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The present study of three generations' families living together during a period of marked economic dislocation investigates whether supportive grandparents can ameliorate the negative effects of economic stress on parenting and on teen outcomes. The study focuses on harsh parenting and adolescent depression, which has been shown to be especially responsive to economic stress. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) in extended families there is a link between economic adversity and adolescent depression that is mediated by harsh parenting; (2) grandparent support diminishes the relationship between economic pressure and harsh parenting; and (3) grandparent support diminishes the relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent depression. Data were collected from a community sample of 62 extended families with an adolescent during a period of marked economic dislocation in Bulgaria. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents completed questionnaires about perceived economic pressure, parents' harsh parenting, and perceived support of grandparents. Adolescents also completed a measure of self-reported depression. Additional interviews were conducted with every eligible family member about family relations. Results showed that even though there was significant economic stress reported by parents, adolescents reported moderate levels of depression and low levels of harsh parenting by mothers and fathers. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that whenever respondents experienced support by grandparents, it made a difference for family members. More specifically, despite economic stress, mothers who experienced the support of grandparents tended to exercise less harsh parenting practices than mothers who lacked such support. Furthermore, when grandparents were supportive, harsh parenting was not associated with adolescent depression. These findings are discussed in the light of existing studies of families under economic pressure with a special focus on extended family relations and the role of cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include the social construction of gender; subjectivity, religious identity, and tolerance among Israeli adolescent girls; and accuracy and distortion in memory: a cognitive neuroscience prospective.

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include consequences of individualism and collectivism; coping research in Great Britain and advance in coping with stress; and research on coping with chronic illness in the Netherland.

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include stereotyping the outgroup: effects of perceived ability on estimated task performance with similar and different others; examination of complex behaviors using genetic strategies; and analysis of circadian behavioral rhythms using genetically altered mice.

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include new directions in emotions research: brain, mind, and behavior; emotions while reading: an intersection between cognitive psychology and literary criticism; and the effects of psychological treatment on the processing of negative self-descriptive information in depression.

This study examined the circular structure of values in China. The circular structure is a central element of Schwartz value theory and visualises the idea that some values are similar while others conflict with one another. Whereas numerous studies addressed the question whether the circular structure of values can be generalised cross‐culturally, results for China are inconclusive. In this paper, we argue that taking a closer look at China provides a challenge to the circular structure and allows for drawing conclusions regarding the limits versus generalizability of Schwartz' theory. For this purpose, we first conduct a re‐analysis of Chinese data from a former meta‐analysis (Study 1) and second, present results from a large study of 10,652 Chinese college students (Study 2). Results of Study 1 revealed that graphical representation of the circular structure matched theoretical expectations but five out of six samples showed relatively bad fit to the theorised structure. By contrast, data in Study 2 showed a good model fit. As an overall conclusion, the circular structure is well supported in the Chinese context, and small sample sizes in previous studies might have caused the imperfect match to the prototypical circular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a historical overview of the Interamerican Society of Psychology, which was founded on December 17, 1951, in Mexico City. Firstly, the historical circumstances of the foundation period are presented, as well as the people who made this organization possible, and the state of psychology on the American continent at that time. Secondly, the most important activities that the Interamerican Society of Psychology has developed during its 60 years are mentioned, such as the publication of books and scientific journals, the creation of several task forces and the Interamerican Congresses of Psychology. Basically, the purpose of this paper is to review the history of the Interamerican Society of Psychology through the recovery and use of various documentary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social motivation has been shown to influence various cognitive processes. In the present paper, it is verified that people are motivated to view out‐groups as possessing a lesser degree of humanity than the in‐group (Leyens et al., 2000) and that this motivation influences logical processing in the Wason selection task. So far, studies on infra‐humanization have been shown to influence attribution of uniquely human characteristics to groups. Most of these studies focused on the attribution of secondary emotions. Results have shown that secondary emotions are preferentially attributed to in‐group members (Leyens et al., 2001). Also, people tend to react differently to in‐group and out‐group members displaying secondary emotions (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). In the present paper, it is argued that infra‐humanization is a two‐direction bias and that it does influence logical processing among perceivers. Specifically, infra‐humanization motivation impacts logical processing in two different directions. First, most motivation is spent to reach the desirable conclusion that the in‐group is uniquely human. Second, least motivation occurs to support the undesirable conclusion that the out‐group is uniquely human. These hypotheses are tested in four cross‐cultural studies that varied the status and the conflicting relations between groups. Results were in line with the predictions and further confirmed that infra‐humanization biases can be obtained independently of status and conflict (but see Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). The discussion relates these findings with in‐group favouritism and out‐group derogation (Brewer, 1999) and underlines the importance of infra‐humanization in counteracting system justification biases (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Il a été démontré que la motivation sociale influence de nombreux processus cognitifs. Dans cet article, nous verifions que les gens sont motivés à voir les exogroupes comme possédant un degré d'humanité moindre que l'endogroupe (Leyens et al., 2000) et que cette motivation influence le traitement logique dans la tâche de sélection de Wason. A ce jour, les études sur l'infra‐humanisation ont montré une influence dans l'attribution de caractéristiques typiquement humaines aux groupes. La plupart de ces études étaient centrées sur l'attribution d'émotions secondaires. Les résultats ont montré que les émotions secondaires sont attribuées préférentiellement aux membres de l'endogroupe (Leyens et al., 2001). De plus, les gens tendent à réagir différement face à des membres de l'endogroupe ou de l'exogroupe qui s'expriment à l'aide d'émotions secondaires (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). Dans cet article, nous postulons que l'infra‐humanisation est un biais bi‐directionnel et que ce biais influence le traitement logique des gens. Spécifiquement, l'infra‐humanisation influence le traitement logique dans deux directions. Premièrement, les gens sont fortement motivés à atteindre la conclusion désirable que l'endogroupe est typiquement humain. Deuxièment, les gens sont les moins motivés à atteindre la conclusion indésirable que l'exogroupe est typiquement humain. Ces hypothèses sont testées dans quatre études cross‐culturelles qui varient tant les relations de statut que les relations de conflit entre les groupes. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec les prédictions et confirment le fait que le biais d'infra‐humanisation peut être obtenu indépendamment du statut ou des relations de conflit entre les groupes (mais voir Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). La discussion articule les résultats avec le favoritisme endogroupal et la dérogation exogroupale (Brewer, 1999) et souligne l'importance de l'infra‐humanisation pour contre‐carrer les biais liés à la théorie de justification du système (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Se ha mostrado que la motivación social influye sobre varios procesos cognitivos. En el presente trabajo, se verifica que la gente se encuentra más motivada para ver un grado menor de humanidad en personas fuera de su grupo que en aquéllas pertenecientes al grupo propio (Leyens et al., 2000) y que esta motivación influye sobre el procesamiento lógico en la tarea de selección de Watson. Hasta el momento, los estudios sobre infrahumanización han mostrado que influye en la atribución de características puramente humanas a los grupos. La mayoría de estos estudios se han centrado en la atribución de emociones secundarias. Los resultados han mostrado que las emociones secundarias se atribuyen preferentemente a miembros del propio grupo (Leyens et al., 2001). También, la gente tiende a reaccionar de manera diferente ante miembros del propio grupo y de externos a éste y muestra emociones secundarias (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). En el presente trabajo, se alega que la infrahumanización es un sesgo bi‐direccional y que influye sobre el procesamiento lógico entre quienes perciben. Específicamente, la motivación para la infrahumanización impacta el procesamiento lógico en dos direcciones diferentes. Primero, la mayor parte de la motivación se emplea para alcanzar la conclusión deseada de que el grupo propio es singularmente humano. Segundo, ocurre menos motivación para apoyar la conclusión indeseable de que aquéllos fuera del grupo propio son singularmente humanos. Se someten a prueba estas hipótesis en cuatro estudios transculturales en los que variaban el estatus y las relaciones en conflicto entre los grupos. Los resultados coinciden con las predicciones y confirman además que es posible obtener sesgos de infrahumanización independientemente del estatus y el conflicto (pero véase, Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). La discusión relaciona estos hallazgos con el favoritismo hacia el grupo propio y el desprecio hacia aquéllos externos a éste (Brewer, 1999) y subraya la importancia de la infrahumanización y cómo ésta contrarresta los sesgos del sistema de justificación (Jost & Banaji, 1994). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper introduces relational frame theory ( RFT) as a functional contextual approach to complex human behaviour and examines how this theory has contributed to our understanding of several key phenomena in psychological science. I will first briefly outline the philosophical foundation of RFT and then examine its conceptual basis and core concepts. Thereafter, I provide an overview of the empirical findings and applications that RFT has stimulated in a number of key domains such as language development, linguistic generativity, rule-following, analogical reasoning, intelligence, theory of mind, psychopathology and implicit cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an international survey on the place and role of psychology in cognitive science (CS). The respondents were psychological societies from 31 countries illustrating a variety of situations, from countries where psychology has been established as a science for a long time to countries where it has been established more recently and is still developing. The paper reviews topics covered by the CS approach, as well as research operations and initiatives taken in this domain. The analysis of responses reflects the belief that psychology, in general, has a central role in CS. This is based on epistemological considerations, as well as on the recognition of the methodological expertise of psychology for collecting and analyzing empirical data. Psychology is reported to have a unique integrative capacity and to take care to maintain the place of the human being at the centre of CS. Limitations and obstacles to the development of pluridisciplinary research on cognition are also reported, and information is provided on the training programmes in CS and the institutions that support research in this domain. Cet article rapporte les resultats d'une enquete internationale sur la place et le role de la psychologie dans le domaine des sciences cognitives. Des reponses ont ete recueillies aupres des societes de psychologie de 31 pays, certains dans lesquels la psychologie scientifique est etablie depuis longtemps et certains autres dans lesquels la psychologie, d'installation plus recente, est encore en train de se developper. L'article passe en revue les themes couverts par les sciences cognitives, ainsi que les operations de recherche et les initiatives prises dans ce domaine. L'analyse des reponses reflete la conviction que le role de la psychologie dans les sciences cognitives est central. Cette conviction s'appuie sur des considerations epistemologiques, mais aussi sur l'expertise methodologique reconnue de la psychologie dans la collecte et l'analyse des donnees empiriques. La psychologie est consideree pour sa capacite particuliere d'integration et son souci de maintenir le sujet humain au centre des sciences cognitives. Des limitations et des obstacles au developpement de la recherche pluridisciplinaire sur la cognition sont egalement rapportes. Des informations sont fournies sur les programmes de formation en sciences cognitives et sur les institutions qui soutiennent la recherche dans ce domaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper was to determine whether people encode relations among component features in experience, or whether they simply encode the occurrence of features separately as independent cues. This has become a major issue in theories of concept-formation at the present time. It is suggested in this paper that two problems have particularly obstructed a clear resolution of the issue. The first is a consistent failure to check to what extent training materials actually contain relations among features, before results are declared in favour of a particular model. The second is the use, hitherto, of only informal methods of analysing such relations, where they exist, and of predicting from them the structure of the concept. This paper describes an expression for measuring the overall relations among feature-variables in concept training materials. It also introduces a methodology, using log-linear models, for predicting concept structures on the basis of those relations. An experiment combined these methods to assess whether subjects abstracted relations among features, or whether they abstracted independent cues. A subsidiary aim was to assess how feedback, based on independent-cue information, during learning, affected the construction of the concept. The results came out strongly in favour of relational-coding and there was some evidence that feedback based on independent-cues retarded concept formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the personal accounts of Darfuri students studying at Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman, Sudan. Their war‐related exposure, current ongoing life challenges, emotional distress, and coping strategies were explored using a semistructured interview protocol with a sample of 20 students. Through interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), the Darfuri students’ stories illustrated that they were exposed to an array of traumatic war events, including personal experiences of parental separation, injury and death of family members, and shortages of essential life‐sustaining supplies in internally displaced camps. Also, they were confronted with myriad current life hassles and urban‐cultural challenges, including being physically distant from their families, and losing the shelter of parents, the encouragement of extended family members, and their rich and familiar social support networks. Urban‐cultural challenges and lack of environmental mastery applied to most Darfuri participants as they relocated to Omdurman city, which included negotiating an unfamiliar transport system, learning the routes and directions to important city landmarks, and insufficient funds for basic hygienic essentials. Emotional distress reactions were coded by forming two distinct lists: directly mentioned by the participant; and observations of emotional manifestation during the interview. Patterns emerged that may be similar to symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders; for example, the DSM‐IV criteria for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Strong religious practices and beliefs (such as praying and reading the Quran), ability to form interpersonal relationships, availability of social support networks, and a positive future outlook seemed to augment their ability to cope with their subsequent emotional distress owing to war‐related exposures, current ongoing life hassles and urban‐cultural challenges. Cette étude présente les comptes rendus personnels d’élèves du Darfour étudiant à l'Université d'Ahfad pour les femmes à Omdurman, Soudan. Leur exposition à la guerre, leurs défis de vie actuels, leur détresse émotionnelle et leurs stratégies d'adaptation sont explorés en utilisant une procédure d'entrevue semi‐structurée auprès d'un échantillon de 20 étudiantes. Sous l’éclairage d'une analyse interprétative phénoménologique, les histoires des étudiantes du Darfour illustrent qu'elles ont été exposées à un étalage d’événements de guerre traumatisants ; incluant des expériences personnelles de séparation des parents, de blessure et de mort de membres de la famille, et de pénuries de fournitures vitales dans des camps de réfugiés. De plus, elles étaient confrontées à une myriade de tracas quotidiens et de défis culturels urbains, incluant le fait d’être éloignées de leur famille et de perdre l'abri des parents, l'encouragement des membres de la famille étendue et leur réseau social riche et familier. Les défis culturels urbains et le manque de maîtrise de l'environnement se sont manifestés pour la plupart des participantes du Darfour lors de leur relocalisation dans la ville d'Omdurman. Elles ont eu à composer avec un système de transport inconnu, à apprendre les routes et indications pour les repères importants de la ville et à vivre avec des fonds insuffisants pour répondre aux besoins d'hygiène essentiels. Les réactions émotionnelles de détresse sont codées pour former deux listes distinctes : ce qui est mentionné directement par la participante et les observations de manifestation émotive durant l'entrevue. Certaines manifestations qui apparaissent peuvent ressembler à des symptômes de troubles de l'humeur et de troubles anxieux, par exemple, le critère de symptômes de la DSM‐IV pour le trouble d'anxiété généralisée et la dépression majeure. De fortes pratiques et croyances religieuses, comme prier et lire le Coran, l'aptitude à établir des relations interpersonnelles, la présence d'un réseau social de soutien et une vision positive du futur semblent améliorer leur capacité d'adaptation aux détresses émotionnelles subséquentes dues à leur exposition à la guerre, aux tracas de la vie quotidienne et aux défis culturels urbains. Este artículo presenta la visión personal de las estudiantes de Darfur de la Universidad de Ahfad para Mujeres, en Omdurman, Sudán. Se exploró su exposición a eventos relativos a la guerra, desafíos actuales de la vida diaria, tensión emocional y estrategias de afrontamiento mediante un protocolo de entrevista semiestructurada en una muestra de 20 estudiantes. Por medio de un análisis fenomenológico interpretativo (IPA), las historias de las estudiantes de Darfur ilustraron que estaban expuestas a una colección de eventos de guerra traumáticos, incluyendo experiencias personales de separación parental, daño y muerte de miembros de la familia y escasez de provisiones esenciales para la vida, en los campamentos de desplazados internos. Además, se enfrentaron a una infinidad de problemas actuales para la vida y desafíos urbano‐culturales, incluyendo estar físicamente lejos de sus familias, y perder el amparo de sus padres, el aliento de los miembros de la familia extensa y sus ricas y familiares redes de apoyo social. La mayoría de las participantes de Darfur enfrentaron desafíos urbano‐culturales y falta de conocimiento del entorno al mudarse a la ciudad de Omdurman, lo que incluyó franquear un sistema de transporte desconocido, aprender las rutas y direcciones hacia sitios importantes de la ciudad y dinero insuficiente para las condiciones básicas de higiene. Se formó dos listas diferentes para codificar las reacciones de tensión emocional: las mencionadas directamente por la participante; y las observaciones de expresión emocional durante la entrevista. Las pautas que surgieron pueden asemejarse a los síntomas de los trastornos del estado de ánimo y la ansiedad, por ejemplo, los criterios del DSM IV para los síntomas del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y depresión mayor. Las fuertes prácticas y creencias religiosas, tales como orar y leer el Corán, la habilidad para establecer relaciones interpersonales, la existencia de redes de apoyo social y un porvenir positivo parecieron añadirse a su habilidad para afrontar su tensión emocional subsecuente a la exposición a eventos relativos a la guerra, los problemas actuales para la vida diaria y los desafíos urbano‐culturales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues entail both a social conflict (private vs. public interests) and a temporal conflict (short- vs. long-term interests). This paper focuses on the role temporal concerns play in influencing environmental engagement by quantitatively integrating results of studies that assessed the associations between time perspective and proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. The meta-analysis included a total of 19 independent samples and 6,301 participants from seven countries (Australia, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, and the United States). Results showed that the associations between time perspective and proenvironmental behaviors were higher than those for proenvironmental attitudes. Supporting predictions, the associations between future time perspective and proenvironmental behaviors were strong and nontrivial compared to those for the combined past–present time perspective. The findings indicate that future time perspective seems to play an important role in influencing individuals’ attitudes and behaviors towards the environment. Implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, rapid economic growth and increasing social problems constitute two basic characteristics of contemporary social change. During the process of dramatic social change, an emerging question is how adolescents’ mental health has changed across birth cohorts. The present paper reviews four studies of crosstemporal meta-analysis conducted by us. By meta-analysis of previous literature, we examined changes in mean scores on mental health measures over time (from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s). It was found that since the early 1990s, Chinese adolescents’ mental health deteriorated across birth cohorts, shown in increased scores on the negative indicators of mental health (e.g. mental problems, anxiety, and depression), whereas self-esteem as a positive trait decreased. The dropping trend in Chinese adolescents’ mental health could be attributed to social change, especially increasing social problems. Therefore, adequate attention must be paid to potential influences of social change on individuals’ psychological development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As is the case for other achievement situations, people may approach negotiations emphasizing outcome and/or process goals. This paper examines the effects of process goal orientation (PGO) and outcome goal orientation (OGO) on individuals' fixed-pie perceptions and the negotiation of joint outcomes. Process and outcome goal orientations are associated with different personal beliefs about the world. We hypothesized that persons who are primarily oriented toward outcome goals, based on their fixed-entity perception of the world, would mainly concentrate on the final results or on the outcomes of the negotiation. They would tend to perceive negotiations as fixed, zero-sum, competitive situations, which have to be “won” by one of the parties at the expense of the other. On the other hand, we predicted that people who are strongly process-oriented, based on their malleable-entity perception of the world, would focus mainly on formulating and mastering the best strategies that lead to successful resolution of the negotiation. They would perceive positions to be “malleable” and, hence, would tend to perceive the negotiation as a non zero-sum situation. Additionally, the interaction between the two types of goal orientations and its effect on the parties' joint negotiation outcomes was examined. Results of two empirical studies indicated that OGO was significantly positively associated with fixed-pie bias (Study 1)... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past two decades have been characterized by renewed attention to the importance of early childhood development (ECD) policies and services in the world's richest and most industrialized countries. During the same period, we have witnessed unprecedented efforts to place ECD policies on the national development planning agenda of the economically less advantaged countries of the Majority World. This paper is premised on the concern that the purposes that have led bilateral and multilateral... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aprimary goal of behavioural interventions aimed at teaching skills is to establish generative responding. Recombinative generalization, which has been defined as the demonstration of novel arrangements of previously established linguistic units, is a process involved in generative responding. Successful recombinations contribute to the development of a functional, not rote, language repertoire that often generalizes across stimuli, responses, and time. Although research on recombinative generalization began some 80 years ago, understanding of this process is still not complete. Furthermore, programming for successful recombinations when teaching language and reading to typically and not‐typically developing children is still minimal. The early recombinative generalization studies worked on a “miniature linguistic system”; the referential stimuli (words) were arranged in a pattern that included all possible combinations of the dimensions of interest. Matrix training approaches to recombinative generalization showed how to produce functional language. In the present paper, I will (1) review research on recombinative generalization, (2) discuss conditions necessary for successful recombinations, and (3) make suggestions for practice relating to recombinative generalization. The discrimination required for successful recombinations fits well in the definition of “abstraction”: a discrimination based on a single property of a stimulus, independent of other properties; thus, generalization to other stimuli with that property. Abstraction is demonstrated when an individual correctly identifies untrained stimuli based on property of interest. Recombinative generalization contributes to achieving functional language. Further research on recombinative generalization will broaden the understanding of basic processes and their application to teaching language and early literacy skills.L'objectif primaire des interventions comportementales qui visent à enseigner des compétences est d'établir une génération de réponse. La généralisation recombinante, définie comme étant une démonstration de nouveaux arrangements des unités linguistiques établies préalablement, est un processus qui implique la génération de réponse. Les recombinaisons réussies contribuent au développement d'un répertoire de langage fonctionnel, pas mécanique, qui se généralise souvent à travers les stimuli et le temps. Même si la recherche sur la généralisation recombinante a débuté quelque 80 ans plus tôt, la compréhension de ce processus est toujours incomplète. De plus, la programmation pour des recombinaisons réussies est encore minimale pendant l'enseignement d'une langue ainsi que de la lecture à des enfants qui se développent typiquement et des enfants atypiques. Les premières études portant sur la généralisation recombinante ont porté sur le «système linguistique miniature»; les stimuli référentiels (les mots) étaient arrangés selon un patron qui a inclus toutes les combinaisons possibles des dimensions d'intérêt. Les approches fondées sur une matrice d'entraînement pour la généralisation recombinante ont montré une production de langage fonctionnel. Dans le présent article, l'auteur: (1) révisera la recherche sur la généralisation recombinante, (2) discutera les conditions nécessaires pour la réussite des recombinaisons, et (3) proposera des suggestions pour la pratique reliées à la généralisation recombinante. La discrimination requise pour la réussite des recombinaisons entre bien dans la définition de «l'abstraction»: une discrimination basée sur la propriété unique d'un stimulus, indépendamment des autres propriétés; d'où la généralisation à d'autres stimuli avec la même propriété. L'abstraction est démontrée lorsqu'un individu identifie correctement les stimuli sans entraînement en se basant sur la propriété d'intérêt. La généralisation recombinante contribue à parvenir au langage fonctionnel. La recherche future sur la généralisation recombinante élargira la compréhension des processus de base et de leur application à l'enseignement d'une langue et aux capacités précoces d'alphabétisation.Una meta fundamental de las intervenciones conductuales que buscan enseñar habilidades es establecer respuestas generativas. La generalización recombinatoria que se define como la demostración de arreglos novedosos de unidades lingüísticas previamente establecidas, es un proceso que toma parte en las respuestas generativas. Las recombinaciones exitosas contribuyen al desarrollo de un repertorio funcional del lenguaje, no mecánico, que con frecuencia se generaliza a través de los estímulos, las respuestas y del tiempo. Aunque la investigación acerca de la generalización recombinatoria comenzó hace aproximadamente 80 años, el proceso no se entiende completamente. Más aún, la programación de recombinaciones exitosas para enseñar lenguaje y lectura a niños con desarrollo típico y con desarrollo atípico, es todavía mínimo. Los estudios iniciales sobre generalización recombinatoria se referían a “sistemas lingüísticos en miniatura”; los estímulos de referencia (palabras) se organizaban en una pauta que incluía todas las posibles combinaciones de las dimensiones de interés. Los enfoques de matriz de entrenamiento para investigar la generalización recombinatoria mostraron que produce lenguaje funcional. En el presente artículo, la autora: (1) revisa la investigación sobre generalización recombinatoria, (2) discute las condiciones necesarias para las recombinaciones exitosas, y (3) presenta sugerencias para la práctica relacionada con la generalización recombinatoria. La discriminación que se requiere para combinaciones exitosas encaja bien en la definición de “abstracción”: una discriminación basada en una sola propiedad de un estímulo independiente de las otras propiedades; en esta forma ocurre la generalización a otros estímulos que posean esa propiedad. La abstracción se demuestra cuando un individuo identifica correctamente sin entrenamiento estímulos basados en esta propiedad que nos interesa. La generalización recombinatoria contribuye al logro del lenguaje funcional. Investigaciones adicionales sobre la generalización recombinatoria aumentará nuestra comprensión de los procesos básicos y de su aplicación a la enseñanza del lenguaje y a las habilidades tempranas de lecto‐escritura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the second part of the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the number of international scientific congresses, and they appear a necessary step in the maturation of knowledge. The first person to explicitly suggest the necessity of an international congress of psychology was Julian Ochorowicz (1850–1917), who was considered the founder of Polish psychology. In 1881 he sent an article to Théodule Ribot, editor of Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger , entitled “Project of an International Congress of Psychology,” which was published in Ribot's journal. In it he described the dispersed state of psychology in 1881 and the previous 50 years, including 12 subdisciplines ranging from psychophysics to the psychology of art, and how it should aim for unification. He suggested collective efforts to progress rapidly, with widespread collaboration and the continuous exchange of observations, information, and experiments. Having international congresses would constitute a forum for such exchanges, and in his article he outlined the steps that should be taken for putting together the first international congress of psychology. The proposal was quite extensive and fanciful, making Ribot somewhat doubt its realizability. Nevertheless, the first international psychology congress took place in Paris in 1889, 8 years after the publication of Ochorowicz's article. This quick development could be attributed to the creation of the psychology societies, one of the first being La Société de Psychologie Physiologique , which was created in France in 1885. The creation of this society also contributed to psychology being recognized as a scientific domain. In line with this, the final programme of the congress was less extensive than that proposed in Ochorowicz's article, focusing on physiological aspects and ignoring the philosophical ones. In the present paper, the historical context of Ochorowicz's article is outlined, followed by a translation of his article. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, les congrès scientifiques internationaux se sont multipliés; ils apparaissaient comme une étape nécessaire dans la maturation du savoir. La première personne qui a explicitement proposé la nécessité d'un congrès international de psychologie fut Julian Ochorowicz (1850–1917), considéré comme le fondateur de la psychologie polonaise. En 1881, il envoie un article à Théodule Ribot, directeur de la « Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger », ayant pour titre « Projet d'un congrès international de psychologie » qui fut publié dans le journal de Ribot. Dans l'article, il décrit la psychologie en 1881 et son état de dispersion depuis une cinquantaine d'années, comprenant 12 sous‐disciplines allant de la psychophysique à la psychologie de l'art, et propose des solutions pour son unification. Il suggère une prise de conscience collective pour avancer rapidement, avec des collaborations et des échanges continus d'observations, d'informations et d'expériences. Les congrès internationaux constitueraient un forum pour ce genre d'échanges. De plus, dans l'article, il décrit les étapes nécessaires pour mettre en place le premier congrès international de psychologie. La proposition était très large et un peu utopique, ce qui a rendu Ribot un peu sceptique sur la possibilité de réaliser une telle manifestation. Néanmoins, le premier congrès international de psychologie se tint à Paris en 1889, 8 ans après la publication de l'article d'Ochorowicz. Ce développement rapide peut certainement être attribué à la création des sociétés de psychologie. Une des premières d'entre elles, la Société de psychologie physiologique, fut créée en France en 1885. La création de cette société contribua aussi à ce que la psychologie soit reconnue dans le domaine scientifique. En lien avec cela, le programme final du congrès fut plus restrictif que celui proposé dans l'article d'Ochorowicz puisqu'il fut centré sur les aspects physiologiques de la psychologie en laissant de côté les aspects philosophiques. Cet article contient la traduction du texte d'Ochorowicz et est précédé par une description du contexte historique de sa publication. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo 19, el número de congresos internacionales científicos ha aumento, lo que parece un paso necesario para la maduración del conocimiento. La primera persona que sugirió explícitamente la necesidad de un congreso de psicología fue Julian Ochorowicz (1850–1917), considerado el fundador de la psicología polaca. En 1881 envió un artículo a Théodule Ribot, editor del Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger , titulado ‘Project of an International Congress of Psychology’ que Ribot publicó en su revista. En él describía el estado disperso de la psicología en 1881 y los 50 años previos, lo que incluye doce subdisciplinas que abarcan de la psicofísica a la psicología del arte, y cómo debe aspirar a la unificación. Él sugirió el esfuerzo colectivo para progresar rápidamente, con la colaboración amplia y el intercambio continuo de observaciones, información y experimentos. El congreso constituiría un foro para tales intercambios, y en este artículo delineó los pasos que debían seguirse para organizar el primer congreso internacional de psicología. La propuesta era extensa y ambiciosa, lo que hizo dudar a Ribot de su viabilidad. No obstante, el primer congreso internacional de psicología se llevó a cabo en París en 1889, ocho años después de la publicación del artículo de Ochorowicz. Este rápido desarrollo podría atribuirse a la creación de las sociedades científicas, de las cuales una de las primeras fue La Société de Psychologie Physiologique creada en Francia en 1885. La creación de esta sociedad también contribuyó a la psicología al reconocerse como un dominio científico. Dentro de este contexto, el programa final del congreso fue menos extenso que el propuesto en el artículo de Ochorowicz, al concentrarse en los aspectos fisiológicos e ignorar los filosóficos. En el presente trabajo, se delinea el contexto histórico del artículo de Ochorowicz, seguido de una traducción de su artículo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the development of social psychology in Australia from its early beginnings, through post- World War II, to the current situation. Social psychology became an integral part of the psychology curriculum after the Second World War, with a strong emphasis at the University of Melbourne. It received an impetus in the 1960s with the creation of Flinders, Macquarie, and La Trobe universities. Currently, teaching and research in social psychology is widespread, with major centres at the Universities of Queensland and New South Wales, and at the Australian National University, but with universities such as Flinders, Macquarie, and Melbourne continuing to contribute. In general, social psychologists in Australia have not deliberately set out to develop a distinctive local identity. Instead, they have a strong international focus and are eclectic in their interests, drawing on theories and methodologies from major centres in North America, the United Kingdom, and Europe. They have made distinctive contributions in many areas, including research on acculturation, achievement motivation, the psychological impact of unemployment, values, expectancy-value theory, role theory, social identity and self-categorization theory, deservingness, gender studies and household work, close relationships, decision-making, social cognition, ostracism, and the effects of mood. Uniquely, Australian topics include research on tall poppies or high achievers, and on the cultural cringe. Social psychologists in Australia have also been active in industrial/organizational research and in cross-cultural research, but there is little social psychological research involving the indigenous Australian population. Australian contributions to social psychology are not always recognized, partly because of Australia's distance from the major centres. However, social psychologists in Australia now have their own association, the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists (SASP), offer symposia and special academic appointments that draw international visitors, and compensate for the tyranny of distance by travelling widely and using the internet. Social psychology is now one of the strongest areas of Australian psychology internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of three studies that investigated the nature of forgiveness, its measurement, and personality correlates in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Study 1 involved in-depth interviews with 27 PRC cultural scholars about the concept of forgiveness and factors influencing the tendency to forgive in Chinese philosophy and everyday life. The respondents supported the relevance of this concept for Chinese societies and were able to give examples both from classical Chinese texts and their own lives. However, they also considered that preserving group harmony was the main reason to forgive and discounted the personality or religious influences commonly reported in the Western literature. Study 2 reported the adaptation of a Western forgiveness questionnaire for use with PRC respondents. Study 3 involved administering this questionnaire together with measures of self-esteem, anxiety, impression management, and culturally appropriate constructs of face, relationship orientation, and harmony to 336 college students and 432 teachers from the PRC. As predicted, it was the latter two constructs that had the strongest correlations with the tendency to forgive in both samples. It was concluded that, in the PRC, willingness to forgive is influenced largely by social solidarity needs rather than the individualistic personality variables or religiosity reported in Western research. We hypothesize that this is due to the collectivist nature of PRC society and the results may well generalize to other collectivist cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of dispositional Need for Cognitive Closure (NFC) on different political attitudes and on the "person blame" and the "system blame" dimensions. Two hundred and thirty-four psychology students completed a questionnaire containing the Italian version of the Need for Closure scale, a measure of political and ideological attitudes, a measure of the person-system blame dimensions, and a measure of past voting. Results showed that high NFC individuals (vs. low NFCs) reported having voted for a right-wing party and holding more conservative attitudes. High NFCs (vs. low NFCs) turned out to have stronger anti-immigrant attitudes, to be more nationalistic, to prefer an autocratic leadership and a centralized form of political power. High NFCs also value religiosity more highly than low NFCs. High NFCs (vs. low NFCs) scored lower on pluralism and multiculturalism. Furthermore, high NFCs (vs. low NFCs) revealed a tendency to blame individuals for social problems, but no significant difference was found with regard to the system blame dimension. Results are discussed in the light of the motivated social cognition approach ( Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, & Sulloway, 2003 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews a work project that uses illiteracy as a tool to understand the way the brain adapts to information. The project follows the exploration of certain targets that can be identified with the functions of reading and writing, both from the functional and from the anatomical points of view. Results concerning visual processing, cross-modal operations (audiovisual and visuotactile), and interhemispheric crossing of information are reported. Studies with magnetoencephalography, with positron emission tomography, and with functional magnetic resonance provided evidence that the absence of school attendance at the usual age constitutes a handicap for the development of certain biological processes that serve behavioural functioning. Differences between groups of literate and illiterate subjects were found in several areas: while dealing with phonology a complex pattern of brain activation was only present in literate subjects; the corpus callosum in the segment where the parietal lobe fibres cross was thinner in the illiterate group; the parietal lobe processing of both hemispheres was different between groups; and the occipital lobe processed information more slowly in cases that learned to read as adults compared to those that learned at the usual age. Some behavioural studies suggest that there are other operations that can be explored from the image point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents empirical data about the characteristics of Down's syndrome toddlers and their influence on parental scaffolding style during a play situation. Thirty-six Down's syndrome children matched on mental age with thirty-six non-deficient children in their second year (14, 18 and 22 months) have been videotaped with one of their parents during a sorter task. The results indicate that, contrary to our expectations, parents of Down's syndrome children tend to promote the child's autonomous functioning more than parents of non-deficient children, often using more indirect instructions. Results are discussed in relation to the specificity hypothesis of parental scaffolding linked to the characteristics of Down's syndrome children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating the effects of immigration on the psychological wellbeing of adolescents have produced variable and inconclusive results: some identify immigrant adolescents as a group of risk whereas others fail to demonstrate higher psychological distress in this group of adolescents. It is suggested in the present paper that cultural factors active in specific ethnic groups of immigrants may in part account for this inconsistency. The present study explores the psychological distress of immigrant adolescents from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel. The respondents were 560 university students (250 females and 310 males) who had immigrated to Israel from the FSU since 1989. The present report relates to one of the instruments applied in the study: the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Mean BSI scores of the respondents were significantly higher than those of Israeli adolescents and in some categories higher than the American norms. A high percent of the immigrant respondents have reported severely troubling symptoms; however no significant differences were found between the BSI scores of FSU immigrants in Israel and their peers in the FSU. The findings are discussed in light of some sociocultural characteristics of society in the FSU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a brief account of the Australian Strategic Review of the Psychology Discipline and its Research. Issues discussed include Australia's contribution to world research in psychological science, research funding, the age and qualifications of researchers, the social and economic benefits arising from the applications of research outcomes, multidisciplinary issues, the role of psychology in industry, links between the discipline and the profession of psychology, professional training, cross-cultural issues, and educational issues. Priorities for development of research and postgraduate training are identified, and include human factors and other areas related to technological change, clinical psychology with particular attention to health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and neuroscience and physiological psychology. Cet article est un expose succinct de la ≪Revue strategique australienne de la psychologie en tant que discipline et domaine de recherche≫. Parmi les questions abordees se trouvent la contribution australienne a la recherche mondiale en psychologie, le financement de cette recherche, l'age et les qualifications des chercheurs, les benefices sociaux et economiques qui resultent de l'application des resultats de recherche, les aspects multidisciplinaires, le role de la psychologie dans l'industrie, les liens entre la discipline et la profession, la formation professionelle, les dimensions multiculturelles, et les problemes relies a l'enseignement. Les priorites dans le developpement de la recherche et da la formation postgradues sont identifies, parmi lesquelles sont incluses l'ergonomie et autres domaines associes aux changements technologiques, la psychologie clinique (surtout la psychologie de la sante), la psychologie industrielle et organisationelle, les neurosciences et la psychophysiologie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue focuses on the factors facilitating and impeding discipline development in developing countries. Eight articles, originally presented in two IUPsyS-sponsored symposia at the International Congress of Applied Psychology in Madrid, Spain in July 1994, articulate the conditions under which research is conducted and which influence discipline progress in developing countries. This introduction summarizes the commonalities among these papers and their implications for the future of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While in no way denying the interest of the study of “Theories of Mind”, the discussion tends to show that, in the tasks described in the papers, the development of abilities to process perceptual and verbal information is sufficient in itself to fully account for changes in observed responses. Whether the issue is false beliefs or the distinction between appearance and reality, children's behavior is highly dependent on their working memory span, their operational efficiency (action coordination) and their current state of knowledge. “Theories of Mind” emerge as indices of cognitive development. Their adaptive value is more problematical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present there is a “crisis” in psychology in South Africa. A mental health investigation has been initiated and a national task force appointed in order to reform the profession in all its aspects. These events are the result of a deep sense of unease about the mission, relevance and image of the profession and an awareness that mainstream psychology is irrelevant to the nature and needs of the majority black population. Presently psychology in South Africa is at a crossroads. This paper identifies the mental health needs of the majority black population and suggests professional training programmes for future psychologists and the utilisation of services and resources in delivery systems. The article also re-defines the psychologist's role in a divided and traumatised society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper all psychological aspects of global change that concern acoustical environment changes are discussed. It is revealed that an acoustical environment has undergone essential qualitative changes: Human auditory perception is now mostly mediated by technical means and modern technologies. The general aspects of the research approach and some results are outlined. The problem of acoustical environment pollution is discussed and proposals for international cooperative research are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology in Australia can be studied in many ways, but for the most part it can be described in terms of the adoption of orientations to the discipline illustrated by ‘functional’, ‘objective’ and ‘quantitative’ prescriptions of science. It is important to recognize, however, that these dimensions fit within the broad cultural traditions of thinking that characterize Australia as a settlement society. In this paper, research in Australia is used to illustrate a number of cultural factors at work, detailed consideration being given to the study of hypnosis and the role of context. Cross-cultural analysis of theorizing about the role of context in hypnosis indicates clear differences in conceptualization of the issues, but also an encouraging degree of convergence on common concerns. The point of view is illustrated that the diversity of the discipline and its tools of inquiry, evidenced across different cultural contexts, is one of Psychology's major strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises some fundamental questions about the consequences of specialization in the discipline of psychology, as well as the psychological consequences of specialization. Increasing specialization is taking place as a result of wide-ranging psychological and societal factors, rather than strictly scientific criteria. Among the consequences of increasing specialization are fragmentation in psychology, and microcosmic, rather than wholistic, models of behavior. Some third world psychologists trained in the first and second worlds are moving toward despecialization, in order to tackle major social problems that invariably require a wholistic approach. It is proposed that despecialization has potential benefits for all of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore why rituals of bodily reform play so prominent a role in movements of social reconstruction, particularly in collective action which never attains the level of explicit historical discourse. I argue that the crucial signifying role of the body here derives from its position as primary mediator between the self and the Reviews the book ' ,' by the case of a protest movement in modern South Africa, I show how the semantics of bodily affliction and reform permit participants to address and redress the historical roots of their conflict-laden experience. Here, sociocultural contradiction takes tangible shape in the ‘natural’ contradictions of the human body, and reconstitution proceeds by alike drawing upon media from the body's seemingly inexhaustible stock. But in this, the body is more than mere ‘natural alibi’ or set of unmotivated signs; it provides implements determined by an inherent, natural logic which engages in what is a reciprocally determining relationship with the semantic logic of specific sociohistorical projects. …habit has its abode neither in thought nor in the objective body, but in the body as mediator of a world. (Merleau-Ponty 1970: 266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multidimensional analysis of a young Turkish ill woman. The psychological interpretation is based on clinical data and on projective techniques, i.e., the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach Test. The psychological interpretation is combined with a semantic interpretation of the symbolic cultural processes. This anthropological approach concentrates on the temporal and spatial aspects of the culturally established symbolic congruence between the subject's bodily acts and her socio-cultural environment (in particular the subject's family and their discourse). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces papers on the comparison of psychological data from different cultures, presented at the 24th International Conference of Psychology held in Sydney, New South Wales in 1988. Criticism of the notion of cross-cultural comparison; Validity of the methodology in the context of culture differences; Role of inequivalence in psychological measurement.

Presents congresses and scientific meetings about psychology and related topics to be held from August 2 to December 6, 2002. Contact information; Venue and schedules; Deadline for submission of papers.

This paper describes the history and present status of psychology in Sri Lanka, including facilities for teaching psychology and legal issues in registration provisions for psychologists. The future directions in improving the status of psychology in the country are delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides an overview of the special issue of the 'International Journal of Psychology' which deals with the symposium on origin and development of scientific psychology in different parts of the world, held at the International Congress of Psychology in Stockholm, Sweden on July 25, 2000. Topics discussed in the symposium; Names of psychologists and philosophers who appeared across papers of this special issue.

Introduces the articles included in the special of issue of the "International Journal of Psychology" on Chinese psychology. Unique perspective on psychology and psychological issues; Papers reporting contributions made by Chinese psychologists in different fields of psychology; Developmental psychology; Cognitive neuroscience; Chinese language and mathematics learning; Biopsychology.