle uncertainties induced by renewable energy resources and nonlinear loads. To ensure fast-dynamic response and simplified controller design, various model predictive control (MPC) methods are investigated in this paper. In the conventional MPC design for three-level VSIs, the cost function requires an additional term to ensure the balance of the neutral-point voltage (NP-V), which however can considerably impact the main goal of the MPC. To address this issue, an enhanced MPC using virtual space vectors is proposed, which allows the use of a significantly reduced weighting factor for the term in the cost function for NP-V balancing, while retaining fast-dynamic response. Additionally, the proposed MPC leads to reduced harmonic distortion in the VSI output voltage and current. Both simulation and controller hardware-in-the-loop studies are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed enhanced MPC in an operating microgrid under both steady-state and fast-transient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity to provide ancillary services has become more and more important for generators in the distribution grid. New grid codes have been implemented which regulate inverter behavior regarding different aspects of system safety and stability. This mainly includes the frequency-dependent power reduction or the allocation of reactive power. These standards affect mains monitoring because the power control directly changes penetration after the generator has islanded. In this paper, equations for active and reactive power balance are set up and developed further. Non-Detection Zones for different control methods are shown. These are then described and interpreted in detail to show how different effects that result from grid codes interfere with one another. Frequency-dependent power reduction was found to change the size and shape of the Non-Detection Zones. Reactive power control results in a shift of the Non-Detection Zones. In fact, even the initial operating point before loss of mains has an impact on inverter behavior after islanding. Islanding operating points are sometimes undefined which leads to oscillation. An interpretation of the results and advice for future revisions of grid codes conclude the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Output filters of the grid inverter usually have a large footprint in the total system. In order to increase the power density of the grid inverter, a passive integrated structure for the output filter with flexible multilayer foils is presented. Compared with a discrete output filter, the volume of the integrated filter is reduced by at least 20%. In this paper, the design of the integrated output filter is discussed. Then, a distributed electromagnetic component model of the integrated filter is used to verify the proposed design. Finally, a prototype of the integrated output filter is built and used in a grid inverter. Experimental results are included and compared with the results derived from the discrete output filter to prove the validity of this integrated filter design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are currently developed by merging a PV array and a DC/AC inverter which are designed separately, without considering the impact of the PV array operational characteristics on the power losses of the DC/AC inverter. In this paper, a co-design technique is presented, where the optimal design parameters of the PV array and DC/AC inverter in a grid-connected PV system are calculated concurrently through a unified design process. The proposed technique enables to optimally match the PV array configuration and the DC/AC inverter structure. A study has been performed, where the PV systems synthesized by applying the proposed co-design technique are compared with the PV system configurations comprising PV arrays and DC/AC inverters that have been designed separately, through distinct optimization processes based on various alternative optimization objectives. The design results for two installation sites, with different meteorological conditions during a year, demonstrated that only the proposed co-design optimization technique is capable of ensuring the maximization of the annual energy production of the overall grid-connected PV system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-phase solar inverters can be operated with different modulation strategies such as sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM), space vector modulation (SVM), and third-harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM). The selection of the modulation strategy can significantly affect photovoltaic (PV) leakage currents and power losses and compromise the inverter performance. This paper presents a detailed analysis of traditional and modified modulation effects on power semiconductor losses and PV leakage current. The research focuses on a three-phase three-level T-type neutral point clamped (3L-TNPC) solar inverter. A detailed exploration of traditional SPWM and SVM is presented, and a new modified modulation strategy referred to as two-triplen harmonic injection PWM (2THIPWM) is proposed, which can substitute the SVM scheme. Analytical expressions are derived for the proposed 2THIPWM strategy, which can be used for the SVM power-loss approximation. The comparison between 2THIPWM and SPWM shows a conduction-loss difference greater than the 5% normalized range. The modulation strategies are discussed with respect to the PV common mode current signature, and specific design techniques in modulation lead to reduced leakage currents for safety compliance. The theoretical and experimental results obtained using a 3L-TNPC solar inverter are presented to evaluate the modulation strategies and their impact on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a fully decentralized adaptive droop optimization strategy for inverters is proposed for minimizing power loss during power transmission in islanded microgrids integrated with solar photovoltaic systems. From a hierarchical point of view, the proposed control architecture of the distributed generators encompasses both the primary and secondary levels in a decentralized plug-and-play manner. The primary level, realized by a droop controller, is in charge of the fast response in load sharing among all the generation units in the microgrid. The secondary level control, with a larger operation time scale, has the objective of minimizing the power loss in the system, which is achieved by the proposed adaptive droop functions. The advantage of the proposed droop optimization strategy is that the power generation units are fully decentralized by using only local measurements. The adaptability of the droop functions is achieved by adopting a perturbation and observation (P&O) method. Particularly, when a small perturbation in the offset of the $P\text{--}f$ droop functions is introduced, the resultant effects on frequency and generated power are examined in order to select the offsets with the minimum power generation, indicating that the power loss is minimum. The P&O process is performed iteratively by every participating generation unit with a fixed perturbation over a constant time step. Eventually, the system converges to a steady state with minimum power loss. The process within the secondary controller continues indefinitely, and any change in loads or grid configuration will bring the system to a new steady state with minimum power loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a photovoltaic (PV) inverter architecture composed of stackable dc to three-phase ac converter blocks. Several such blocks, each containing a converter power stage and controls, are connected in series on their ac sides to obtain transformerless medium-voltage ac interfaces for PV power plants. The series-connected structure is made possible by a quadruple active bridge dc–dc converter that provides isolation between the PV input and each of the three ac-side phases within each block. Furthermore, since incoming PV power is transferred as constant balanced three-phase ac power, instantaneous input–output power balance bypasses the need for bulk energy storage. To streamline implementation and maximize system scalability and resilience, decentralized block-level controllers accomplish dc-link voltage regulation, maximum power point tracking, and ac-side power sharing without centralized means. The proposed architecture is validated by simulations of a PV string to medium-voltage ac system consisting of six blocks and on a proof-of-concept hardware prototype that consists of three cascaded converter blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in the use of transformer-less systems for grid-connected photovoltaic applications. Compared to transformer-coupled solutions, transformer-less systems offer a typical efficiency increase of 1–2%, reduced system size and weight, and a reduction in cost. However, the removal of the transformer has technical implications. In addition to the loss of galvanic isolation, dc current injection into the grid is a potential risk. While desirable, complete mitigation of dc current injection via convention current control methods is known to be particularly challenging. For this reason, this paper proposes an active dc suppression method, in which the dc current injection is accurately determined by extracting the line-frequency component from inverter dc-link current measurements, and then, mitigated with an active closed-loop controller. Experimental results from a laboratory grid-connected inverter system are presented to demonstrate the high performance of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An isolated single sourced multi-output dc/dc converter with a high-frequency link was proposed before to feed different cells of the Asymmetrical Cascaded H-bridge (ACHB) inverter. One of the fundamental advantages of the ACHB is that the main H-bridge is commutated with fundamental frequency, passing the majority of the inverter power. However, the isolated dc/dc converter needs to be connected to the main voltage source with high-voltage/high-frequency switches, which limits the power capability and the efficiency of the converter. In this paper, a switching pattern based on nearest level modulation method is proposed to command all the power to be transferred through the main H-bridge. Therefore, the power circulates between the auxiliary H-bridges with no need for high-voltage switches. As a result, a single-input single-output auxiliary converter is needed with only 5% of the power rating. This solution reduces cost and size while it improves the efficiency of the converter. Furthermore, the architecture makes the inverter more suitable for high power and high-voltage applications. The inverter switching strategy is based on programmable firing angles. The main dc-link of the grid connected inverter is controlled to achieve maximum power point tracking, while the dc/dc isolated converter is controlled to regulate the auxiliary dc-links. The proposed topology is verified by simulation and experimental results using a 1.5 kW hardware prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformer-less grid-connected PV inverters are an attractive technology choice due to their high-efficiency performance and relatively small volume. However, in the absence of galvanic isolation, dc current can potentially flow into the grid and adversely affect the grid performance. In addition, as the sinusoidal ac output is significantly larger than the dc injection component, accurate dc current sensing at the inverter output remains a technical challenge. As a result, this paper proposes a two-stage dc voltage detection technique that employs an isolated RC attenuation circuit and a software dc-component filtering algorithm. The principle of the proposed technique can be applied in many switch-mode power converter topologies. The simple and cost-effective combination facilitates dc component extraction within the accuracy of 1 mV; moreover, this can be further used as digital dc feedback for active current control purposes. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype demonstrate the high performance of the proposed dc extraction and suppression approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents system architecture and control scheme of a photovoltaic (PV) string inverter allowing seamless battery integration with the dc-series integration method. The architecture uses the partial-power processing universal dc–dc optimizer to have flexible power control by regulating the T-node compensation current. The universal optimizer is configured with a dual active bridge dc–dc converter allowing bidirectional power flow and galvanic isolation. Three operation modes are proposed depending on the input sources connected. Based on the operation mode, the universal optimizer and a dc–ac inverter switch their control reference to deliver the maximum PV power and perform battery current control. The steady-state and transient operation of the closed-loop control scheme have been demonstrated through controller hardware-in-the-loop tests to verify feasibility and effectiveness of the PV-battery series inverter architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new diode-clamped multilevel inverter that can effectively balance the voltages of dc capacitors. For the proposed inverter, the inductors are inserted between the diodes and the main switches. Also, the voltage balance of the dc capacitors can be guaranteed by controlling the opening time of the corresponding main switches in particular modes. Thus, the parallel circuits on the dc side in the conventional inverters are canceled. Consequently, the proposed topology requires fewer switches, diodes, and capacitors, although it adds the compensation currents to the corresponding main switches. Both the simulation and experimental results demonstrate the suitability and applicability of the proposed topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a deadbeat finite set model predictive current control based on discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) in order to achieve robust characteristics from the grid impedance variation while guaranteeing high performance of output current waveforms and a fixed switching frequency. The proposed DSVM strategy enables to obtain a large number of virtual voltage vectors without complex initialization process or lookup table, which are the drawbacks of the conventional DSVM strategies. A deadbeat technique was adopted to minimize the number of candidate voltage vectors considered in the cost function in order to avoid the high computational burden caused by considering all voltage vectors. The simulation and experimental results were presented to verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method using a two-level grid-connected voltage source inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load-commutated inverters (LCI's) are often used to supply dual-three-phase synchronous motors in high-power variable-speed applications. A pair of LCIs is used in this arrangement to feed the two motor three-phase winding sets. In order to cope with inter-harmonic issues, a drive configuration with an interconnection of the two LCI dc-links has been proposed. In this paper, such a drive design is shown to produce an increased voltage stress on motor windings compared with traditional configurations. The problem is investigated in the paper by proposing an algebraic algorithm capable of predicting the steady-state voltage waveform applied to the motor terminals and arising between the star points of the two winding sets. Unlike conventional dynamic simulations, the proposed approach gives practically instantaneous results, making it possible to quickly investigate a wide number of possible operating conditions. Furthermore, it requires a limited knowledge of system parameters, which are often hardly available. Its reliability and accuracy are assessed by comparison with measurements on a test drive system and examples are given of the method application to the sizing of motor insulation system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Decentralized methods for computing optimal real and reactive power setpoints for residential photovoltaic (PV) inverters are developed in this paper. It is known that conventional PV inverter controllers, which are designed to extract maximum power at unity power factor, cannot address secondary performance objectives such as voltage regulation and network loss minimization. Optimal power flow techniques can be utilized to select which inverters will provide ancillary services and to compute their optimal real and reactive power setpoints according to well-defined performance criteria and economic objectives. Leveraging advances in sparsity-promoting regularization techniques and semidefinite relaxation, this paper shows how such problems can be solved with reduced computational burden and optimality guarantees. To enable large-scale implementation, a novel algorithmic framework is introduced—based on the so-called alternating direction method of multipliers—by which optimal power flow-type problems in this setting can be systematically decomposed into subproblems that can be solved in a decentralized fashion by the utility and customer-owned PV systems with limited exchanges of information. Since the computational burden is shared among multiple devices and the requirement of all-to-all communication can be circumvented, the proposed optimization approach scales favorably to large distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a combined reactive power modulation and grid current distortion improvement approach is proposed for an H6 transformer-less full-bridge single-phase photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected inverter. H6 transformer-less inverters with traditional modulation and control strategies may not satisfy the requirement of reactive power compensation or may result in more severe zero-crossing current distortion. Therefore, contrary to the traditional modulation, a novel reactive power injection space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is proposed, which consists of two operation stages—inverter modulation and reactive power modulation. The implementation of SVPWM for reactive power modulation using a digital signal processor is also investigated. Furthermore, to suppress the current zero-crossing distortion in the reactive power injection mode, a global sliding mode function based on the proportion-integration-resonance current controller is designed, and the control law of the global sliding mode is derived. Using the segment modulation and grid current distortion improvement approach, the function of reactive current injection is implemented in commercial PV inverters, and the total harmonic distortion of the grid current is decreased significantly by more than 5% in the low-power segment, under the operating conditions of a lagging or leading power factor of 0.95. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach are verified through simulation and experiment using a 5-kVA prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new topology of two-stage cascaded switched-diode (CSD) multilevel inverter is proposed for medium-voltage renewable energy integration. First, it aims to reduce the number of switches along with its gate drivers. Thus, the installation space and cost of a multilevel inverter are reduced. The spike removal switch added in the first stage of the inverter provides a flowing path for the reverse load current, and as a result, high voltage spikes occurring at the base of the stepped output voltage based upon conventional CSD multilevel inverter topologies are removed. Moreover, to resolve the problems related to dc source fluctuations of multilevel inverter used for renewable energy integration, the clock phase-shifting (CPS) one-cycle control (OCC) is developed to control the two-stage CSD multilevel inverter. By shifting the clock pulse phase of every cascaded unit, the staircase-like output voltage waveforms are obtained and a strong suppression ability against fluctuations in dc sources is achieved. Simulation and experimental results are discussed to verify the feasibility and performances of the two-stage CSD multilevel inverter controlled by the CPS OCC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of a grid-connected inverter used for the corresponding controller design depends on the equivalent resistance and inductance between the inverter and the grid. These parameters are not fixed and change with operating conditions, temperature, and age. This paper analyses the effectiveness of the application of the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) approach in obtaining an accurate model of a grid-connected inverter system. Active and reactive power based MRAC approaches are used to estimate the equivalent resistance and reactance between the inverter and the grid. Detailed stability analysis of the MRAC approach is presented. The system models for the MRAC controller design are derived and guidelines on the controller parameters selection are proposed. Experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multilevel inverter based on three-phase H-bridge inverters for an open-end winding induction motor drive is presented and its fault-tolerance capability is investigated. The multilevel topology is obtained using three wye-connected three-phase H-bridge inverters to supply open-end winding induction motors. This topology has the ability to extend the maximum voltage applied to the motor windings up to two times the dc supply voltage of the three-phase inverters. For a given induction motor voltage, the topology allows the use of dc sources with a lower voltage rating. Consequently, faster power semiconductors can be used. This multilevel topology can be directly controlled by modifying known modulation concepts, such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM). In this study, two sinusoidal PWM modulation techniques will be implemented: the level-shifted carriers (phase disposition) and the phase-shifted modulator. Fault-tolerant operation under an open-switch fault without adding any extra components and without changing the modulation strategy is also proposed, adding fault-tolerant capability to the new topology. Experimental results of this multilevel inverter in normal operation and in fault tolerant mode are presented. The obtained results confirm the fault effectiveness of the proposed multilevel topology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a generalized direct torque control (DTC) strategy for multilevel inverter fed DTC (MLI-DTC) drives. By using a simple voltage vector decomposition technique, the proposed method is compatible with inverters possessing any number of voltage levels. Consequently, voltage vectors are applied in a similar way as in the case of a two-level inverter fed DTC. A constant inverter switching frequency is imposed in the proposed method by using a torque regulator in place of the traditional torque hysteresis controller, which enables the application of two voltage vectors within one switching cycle. This also contributes to reduce the torque and flux ripples. Detailed design guidelines for the proposed torque regulator are provided. Experimental results obtained with a three-level neutral point clamped inverter show that the proposed MLI-DTC drive operates with low, constant switching frequency while alleviating torque and flux ripples under all operating conditions. Comparative study with a prior art and parametric sensitivity analysis are also presented to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed MLI-DTC method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The LCL grid-connected inverter has the ability to attenuate the high-frequency current harmonics. However, the inherent resonance of the LCL filter affects the system stability significantly. To damp the resonance effect, the dual-loop current control can be used to stabilize the system. The grid current plus capacitor current feedback system is widely used for its better transient response and high robustness against the grid impedance variations. The weighted average current (WAC) feedback scheme is capable to provide a wider bandwidth at higher frequencies but show poor stability characteristics under weak grid scenarios. To overcome this shortcoming, the improved WAC damping method is proposed with an additional capacitor current feedback loop. In this paper, a systematic parameter design guideline for the optimal selection of the current loop proportional resonant controller and the additional capacitor current feedback coefficient are presented for the improved WAC feedback control strategy. The satisfactory range of the system control parameters can be obtained under different delay conditions to meet the system performance specifications. The improved WAC method enhances system robustness under weak grid scenarios, and the stability and robustness have been enhanced under control delay. Finally, the experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed improved WAC control strategy and the parameter design method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a novel configuration of a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter that can integrate solar photovoltaic (PV) with battery storage in a grid-connected system is proposed. The strength of the proposed topology lies in a novel, extended unbalance three-level vector modulation technique that can generate the correct ac voltage under unbalanced dc voltage conditions. This paper presents the design philosophy of the proposed configuration and the theoretical framework of the proposed modulation technique. A new control algorithm for the proposed system is also presented in order to control the power delivery between the solar PV, battery, and grid, which simultaneously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is investigated by the simulation of several scenarios, including battery charging and discharging with different levels of solar irradiation. The proposed methodology and topology is further validated using an experimental setup in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As penetration of distributed generation increases, the electrical distribution networks may encounter several challenges mainly related to voltage control. The situation may deteriorate in case of a weak grid connected to an intermittent source such as photovoltaic (PV) generation. Fast varying solar irradiance can cause unacceptable voltage variations that may not be easily compensated by slow-responding utility equipment. The PV inverter can be used to control the grid voltage by injecting/absorbing reactive power. A small-signal model is derived in order to study the stability of a PV inverter exchanging reactive power with the grid. This paper also proposes a method that utilizes the available capacity of the PV inverter to support the grid voltage without violating the rating of the inverter and the maximum voltage that the inverter's switching device can withstand. The method proposed in this paper is validated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a robust adaptive voltage control of three-phase voltage source inverter for a distributed generation system in a standalone operation. First, the state-space model of the load-side inverter, which considers the uncertainties of system parameters, is established. The proposed adaptive voltage control technique combines an adaption control term and a state feedback control term. The former compensates for system uncertainties, while the latter forces the error dynamics to converge to zero. In addition, the proposed algorithm is easy to implement, but it is very robust to system uncertainties and sudden load disturbances. In this paper, a stability analysis is also carried out to show the robustness of the closed-loop control system. The proposed control strategy guarantees excellent voltage regulation performance (i.e., fast transient response, zero steady-state error, and low THD) under various types of loads such as balanced load, unbalanced load, and nonlinear load. The simulation and experimental results are presented under the parameter uncertainties and are compared to the performances of the corresponding nonadaptive voltage controller to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a configuration of wind turbine using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in single-sided grid connection. The stator of the machine is connected with a direct power grid, and the rotor is controlled by an inverter without any external power source. This is called a single external feeding of DFIG (SEF-DFIG). The conventional DFIG uses an additional grid power converter to regulate the rotor power; but in SEF-DFIG, the external source of a grid power is only connected to the stator windings. Due to this feature, the rotor-side inverter can be integrated on the rotor without any slip ring. In this paper, for applying the proposed scheme to the wind turbine, the performances of the generating operation are analyzed. The experimental results of a 2.4-kW DFIM system are presented to prove the feasibility of the proposed system and method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the future, the provision of ancillary services in low-voltage grids will become more and more important. Low-voltage ride-through capability has been a requirement in medium- and high-voltage grids but will become mandatory even in low-voltage grids. There may be conflicts with existing requirements such as anti-islanding detection. This paper proposes a method that allows for both low-voltage ride-through capability and anti-islanding protection to be implemented simultaneously in three-phase inverters connected to low-voltage grids. This method uses constant voltage and frequency monitoring and reacts according to the relevant specific requirements. With the proposed method, inverters can contribute to system stability without the risk of unintentional islanding operation. The implementation of low-voltage ride-through capability is shown to even facilitate the detection of islanded grids. To prove the merit of this proposal, a model for a three-phase inverter is developed, which incorporates the proposed method and is successfully tested both in simulation and in experiments in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Performance of conventional digital current controllers is constrained by transport delays within the feedback acquisition chain, as well as by delays inherent to the pulse width modulation. In this paper, we introduce a novel current controller which provides a very high closed-loop bandwidth, improves the robustness and disturbance rejection, and eliminates the noise and sampling errors in the feedback path. In order to achieve these goals, we suppress the transport delays by introducing an improved execution schedule of the control interrupt and by inserting a cascaded multiplier of differential character. With the novel gain setting rule, the closed-loop bandwidth reaches 17% of the sampling frequency, disturbance rejection capability is doubled, the step response has a negligible overshoot, and the robustness is characterized by the vector margin of 0.65. Experimental verification is performed using an experimental setup with a three-phase inverter, digital controller, and a permanent magnet synchronous motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For power conversion systems interfaced to four-wire supplies, four-leg converters have become a standard solution. A four-leg converter allows good compensation of zero-sequence harmonics and full utilisation of the dc-link voltage. These are very important features when unbalanced and/or nonlinear loads are connected to the system. This paper proposes a three-dimensional space vector modulation (SVM) algorithm and provides a comprehensive analysis of the algorithm implemented on a three-level, four-leg neutral-point-clamped converter. The algorithm allows a simple definition of the different switching patterns and enables balancing of the dc-link capacitor voltages using the redundancies of the converter states. A resonant controller is selected as the control strategy to validate the proposed SVM algorithm in a 6 kW experimental rig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase drives are advantageous when high overall system reliability and the reduction in the total power per phase are required. The control strategies for these applications require a good knowledge of the machine parameters to ensure a high quality of the dynamic and steady-state drive performance. Multiphase machines are still not common in industry and it appears that very little work has been done so far in relation to parameter identification techniques. This paper presents and implements a procedure to estimate the parameters of a five-phase induction machine, which can be also extended to other multiphase machines with higher phase numbers. The method is based on standstill time-domain tests and recursive least-squares algorithms. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the developed identification method using tests on two different five-phase induction machines. Correlation with corresponding parameters obtained in Part 1 of this paper is established, where electrical parameters of the same two five-phase inverter-fed induction motor drives were identified using various procedures, based on sinusoidal excitation of the machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new method for an online electric parameters identification of an induction motor (IM). This method is carried out in the IM standstill configuration and uses adaptive linear neuron (ADALINE) networks. In order to simplify the identification process, the IM model is approximated by two first-order subsystems: one is valid at low frequencies (LFs), called the slow system and the other is valid at high frequencies (HFs), called the fast system. By means of two ADALINE networks, the parameters of the slow system and the fast system are identified in LFs and HFs, respectively, and thus, the required IM parameters are derived. Finally, experimental results are presented in order to validate the proposed method and to check the accuracy of the obtained parameters. The originality of this paper is the building of a model representation that is suitable for implementation with ADALINE networks. This leads to a simple implementation and ease of parameters identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional active islanding detection methods (IDMs) are designed for the inverter-based distributed generation systems (DGSs) with current control interface. Such strategies can hardly be extended to the DGS with power control interface because the power control loop can affect the IDMs by enlarging the nondetection zones (NDZs). This paper presents an active IDM based on negative-sequence power injections for the DGS with power control interface. Combining with the IDM, the power control of the DGS is achieved with two control loops. One is the positive-sequence power loop that satisfies the conventional power control requirements. The other is the negative-sequence power/current variation loop for the islanding detection. The positive and negative sequences are separated by a simple strategy based on an all digital phase-locked loop. Due to the differences between the grid impedance and the local load impedance, the percentage of the voltage imbalance (VI) at the point of common coupling is utilized to indicate the islanding operation. For the grid-connected DGS, the VI is dominated by the grid voltage, which is a constant. If the DGS is disconnected from the grid, the VI is determined by the injected negative-sequence power/current. The NDZs of the presented scheme with different system configurations, such as grid impedances, load quality factors, etc., are also analyzed in this paper. By injecting the negative-sequence power/current periodically, the NDZs resulting from the imbalance of the grid voltages or the local loads are further mitigated. For multi-DGSs, the IDM is still effective if combined with the conventional under/overfrequency-protection strategy. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the IDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents power loss comparison of single- and two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems based on the loss factors of double line-frequency voltage ripple (DLFVR), fast irradiance variation + DLFVR, fast dc load variation + DLFVR, limited operating voltage range + DLFVR, and overall loss factor combination. These loss factors will result in power deviation from the maximum power points. In this paper, both single-stage and two-stage grid-connected PV systems are considered. All of the effects on a two-stage system are insignificant due to an additional maximum power point tracker, but the tracker will reduce the system efficiency typically about 2.5%. The power loss caused by these loss factors in a single-stage grid-connected PV system is also around 2.5%; that is, a single-stage system has the merits of saving components and reducing cost, and does not penalize overall system efficiency under certain operating voltage ranges. Simulation results with the MATLAB software package and experimental results have confirmed the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system interfaced to the grid using a dual inverter is proposed. One of the two inverters in the dual inverter is connected to the rectified output of the wind generator while the other is directly connected to a battery energy storage system (BESS). This approach eliminates the need for an additional dc–dc converter and thus reduces power losses, cost, and complexity. The main issue with this scheme is uncorrelated dynamic changes in dc-link voltages that results in unevenly distributed space vectors. A detailed analysis on the effects of these variations is presented in this paper. Furthermore, a modified modulation technique is proposed to produce undistorted currents even in the presence of unevenly distributed and dynamically changing space vectors. An analysis on the battery charging/discharging process and maximum power point tracking of the wind turbine generator is also presented. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the efficacy of the proposed modulation technique and battery charging/discharging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies microgrids where loads are supplied by parallel-connected inverters controlled by decentralized active power/voltage frequency and reactive power-/voltage-magnitude droop control laws. A paralleled ac system, such as a multiinverter microgrid, is susceptible to circulating currents due to differences in voltage magnitude, frequency, phase angle, or dc offset. Circulating currents due to differences in voltage magnitude and dc offset have been known issues reported in literature. However, an in-depth analysis of the problem is required to ascertain the deviation of the system-operating condition from the desired condition. This paper provides a mathematical model that predicts the effect of voltage-magnitude offsets on reactive power sharing between inverters. Simulation and experimental results verify the accuracy of the analytical results obtained from the mathematical model. We examine the effect of dc-circulating currents and propose a simple capacitor emulation control law implemented in software to eliminate dc-circulating currents. This solution is a possible alternative for hardware implementation to eliminate dc-circulating currents. The effectiveness of the capacitor emulation control law has been verified through experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the opportunity for energy saving in a three-phase induction motor (IM) driving pump load and proposes an improved loss model control (LMC). Compared with other power-loss reduction algorithms for IM, the presented one has the advantages of fast and smooth flux adaptation, high accuracy, and versatile implementation. The performance of LMC depends mainly on the accuracy of modeling the motor drive and losses. In this paper, the derived loss model considers the surplus power loss caused by inverter voltage harmonics using closed-form equations and also includes the magnetic saturation. An artificial neural network controller is synthesized and trained offline to determine the optimal flux level that achieves maximum drive efficiency. The drive's voltage and speed control loops are connected via the actual stator frequency, making the scheme comparatively reliable. Simulation and experimental studies are performed on 5.5-kW test motor using the proposed control method. The test results are provided and compared with the fixed flux operation to validate the effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]