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Rapid growth in population and economic development in Iran and its neighboring countries has resulted in a dramatic increase in electricity demand over the past few years. A substantial amount of electricity must be produced to meet this growing demand in this region. By installing conventional fossil power plants, using renewable energy, and interconnecting with neighboring countries, this growing demand can be accomplished. The main aim of this research is to identify prospects and challenges in the electrical sector around Iran. To this end, this paper evaluates the existing and future state of the electrical sector in Iran and its neighboring countries. Despite the fact that there is still a long way to go in terms of renewable energy in this region, there are some promising targets for the future that will allow fossil fuels to be replaced effectively. Notwithstanding this, we should point out that a number of cross-border interconnection projects are being pursued by Iran and its neighbors in order to integrate their networks and supply this growing demand. Finally, this study presents an overview of the future prospects and challenges of electricity capacity expansion, cross-border interconnections, and electricity transmission corridors in this region. The review results provide comprehensive background knowledge to all the researchers in order to investigate further into the field. This paper assists energy policy makers regarding the development of sustainable energy planning. • •In addition to providing a general overview of the geographical location, population growth, and economic indicators of Iran and its neighboring countries, this paper presents the current state of the Iranian electricity sector and its neighboring countries in light of the trends in electricity production, energy mix, price, and exports and imports. • •This paper explores the existing and future states of electricity capacity expansion in the region, specifically focusing on renewable energy sources. • •The existing and future states of cross-border electricity interconnections are examined to present a comprehensive overview of the cross-border interconnections in this region. • •This region's potential electricity transmission corridors are proposed to create the opportunity to transmit electricity across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is a case of the achievement of a high share of wind energy integration to an interconnected power system in an emerging market. A series of successful energy supply programmes and a strong renewable-oriented finance framework implemented since 2002, have promoted alternative renewables – wind installed capacity increased over 22-fold from 927 MW in 2011 to 21 GW in 2022, reaching 11.77% of total procured power. From this, about 90% are concentrated in Brazil's least developed region, the Northeast, where wind investment should create jobs and propel socioeconomic development. Despite that, there is no studies specific assessing the regional and economy-wide effects of those programmes, gap that this paper aims to fill by applying the regional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model TERM-BR10. We assess that by modelling an alternative scenario for the period 2010-19 based on an official electricity matrix built in 2010, that projected 3.4 additional GW of wind power while not considering all the success of renewable policies, against the observed installed capacity expansion, where wind power was 3.7 times higher than what had been planned. Our results show that in the absence of renewable policies, Brazil would have faced economic losses such as GDP (−0.27%) and investment (−4.76%). The Northeast region would have been the most impacted in terms of GDP (−1.3%), real wage (−2.99%) and employment creation (−0.1%). We propose that such socioeconomic co-benefits are incorporated in energy planning, which could promote regional equality through renewable energy expansion. • Wind power capacity increased over 20-fold from 2011 to 2022. • 90% are in the poorest region where policies propel development and job creation. • Policy absence would entail a GDP loss of 0.27% nationally and of 1.3% in the region. • Negative impacts to labour market are mostly over skilled jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floating photovoltaic (FPV) system is a new power generation system which has attracted a wide attention due to its numerous advantages. Apart from power generation, the system can reduce the water evaporation. Development of FPV power plants requires studying both mechanical and electrical structure of these systems. Many studies have been conducted on FPV systems which have assessed these systems from different points of view. In this paper, an analytical analysis and updated review that studies different aspects of FPV systems as a power generation system is presented. Also, a comparison between the ground mounted and floating PV systems is presented and the gaps of the reviewed subjects are indicated. Furthermore, the applicable FPV array interconnection schemes are discussed and the most favorable reconfiguration schemes for FPV arrays are shown, also multilevel DC-DC converters for grid integration of FPV panels are investigated. Reviewing the articles indicated that the main focus of the researchers was on the experimental study and mechanical investigation of FPV systems as well as the impact of the application of these systems on water evaporation. The present research has a potential to make a contribution to the electrical design and application of FPV panels which are less described in the existing papers. • Different aspects of FPV application as a power generation system is evaluated and relevant papers are reviewed as well. • A comparison between the efficiency of gro C O 2 und mounted and floating PV systems is presented. • The gaps in FPV research field are indicated and some recommendations for future works are presented. • The applicable FPV array interconnection schemes are discussed and multi DC-DC converters for grid integration are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual power plants possess the capability to effectively manage the inherent conflict between dispersed electricity generation and user demand, hence optimising market advantages. Nevertheless, the presence of severe weather conditions, geopolitical factors, the phenomenon of global warming, and several other global concerns greatly enhance the level of uncertainty related to the establishment of sustainable energy sources and the corresponding demand from users. Consequently, these factors expose the limitations of virtual power plants in effectively controlling power supply. The active involvement of community members has the potential to invigorate the process of development. This study presents a novel model, referred to as the CE-based cVPP (CE-cVPP) model, that combines the principles of circular economy (CE) and community-based virtual power plant (cVPP). The objective of this model is to enhance the effectiveness of sustainable development efforts. This research redefines the concept of a CE-cVPP, elucidates its defining features, scopes, and classification, and constructs a technological framework, together with an explanatory community case structure. The CE-cVPP energy life cycle framework is constructed based on the principles of the circular economy paradigm. This study investigates the enduring and sustainable benefits of the CE-cVPP across four dimensions: energy, environment, economics, and society. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive examination of the energy, digital, and circular economy perspectives, encompassing critical analysis, problems, prospective analysis, and future directions. • Circular economy and community-based Virtual Power Plant (CE-cVPP) is a paradigm for the future energy sector. • CE-cVPP is a novel sustainable pattern that combines circular economy and community virtual power plants. • CE-cVPP features renewable energy, electricity, gas, cold, heat, and biodegradable waste. • CE-cVPP promotes economic, social, and ecological sustainability. • CE-cVPPs enhance the power and energy system's adaptability, versatility, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the design parameters, mathematical techniques and simulations used in the design of parabolic trough solar systems, along with a review on their applications. Recent studies that analyze the deployment of solar parabolic trough collectors (SPTC) in different countries and the operational SPTC plants are also presented and discussed. The paper also discusses the different kinds of software and test methods of solar collectors developed since 1981 which can be distinguished by their particular mathematical models or tracking techniques. In particular, since the mathematical models are especially required for the design, analysis, testing and validation of the systems results as they provide an approximation of the dynamic behavior of the physical properties of the system, they are discussed in depth. The mathematical models allow the calculation of different parameters of the solar parabolic trough system, the angle of inclination of the collecting surface and the forces acting on the system. The validity and experimental validation of the major mathematical models on practical solar parabolic trough concentrators, receivers and other components of different dimension are also reviewed. The paper showed the optical efficiency values are close to 63% and the theoretical peak optical efficiency reached 75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil-fired power plants retrofitted with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) may have operational benefits for future low carbon power systems. This paper aims to review state of the art literature with the objective to identify whether carbon capture power plants would bring flexibility within future lower carbon power systems. To achieve this objective, at first, the work investigates flexible operation of CCS technology. In particular, flexibility enabling mechanisms and factors that affect the flexible operation of CCS are reviewed. Flexibility requirements and provision assessment tools/metrics for future low carbon power systems are reviewed with the aim to identify the favourite properties required for future low carbon technologies. The work then presents how flexible CCS might improve the conventional power plant flexibility properties. Moreover, the paper presents the value of flexible operation of CCS for different stakeholders while it also identifies different influencing factors of optimal plant operation and profitability. The different power system services that the CCS-equipped plants might serve are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, energy storage in renewable energy-dominated systems has received increasing interest. Effective energy storage has the potential to enhance the global hosting capacity of renewable energy in power systems, accelerate the global energy transition, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuel-based generation. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) is the most common storage technology due to its high maturity, reliability, and effective contribution to the integration of renewables into power systems. Accordingly, it is essential to achieve the optimal operation of energy systems combined with PHS. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews recent efforts toward the optimal operation of PHS-based energy systems (PHS-BES), considering the diversified energy sources, configurations, grid connectivity, and research directions. The evaluation criteria for the optimal operation of these systems are mathematically addressed and discussed. Moreover, methods of solving the studied problem are categorized and several improvements are suggested. It is observed that more flexible energy policies are urgently needed to encourage new investments in PHS, and the existing environmental and social criteria require further research. Moreover, the hybridization of PHS with other storage devices should be further investigated, and the development of robust hybrid methods for solving the optimal operation of PHS-BES, especially for real-time applications, is highly promising. Based on an in-depth analysis, this paper provides a compendium of real-world research and industry-oriented challenges, and presents future research and industry trends for the optimal operation of PHS-BES. • The latest studies on the optimal operation of PHS-BES are reviewed. • PHS-BES are categorized based on the number and type of integrated energy sources. • The evaluation criteria and solving methods for the optimal operation of PHS-BES are discussed. • A compendium of real-world research and challenges is presented. • Future research on PHS-BES is concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-fired power plants still dominate the electricity market in Southeast Asia, supplying around 30 % of the total demand, and the demand trend for this sector will continue to be high for decades to come. As a result, coal fly ash (CFA) production has also increased rapidly. However, most countries in this region consider them hazardous waste due to the immense potential for destroying living things and the environment. An increase in the utilization rate of CFA will undoubtedly result in numerous economic and environmental benefits. This article provides an intensive update regarding the current development of CFA utilization research and its realization. This article also provides a specific summary of its use as a medium for valuable materials. Recent studies have proven that CFAs have significant potential due to their physical and chemical characteristics. CFA can be further utilized as an adsorbent, catalyst, mesoporous, and synthesis material for high-efficiency zeolite. By working out the strategies proposed in this paper and the latest research results, the possibility of their utilization can be increased. Thus, the potential of CFA can be utilized to its fullest extent as one of the instruments for Southeast Asia to become a better and more sustainable region. [Display omitted] • Intensive updates regarding the current research developments on using coal fly ash and its realization in Southeast Asia. • Provide information on the potential utilization of coal fly ash due to its physical and chemical properties. • Coal fly ash can be further utilized as adsorbents, catalysts, and in the synthesis of high-efficiency zeolites. • The potential for optimal utilization of coal fly ash can make Southeast Asia a better and more sustainable region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents a numerical analysis of a multi-source renewable energy system for building air conditioning aiming at decarbonising the building envelope. The thermal management of the building is pursued through a radiant floor fed by a heat pump and integrated with phase change materials for thermal inertia enhancement. A fan coil is foreseen for humidity control. The heat pump can be fed through three parallel circuits involving different thermal sources: air with an ordinary air-to-water heat exchanger, sun through photovoltaic thermal solar collectors, and ground using shallow ground flat-panel heat exchangers. At need, the ground can be exploited for thermal energy storage when the heat pump is idle. A set of dedicated control rules chooses the optimal source or mix of sources to exploit at any time. Simulations of a reference building, namely a large single-room snack bar, are performed for various plant configurations, hypothesising the building as located in distinct climate zones and characterised by different thermal transmittance. The thermal performance of the building is given in terms of primary energy needs per year and compared to that of an analogous single-source plant. Results show that the proposed system can lead to primary energy savings of up to 16% compared to the corresponding state-of-the-art single-source plant, being more effective if the geothermal field is large enough and the building heating and cooling needs are comparable. The relevance of a proper control algorithm for plant performance optimisation is highlighted: a thermal power-based approach is proposed and successfully tested. • A multi-source renewable energy system for buildings thermal management is proposed. • Air, sun, and ground can be exploited as thermal sources by means of heat exchangers. • A phase change materials integrated radiant floor covers the building thermal needs. • A control algorithm selects the sources to be used for the optimal plant operation. • TRNSYS simulations foresee energy savings up to 16% in different operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane mills currently use sugarcane bagasse to cogenerate heat and electricity, supplying the process with mechanical, thermal and electrical energy. Some of these plants are able to produce surplus electricity to export to the national grid. With the improvement in collection techniques, sugarcane straw has also become available and has been used in some mills as fuel for steam boilers, mixed with sugarcane bagasse. However, due to different traits compared to bagasse, the use of sugarcane straw may pose additional problems of incrustation and corrosion on heat exchange surfaces. Several alternatives and technologies have been studied and tried out in order to increase the production of surplus electricity. Among others, biomass integrated gasifier–gas turbine combined cycle (BIGCC) is a promising technology. However, several attempts have resulted in failure, whether on a pilot or industrial scale. Biomass gasification integrated with internal combustion engines can become an opportunity for generation of small power capacity (<15 MW) and integrated to sugarcane mills. This paper analyzes the difficulties and barriers to increasing electricity generation in the sugarcane industry through studies, projects and experimental and industrial-scale installations that have already been carried out. • Bagasse and cane straw show great potential for electricity generation. • Sugarcane industry in Brazil accounts for 6.4% of the electricity generated. • Biomass integrated gasification and combined cycle can increase electricity generation. • Technological and economic challenges are major barriers to the development of BIGCC. • No BIGCC project already implemented is currently in commercial operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a review of negative carbon capture technologies. Based on these technologies, here it is proposed an innovative negative emissions power plant combining the generation and storage of energy from biomass, photovoltaic, and concentrated solar power, capturing and recovering CO 2 by producing H 2 or CH 4 as green energy carriers. The main features of the system are i) large-scale energy production system with negative CO 2 emissions; ii) 100% renewable system based on biomass and solar energy with the possibility of integrating other renewables; iii) synergistic integration of processes and systems; iv) recovery of O 2 generated by photovoltaic-driven electrolysis within the process of partial biomass oxycombustion and v) solar-driven limestone calcination. A detailed model of the entire plant is developed to evaluate the integration of the process. The model performance is assessed on an hourly basis throughout the whole year. The base case results show an energy consumption from 1 to 2.1 MJ/kg CO 2 to capture 60–77% of CO 2 emitted from the biomass plant and green methane production of more than 7500 tons/year. The negative emissions associated with the process are -612 kg CO 2 /MWh. It justifies the interest in the proposed negative emissions power plant. [Display omitted] • A synergetic integration of CO2 capture, energy storage and methane production is proposed. • A biomass power plant is considered, resulting in -612 kg CO2/MWh negative emissions. • Solar PV and CSP are integrated into the process to reduce the SPECCA to 1–2.1 kg CO2/MWh. • A large amount of solids storage is required to achieve 70–90% CO2 capture capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiji is an island country with just over 300 small islands and approximately 853,000 people. It is a small island developing state (SIDS) that is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuel for its energy needs. The paper attempts to determine the past and current energy situation in Fiji, challenges faced and strategizes to overcome these challenges. In 2014, Fiji generated 859 GW h of grid electricity from 259.8 MW of power plants. Here, 45.4% of grid electricity was produced by hydro, 50.9% by diesel generators and the remaining by biomass. However, Fiji's transport sector is completely dependent on fossil fuels with fuel import bill equivalent to an average 58% of export earnings and taking up 21% of total import bill. The smallness of Fiji and dispersed islands within Fiji group leads to many challenges to have accessible, affordable and sustainable energy supply. These challenges are comprehensively discussed in this paper. Strategies such as increasing private-public partnership in renewable energy projects, changing customer behavior, setting up a credible feed-in tariff structure, developing locally owned business in renewable energy and energy efficiency, setting up of risk mitigation facilities and strengthening institutions supporting energy sector are discussed to overcome or minimize challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of solar energy based technologies has attracted increased interest in recent times in order to satisfy the various energy demands of our society. This paper presents a thorough review of the open literature on solar energy based heat and power plants. In order to limit the scope of the review, only fully renewable plants with at least the production of electricity and heat/hot water for end use are considered. These include solar photovoltaic and solar thermal based plants with both concentrating and non-concentrating collectors in both solar-only and solar-hybrid configurations. The paper also presents a selection of case studies for the evaluation of solar energy based combined heat and power generation possibility in Denmark. The considered technologies for the case studies are (1) solar photovoltaic modules, (2) solar flat plate collectors, (3) a ground source heat pump, (4) a biomass burner, and (5) an organic Rankine cycle. The various cases are compared on the basis of economic profitability and environmental performance. The results from the case studies indicate that it is economically and environmentally beneficial to invest in both small and large capacity solar-biomass hybrid plants for combined heat and power production in the Nordic climatic conditions. The results also suggest that the configuration with an organic Rankine cycle with solar thermal collectors and a biomass burner is particularly attractive for large capacity plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to different viewpoints, procedures, limitations, and objectives, the scheduling problem of distributed energy resources (DERs) is a very important issue in power systems. This problem can be solved by considering different frameworks. Microgrids and Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) are two famous and suitable concepts by which this problem is solved within their frameworks. Each of these two solutions has its own special significance and may be employed for different purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to assess and review papers and literature in this field. In this paper, the scheduling problem of DERs is studied from various aspects such as modeling techniques, solving methods, reliability, emission, uncertainty, stability, demand response (DR), and multi-objective standpoint in the microgrid and VPP frameworks. This review enables researchers with different points of view to look for possible applications in the area of microgrid and VPP scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increasing flexibility in electricity systems with high-shares of volatile renewable generation is on top of the European policy making agenda. Large-scale pumped hydro storages are appropriate technology candidates to accomplish this. Therefore, they are one of the focus technologies of the European Commission in the Projects of Common Interest discussion. In order to get listed a thorough system benefit analysis has to be conducted. This paper investigates a comprehensive socio-economic benefit analysis of storage technologies according to the indicators expected by the European Commission. The dispatch model EDisOn + Balancing is applied, which includes the functionalities depicting balancing mechanisms. Additionally, the profitability analysis tries to sort out the most convincing business cases where storage technologies contributing to more flexibility in the electricity system can sustain in the long-run. A simulation tool has been developed to model and quantify flexibility options, and to evaluate the profitability from the owner's point-of-view. The results show that in Central Europe with increasing storage capacities the necessity of reserve capacity and investments in peaking units decreases while maintaining a high security of supply level. In addition to electricity generation and balancing cost reductions, shedding of renewables and significant amounts of environmental damage costs of up to 1300 MEuro/a can be avoided. The profitability study shows that a reduction of minimum load or retrofitting hydro reservoir storages with pump mode increase the hours of participation in balancing markets and machine utilisation, e.g. operating hours and frequency of machine starts. With the latter also wear of machines increases. Therefore, it is important to find the optimum in terms of machine starts and market benefits. Several benefits are presented per installed capacity to provide scalability and transferability of outcomes for other applications. Furthermore, the analyses make an important contribution to the European Projects of Common Interest discussion. Highlights • Planned hydro projects in AT till 2030 avoid environmental damage costs of 1300 MEuro/a in CE. • 3.5 GW turbine capacity in addition replaces 1 GW of thermal power capacity. • Reducing minimum load of PHS by 50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Virtual Power Plant combines a wide variety of distributed generation resources and operates them as a unified resource on the energy markets. It gives an economic opportunity to renewable energy-based distributed generation, such as photovoltaic, small hydro or wind, as it can build a bridge to the integration of renewable resources in the wholesale electricity market. In this market, changes in the offers of portfolio electricity technologies affect wholesale electricity prices, since marginal generation costs are transmitted through to the wholesale market. This paper investigates the impact of energy-based distributed generation technologies composition on wholesale electricity prices variations of different EU energy markets by using a Maximum Entropy Econometric estimation procedure. To know how much each unit of electricity produced by each technology can alter the electricity price could be very useful to develop optimal strategies in an electricity technologies portfolio decision. Highlights • Virtual Power Plant (VPP) combines distributed generation resources (DG). • To know the effect of DG on electricity prices is useful to develop VPP strategies. • The impact of renewable DG on European wholesale electricity markets is quantified. • The Maximum Entropy Econometric approach is used. • Wind brings the most widespread market impacts across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Owing to the wind and photovoltaic (PV) potential in Brazil, the country has recently seen increased exploration into the construction of wind-PV hybrid plants. However, as specific criteria for contracting this type of project have not yet been developed, this paper presents a model to assist the government in contracting projects that maximize the socioeconomic well-being of the Brazilian electricity sector. For this, multiobjective programming is used to simultaneously handle two objective functions—maximally reducing emission density and minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)—with the aid of the mixture arrangement technique. In this respect, the optimization method called normal boundary intersection (NBI) is applied to solve the multiobjective problem and construct the Pareto frontier. Additionally, a metric based on the ratio between entropy and the global percentage error (GPE) is used to identify the optimal Pareto solution. The model was applied to determine optimal configurations for wind-PV powerplants in twelve Brazilian cities, and the results obtained reveal the capacity of the model to indicate the optimum configuration according to the wind and PV potential of each city. Highlights • The use of renewable energy sources has been encouraged in Brazil. • The construction of PV-wind hybrid plants has been recently explored. • Normal Boundary Intersection is used to simultaneously handle two objective functions. • Reduced emission density and LCOE were optimized in twelve Brazilian cities. • Results reveal the capacity of the model to indicate the plants optimum configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources face new challenges with respect to reliability management. Scientific literature argues that a paradigm shift is needed in terms of reliability management to efficiently integrate a large amount of renewable energy sources and the required flexibility services. Reliability management involves the use of indicators to support system operation and to assess its performance. Many indicators (proposed to be) used in power system reliability management are presented in technical and scientific literature. To coordinate the development, selection and use of indicators in power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources, this paper presents a structured and consistent overview of the characteristics and the scope of indicators currently in use and available in the literature. A transparent way to characterize indicators is proposed. Available indicators are analyzed in terms of the generic properties of an adequate indicator: relevance in the context of evolving reliability management, ease of use, data availability and reliability determined by the data accuracy. Based on this analysis, missing indicators, shortcomings of existing indicators and directions for future work in a practical and scientific context are identified. Highlights • Overview of available indicators (proposed to be) used in power system reliability management. • Structured and coherent characterization and classification of indicators. • Probabilistic, security and socio-economic indicators have not been used in practice. • Availability and accuracy of data is a challenge for probabilistic and socio-economic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As for other renewable energy sources in Germany like wind or photovoltaics, biogas has rapidly expanded in the past fifteen years. The installed electricity capacity for German biogas plants increased from 0.2 GW el in 2001 up to about 4.2 GW el by the end of the year 2016. This expansion has been supported in particular by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) through electricity Feed-In-Tariffs (FITs). However, major uncertainties are linked to the future capacity expansion in particular due to volatile electricity and energy crops prices. Taking into account this situation this paper analyzes possible future developments of the German biogas plant capacity up to 2030. For this purpose, a regional optimization model is employed, with the objective of determining the optimal economic development of the future biogas plants under different legal framework conditions. The base scenario with a constant energy crops cost evolution shows that the EEG 2012 framework -if maintained- would have fostered the development of agricultural plants, especially co-digestion plants valorizing energy crops and manure. The new EEG 2014 stops the expansion of energy crops mono-digestion plants, which will no longer be built due to an unprofitable situation. The German biogas market will thus face a paradigm shift and move towards the increase of biowaste and small-scale manure plants. Further scenarios quantify the impact of a strong variation of three main fundamental drivers, namely the energy crop costs, the EPEX-Peak electricity price and the biowaste valorization revenues, on future capacity developments. Based on the model results recommendations in direction of plant operators and policy-makers are formulated aiming at a more sustainable electricity production from biogas. Further work should consist in integrating the present analysis in national bioenergy models under the EEG 2017 legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is well-known for its reputation for possessing the world's largest geothermal potential, which has been characterized by high temperature geothermal resources' concentration. The geothermal energy potential of Indonesia has been estimated to be 28,617 MW, which is about 40% of the world's geothermal potential. However, only about 4.5% is being utilized as electrical energy supply in this country. This paper comprises the Indonesian geothermal resources, based on their capability of doing work and efficiency. In this study, currently operating geothermal power plants in Indonesia have been classified, based on the exergy concept and the Specific Exergy Index (SExI). The results of SExI values show that nine geothermal fields are classified as high exergy resource with their SExI values exceeding 0.5, and two remaining power plants with SExI values between 0.05 and 0.5 are classified as medium geothermal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey as in Europe, the share of natural gas (NG) in the generation of electricity has shown a dramatic increase since the 1990s. Although Turkey faced two economic crises in the last decade, its total electricity generation has increased by 60%. NG consumption was 0.43 bcm in 1987 and reached 40 bcm by 2014. A big fraction of total electricity generation (TEG) is produced from NG. While the NG-based electricity generation was 0.2% in 1985, its share increased rapidly and it has reached to 48% of the TEG in 2014 and share of NG in total thermal power is about 60%. The goal of this paper is to review the historical development of the electricity and NG sectors, and to forecast and review the process of electricity generation with NG. Additionally, this paper compare the use of NG in electricity generation in Turkey and World, and analyze the supply–demand projections and future prospects in the field of energy. Results obtained from the present study show that a diversity of energy resources has not been achieved and as it is today in meeting the increasing energy demand, NG will continue to be a priority in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes 3700 years of biogas manufacture with more details of last 120 years. Due to V. Omelianskij׳s researches 120 years ago, Ukrainians achieved a share in biogas manufacture in the overall biogas development. Poland started to take part in biogas development 96 years ago by finishing biogas plant in Posen 1928. History and current status of biogas plants achievements are collected and analyzed. Faults and achievements of the two countries are exactly described in the background of global history to draw conclusion for future that helps not to repeat the old errors. The development of green economy based on biogas is discussed. The paper brings back ideas that were previously extinguished due to low technological level and those could be used more successfully nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “polygeneration” is referred to as “an energy supply system, which delivers more than one form of energy to the final user”, for example: electricity, heating/cooling, desalination can be delivered from polygeneration process. The polygeneration demonstrates unique integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy. It is the next generation energy production technique with a potential to overcome intermittence of renewable energy, reduce cost of power generation and greenhouse gas emissions. The feasibility study of this paper is divided in three sections: In first section of this study, solar and biomass have been arranged to produce steam for power generation. In the second section, cooling is produced by vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR; LiBr-H 2 O) system as per demand load requirement using steam, extracted from pass-out turbine. In the last section of this paper, multi effect dehumidification (MED) water desalination is produced by using limited amount of heat from water vapor (refrigerant; H 2 O) through HE1 of VAR cooling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control algorithms for wave energy conversion technologies with air turbines require contingency tools to prevent the rated power and maximum rotational speed from being exceeded. Survival problems limit energy conversion when the available power is too large compared to the turbo-generator-rated power. Short-term predictions require information from local wave-measuring buoys, which raises reliability concerns. Wave groups in the ocean result in extremely high wave power peaks that cannot be smoothed by low-inertia power-take-off (PTO) systems, leading to survival problems. The most common strategy to cope with this situation is to set the rated power of the PTO several times more than the annual average produced electrical power. The PTO is shut-down when the available power is excessive. These two engineering decisions have a detrimental impact on the capacity factor and the energy cost. The paper shows a new control algorithm for wave energy oscillating-water-column (OWC) devices that can control the shutter position of a fast-acting valve to dissipate the pneumatic energy excess. Hence, the PTO can operate even when the available power is significantly larger than the generator's rated power. The algorithm was validated with the 30 kW biradial turbine prototype from the OPERA H2020 European project under real sea conditions at Mutriku's wave power plant. Results show the algorithm's effectiveness in real situations and during a generator failure simulated during the experimental campaign. This new concept may reduce the energy cost from wave energy and open a new field of design possibilities for OWC wave energy converters. • First-of-a-kind hardware to perform peak shaving in OWC wave energy devices. • Algorithm tested at Mutriku's wave power plant in real sea conditions. • Generator's rated power and maximum rotational speed are prevented from being exceeded. • The algorithm protects the power take-off system in the case of a generator failure. • Novel peak shaving control can reduce the OWC WECs energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal power plants in India emit around 500 Mt of CO 2 annually. All of it is released into the atmosphere untreated. Microalgae, a third generation feedstock for bio-fuel emerges as a viable option for partly sequestering the emissions. Moreover, its carbon capture capacity of 4.8 kg CO 2 /kg biomass, which is very much as compared to terrestrial substitutes like Jhatropa curcas , enables to produce bio fuel hence adding value to the entire process. This paper intends to build upon this idea and come up with strategies to integrate bio fuel production and CO 2 sequestration with the existing thermal power plants. The raw materials needed for algal growth are available in the plant as elaborated in the paper. Thus the bio fuel produced can be routed back to power the plant consequently lowering the dependence on coal. This would help in putting a check on the carbon emissions thus making the existing systems more environmentally benign and suitable for long haul. This paper reviews currently employed carbon capture technologies and methods and comes up with a strategy to subsume carbon capture through microalgae with power plants of a certain capacity. 3 t/day is taken as the basis for calculations in the proposed flow sheet. An alternative of the above is also provided which substitutes the biofuel production with co-firing. This escalates the nitrogen content of flue gas but deescalates the investment. This brings down the capital investment in the plant but enhances N 2 content of flue gas. Carbon leakage is accounted for in a table of atomic balance. It takes care of input and output of carbon. The paper is inclined towards the conclusion that the Microalgae possess incredible potential and if tapped efficaciously could prove to be extremely helpful in these days of power and environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass fuels have long been accepted as useful renewable energy sources, especially in mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG), nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxide emissions. Biomass fuel is carbon neutral and is usually low in both nitrogen and sulfur. For the past decade, various forms of biomass fuels have been co-combusted in existing coal-fired boilers and gas-fired power plants. Biomass is used as a supplemental fuel to substitute for up to 10% of the base fuel in most full commercial operations. There are several successful co-firing projects in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe and North America. However, despite remarkable commercial success in Europe, most of the biomass co-firing in North America is limited to demonstration levels. This review takes a detailed look at several aspects of biomass co-firing with a direct focus on North America. It also explores the benefits, such as the reduction of GHG emissions and its implications. This paper shows the results of our studies of the biomass resources available in North America that can be used in coal-fired boilers, their availability and transportation to the power plant, available co-firing levels and technologies, and various technological and environmental issues associated with biomass co-firing. Finally, the paper proffers solutions to help utility companies explore biomass co-firing as a transitional option towards a completely carbon-free power sector in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO 2 with superior thermo-physical properties has numerous applications in nuclear reactor, power plant, refrigeration and air conditioning systems as well as in many engineering and industrial applications. The complex phenomenon of thermal and hydrodynamic behaviour associated with supercritical CO 2 is a continuing research topic for many researchers. The conventional correlations of turbulent forced convection heat transfer failed to predict the heat transfer and flow behaviour especially in the vicinity of the critical condition. The present paper presents a comprehensive review of heat transfer characteristics and correlations with supercritical CO 2 employed under heating and cooling condition in horizontal channel or tube. An exhaustive review of implementation of supercritical CO 2 used with horizontal and vertical orientation of tubes under turbulent flow condition and other operating parameters (inlet sCO 2 pressure, mass flux, temperature, and heat flux) is also reported. In the present work, possible reasons for heat transfer deterioration under heating of supercritical CO 2 are discussed. The characteristics of pressure drop, convective heat transfer behaviour, effect of buoyancy, the wall temperature distribution and finally the comparison among different correlations are reviewed extensively for supercritical CO 2 . The study of these correlations with their range of applicability provides a good insight for efficient thermal design and optimization of heat exchanger especially in thermal power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor air quality from coal combustion adversely impacts human health including mortality and morbidity effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, and digestive systems. However, the continued use of coal are no longer necessary to provide for society's electrical needs because of advances in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. In order to inform health policy this paper reviews the data for quantifying the lives saved by a replacement of U.S. coal-fired electricity with solar PV systems. First the geospatial correlation with coal fired power plants and mortality is determined for the U.S. at the state level. Then, current life cycle mortality rates due to coal combustion are calculated and current energy generation data is collated. Deaths/kWh/year of coal and PV are calculated, and the results showed that 51,999 American lives/year could be saved by transitioning from coal to PV-powered electrical generation in the U.S. To accomplish this, 755 GW of U.S. PV installations are needed. The first costs for the approach was found to be roughly $1.45 trillion. Over the 25 year warranty on the PV modules the first cost per life saved is approximately $1.1 million, which is comparable to the value of a human life used in other studies. However, as the solar electricity has value, the cost per life is determined while including the revenue of the solar electric generation using a sensitivity analysis on the value of the electricity. These results found that for most estimations of the value, saving a life by offsetting coal with PV actually saved money as well, in some cases several million dollars per life. It is concluded that it is profitable to save lives in the U.S. with the substitution of coal-fired electricity with solar power and that the conversion is a substantial health and environmental benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many places are dealing with the problem of water scarcity, especially in the summer months. This occurs mostly in the dry areas with hot climates that are exposed to intensive solar insolation which are the main driver for the evaporation of water. Some companies that are in charge of water service, and are operating open water reservoirs, have developed a solution to cover the water with floating balls to limit the solar insolation and to mitigate the evaporation of water. Another good approach is using floating solar panels for the same cause, which will provide an additional power source. It can enhance the productivity of hydropower plants with reservoirs. An additional benefit of the solution is the amount of the available water surfaces for placing the solar panels, instead of potentially useful areas for other purposes (agriculture, buildings ...). This paper reviews the current development of the technology, potentials, and best practices. It shows that this technology is feasible and can compete with other power sources, considering the cheapest LCOE being 46 USD/MWh for a 50 MW power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India. [Display omitted] • FPV is feasible, with LCOE as low as 46 USD/MWh for a 50 MW power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India. • FPV improves water retention in open reservoirs while improving efficiency of PV panels. • Asian countries have recognized potentials of FPV and have the largest plants (150 MW construction in Huainan, China). • Developers from EU have key knowledge for development of FPV projects, why their development should be supported there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of distribution networks for participation in active network management (ANM) and smart grids is introduced using the microgrid concept. In recent years, this issue has been researched and implemented by many experts. The second part of this paper describes those developed operational concepts of microgrids that have an impact on their participation in ANM and in the requirements for achieving targets. Power quality is the most challenging task in microgrids, especially when the system switches from normal parallel operation (grid-connected mode) to island operation. Indeed, following planned or unplanned transitions to island mode, microgrids may develop instability. For this reason, the paper addresses the principles behind island-detection methods, black-start operation, fault management, and protection systems, along with a comprehensive review of power quality. Finally, island detection and the other topics are summarized with a flowchart and tables. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The microgrid concept has been closely investigated and implemented by numerous experts worldwide. The first part of this paper describes the principles of microgrid design, considering the operational concepts and requirements arising from participation in active network management. Over the last several years, efforts to standardize microgrids have been made, and it is in terms of these advances that the current paper proposes the application of IEC/ISO 62264 standards to microgrids and Virtual Power Plants, along with a comprehensive review of microgrids, including advanced control techniques, energy storage systems, and market participation in both island and grid-connection operation. Finally, control techniques and the principles of energy-storage systems are summarized in a comprehensive flowchart. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: India is facing acute energy shortage that is likely to affect its economic development. There are severe supply side constraints in term of coal and gas shortages that are likely to continue in the near future. Hence, in its current focus to solving the energy shortage problem and sustaining the development trajectory, the country should aim at a balance between supply side and demand side measures. Energy Efficiency in end use is increasingly gaining importance as one of the most cost effective options for achieving short to medium term energy savings. India has initiated the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency under National Action Plan for Climate Change which addresses various aspects of energy efficiency such as technology, financing, fiscal incentive and also creation of energy efficiency as a market instrument. However, even though energy efficiency has substantial scope in the Indian subcontinent, the market for energy efficiency has been limited. This paper discusses the concept of mega Demand Side Management projects as a DSM Power Plant. A DSM Power Plant acts as an umbrella with multiple energy efficiency schemes under its ambit aimed at transforming energy efficiency into a business by providing a push to the scale of operation as well as financial sustenance to energy efficiency projects. This paper expounds on the various aspects of DSM Power Plant in terms of its policy and institutional mechanism for the large scale implementation of energy efficiency in India. This paper provides an illustration of the concept of DSM Power Plant model through a case study in one of the states (Rajasthan) of India. Further, a comparative analysis of the cost of generation from DSM Power Plant and a representative conventional power plant (CPP) in Rajasthan has been undertaken and the DSM Power Plant comes out to be a more cost effective option. The concept of DSM Power Plant will not only address the issue of energy shortages but will also help the financially thwarted utilities to reduce their revenue deficit in the near future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pollution and increasing fuel prices are the main focus for governments today. The main cause of pollution is existing electricity power plants that use huge quantities of fossil fuel. A new strategy should be applied in the coming decades based on the integration of existing power plants with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. Hybridization of existing power plants with solar energy is one proven option to overcome the problems of pollution and increasing fuel prices. In this paper, a review of the previous studies and papers for integrating solar thermal energy with conventional and non-conventional power plants was carried out. The focus on hybrid solar conventional power plants includes: the review of studies of hybrid solar–steam cycle power plants, integrated solar combined-cycle systems (ISCCS) and hybrid solar–gas turbine power plants, while for hybrid solar non-conventional power plants the focus of study is hybrid solar–geothermal power plants. The most successful option is ISCCS due to their advantages and the plans for implementation at various power plants in the world like in Tunisia, Egypt, Spain, and Iran. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently, the use of renewable energies is put on the agenda of most researchers in the field of energy. On the other hand, in many parts of the world, fossil fuel power plants continue to be the main source of electrical power. Increased efficiency of fossil fuel power plants and the use of solar energy lead to recommendation of merging solar farms with the cycle of these power plants. The statistics indicate that the output of fossil fuel power plants in Iran, which currently supply about 93.9% of electricity of the national network, is experiencing a negative growth. On the other hand, according to government plans, part of the generated electricity should be provided from renewable energy sources in the next few years. In this paper, the use of solar energy for integration with power-plant units of Isfahan is investigated. To do this, preheat project of the feed water is investigated on 7 separate scenarios. The results showed that replacing all high-pressure feed water preheaters with solar farm increases the net energy and exergy efficiencies of the power plant by 18.3% compared to the simple cycle which respectively reaches to 45% and 43.91%. Given the importance of reducing emissions of CO 2 pollutants at power plants, reduction level of gas emissions, as well as some economic aspects of the integration of solar farm with the cycle of this power plant has also been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand and acceptance of the renewable energy power plants are steadily increasing because of its positive environmental impacts and free availability of fuels such as wind and solar. Because of the intermittent and volatile nature of the output of these plants, neighboring plants are interconnected and controlled simultaneously using intelligent controllers. Loads and other conventional generators like diesel generators are also connected to this network and forms a microgrid which may or may not be connected to the main utility grid. For effectively controlling the resources and the loads connected to a microgrids, many control strategies are developed and successfully implemented nowadays. This paper looks at the possible control schemes used in an AC microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out in order to investigate the description, working principles of the solar parabolic dish systems worldwide, and their potential use in some countries are given. A study of the system is presented, which able to show the performance of the system and accounting for the main technical aspects of the concentrator, receiver and Stirling engine. The study reviews the parabolic solar dish technologies and the design factors adapted in different applications such as material of the reflector concentrators, shape of the reflector concentrators and the receiver, solar radiation at the concentrator, diameter of the parabolic dish concentrator, sizing the aperture area of concentrator, focal length of the parabolic dish, the focal point diameter, sizing the aperture area of receiver, geometric concentration ratio, and rim angle. In order to identify the optimum design feasible option for installation of the solar dish plants, the technical characteristics of some implemented solar dishes worldwide are presented. The study take into consideration available solar potential and the different designs of solar dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Construction and operation of plants that produce energy from renewable energy sources is the subject for discussion in all the countries that have accepted the sustainable development concept and Kyoto protocol as their own development direction. Enlargement of the renewable energy production is clearly an imperative, but only economically viable construction and operation can result in long-term sustainability, which is initially the goal when deciding upon such investments. In line with this goal, this paper presents the estimation of the economic viability of constructing and operating biogas electricity plant on the farm Vizelj in Serbia. The timeframe for this estimation is from 2011 until 2020. This paper also presents all parameters which are necessary for performing this estimation, respectively, analysis of revenues and expenditures, projection of economic and financial flow, ratio analysis, dynamic and static analysis, and analysis of sensitivity of the project, i.e. impact of the changes in prices and raw material on the overall performance of the project. The observed investment is predicted to be financed from the EBRD''s credit line for renewable energy in Western Balkans, while the total investment is estimated at Euro 958,000.00. After the performed economic assessment, the conclusion is that the observed investment in biogas electricity plant is very acceptable and it can serve as a role model for similar investments in the region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The first step towards the widespread use of renewable energy sources and preservation of our environment for the people of the future is to adopt the “green accounting” standards that translate socially and environmentally responsible behavior into monetary terms, the only language businesses understand. These standards have the potential of switching on the red light for all pollution-causing power plants, and those depleting the natural capital in any way, be it over-harvesting the forests, or exhausting the underground treasures – coal, oil, natural gas, etc. This paper will show how green accounting can help in changing the focus from the economic welfare to the total societal welfare, acknowledging the fact that human society is an integral part of the natural world. The paper will also briefly present the software developed by the authors that introduce the green accounting principles into the investment appraisal process, aiming at encouraging investments into renewable energy. The tool is also useful as a platform facilitating calibration of economic/financial instruments, like environmental taxes of governmental incentives, that are usually to boost renewable energy sector. The comparative analysis of investment into biofuel-powered combined heat and power production plant using two types of investment valuation standards, one based on conventional cash-flow analysis, the other based on green-accounting standards is detailed in the paper. The analysis is performed as a part of the European Commission Framework Program Project AFTUR, undertaken by the consortium consisting of respectful European Research Establishments in renewable energy area as well as major European biofuel-powered turbine producers. The results show that the wider adoption of green accounting standards would induce the unprecedented growth of the renewable energy sector, because it would make the investment into renewable energy attractive for investors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Irish Government has set a goal to make Ireland a world leader for research, development and deployment of ocean energy technologies. Ireland has a wave energy resource of 21TWh and an ambition is to achieve at least 500MW installed generating capacity from ocean energy by 2020. This paper investigates what is required to move from ambition to delivery. A successful wave energy strategy will require focused policies that will stimulate innovation to develop the technologies, manufacturing to produce the devices and deployment to build the required wave power plants. The paper draws on the successful policies in Ireland that have stimulated each of these dimensions, albeit for different sectors. From 2004 to 2008, successful policies in (ICT and biotech) innovation led to an increase in Ireland''s Innovation Index score from 0.48 to 0.53. The policy focus on (food and pharmaceuticals) manufacturing in Ireland resulted in high levels of economic growth over the period 1998–2002, reaching >10% GDP growth levels per annum, and full employment. Successful wind energy policies deployment has accelerated rapidly since 2003 and reached 1.2 GW installed capacity in 2009 representing 15% of Ireland''s total installed capacity. The paper draws on appropriate elements of these policies to build a successful wave energy policy for Ireland. It also draws on the successful policies adopted in Denmark for innovation, manufacturing and deployment of wind energy. The Danish wind turbine manufacturers hold a world market share of approximately 40%. The paper proposes establishing a wave energy strategy group to develop an action plan to deliver the 500MW. It also proposes a novel extension of corporate tax specifically for wave energy companies, an initial 30% capital grant scheme for wave energy developers, a grid code for wave energy devices and fast tracking of planning decisions through an amended approach to strategic infrastructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a review about conventional and renewable energy scenario of the county in quantitative terms of supply, generation and exploitation of available resources. In this energy scenario, the renewable energy share is in the range of a fraction of a percentage compared to total conventional energy supplies, so depicting it as a sector of least significance for government. Main emphasis in this paper has been given on presentation of data about renewable energy (RE) installations in the country, on-going activities, development projects, RE planning and achievements of public sector RE institutions and organizations. At the end some suggestions are given for effective planning and exploitation of RE resources and use of technologies. These suggestions are not only useful for Pakistan but also are equally important for the third world countries to enhance appreciably RE contribution in their total energy supplies of their country. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper describes modern wind power systems, introduces the issues of large penetration of wind power into power systems, and discusses the possible methods of making wind turbines/farms act as a power source, like conventional power plants in power systems. Firstly, the paper describes modern wind turbines and wind farms, and then introduces the wind power development and wind farms. An optimization platform for designing electrical systems of offshore wind farms is briefed. The major issues related to the grid connection requirements and the operation of wind turbines/farms in power systems are illustrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Modernization in the area of smart energy equipment, are forming the perception of an interlinked energy network in subsequent times. This energy network is contemplated to govern real-time energy consumption and optimization in the future. Traversing a prolonged period of development, the energy industry has reached the landmark of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and still going onward to this newfangled energy network, also can be called the next generation VPP. This paper demonstrates the challenges and opportunities in executing the transpiring aspects of the next generation VPP. Based on essential components and requisites, detailed descriptions are depicted from different technological viewpoints such as electrical and communication, computing technologies, energy management, economic profit, geographical factors, and adoption of emerging technologies. We also present the recent updates of existing VPP projects. Finally, considerations towards implementing the next generation VPP are marked out, along with necessary frameworks, regulations, and policies. This paper can provide prudent support for researchers and practitioners in the field of VPP. [Display omitted] • Review of development aspects in virtual power plants (VPP). • Critical requirements and necessary components for VPPs are presented. • Emerging technologies that can be integrated with next generation VPP are discussed. • Challenges and opportunities in the road of developing the next generation VPP are characterized. • Next generation VPP's framework, policies, and regulations are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage is a technology of paramount importance for the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and the Sustainable Development Goal 5 (Climate Action). The European Union is moving rapidly towards low carbon technologies, for instance via the Energy Union Strategy. Coupling biofuels and carbon capture and storage to decarbonize the power and the industrial sector can be done through the development of BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage). Chemical Looping combustion is one of the cheapest way to capture CO 2. A Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) plant can be coupled with a turbo expander to convert energy to power, but it has to work in pressurised conditions. The effect of pressure on the chemical reactions and on fluidised bed hydrodynamics, at the moment, is not completely clear. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important highlights in this field and also provide an original method to optimize power plant efficiency. The main objective of our research is that to design a pressurised Chemical Looping Combustion plant which can be coupled to a turbo expander. To achieve this we need to start from the characteristics of the turbo expander itself (eg. the Turbine Inlet Temperature and the compression ratio) and then design the chemical looping combustor with a top down approach. Once the air and the fuel reactor have been dimensioned and the oxygen carrier inventory and circulation rate have been identified, the paper proposes a final optimization procedure based on two energy balances applied to the two reactors. The results of this work propose an optimization methodology and guidelines to be used for the design of pressurised chemical looping reactors to be coupled with turbo expanders for the production of power with carbon negative emissions. • BECCS technology can be developed by coupling PCLC with a gas turbine. • Efficiency of a chemical looping combined cycle plant can range between 42.1% and 52.4%. • Pressure can affect minimum fluidization velocity in the fluidised bed reactor. • The influence of pressure is dependent on the type of bed particles and their dimension. • Circulation rate is one of the most critical factors in PCLC design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmotic power generation is one of the cleaner and sustainable methods for energy generation. This paper presents a study on the optimal size and design of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power plant as a viable source of renewable energy in the selected site in Bahmanshir river of Iran. The optimal sizing and design problem is formulated as a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) optimization problem and solved using the standard optimization software titled generalized algebraic modeling system (GAMS). The objective function is minimizing the total cost while considering the technical and economic constraints. Optimization results show that the optimal capacity of the PRO osmotic power plant is 77.8 MW. Economic analysis is performed for the obtained results and it was observed that construction of this type of power plants will not be attractive for private sector investors with the market energy prices (i.e. 8 cents/kW h).The effect of the future development in power density of membrane and membrane unit price in economic feasibility of the osmotic power plant is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the state-of-the-day for non-renewable and renewable energy in Ukraine and state policy of its development in the long-term perspective. Despite total dependence on imported energy resources and complex natural conditions to develop new own deposits of fossil fuels; the state does not pay enough attention to RE development. The article investigates the advantages and usefulness of the development of renewable energy sources, which are considered along with analysis of the most economically profitable directions of their use. The key obstacles, which reduce the effectiveness of RE deployment and barriers to the realization of RE projects by investors are analyzed. Considering Russia׳s military intervention, we paid attention to the peculiarities of the functioning of green power plants in the occupied Crimea and the loss of Ukrainian renewable energy sector from the annexation of the peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the key approaches for reducing heating energy consumption in North China. The major approaches are to prioritise the development of CHP heat sources and the application of an efficient CHP heating mode; to develop the district heating mode with a combination of coal and gas; and to implement reform of the heating charging system. However, the current heating management system is holding back the implementation of the above measures. It neither promotes effective CHP technology and “heating with a combination of gas and coal” technology, nor does it welcome heating system reform. It may even lead to a risky business model which relies on expansion. Additionally, it is hard to efficiently manage the end system, and the effects of heating subsidies for people in need cannot be maximized. After analyzing in detail the reasons behind these problems, the author proposes to change the current situation where “power plants manage the CHP system and heating companies manage the urban heating system” to a new mode where “heat source companies manage generating, peak-shaving and primary networks, while heating companies manage secondary networks and heating services of end users.” Meanwhile, expansion fees should be cancelled, and real heat metering data should be used as the only settlement basis between heat source companies and heating companies. These measures could help avoid the above drawbacks effectively, and improve the energy saving of the district heating system in North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the role of Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) on GHG emission reduction in Turkey. Due to insufficient installed capacity, Turkey can only utilize 27% of its total economically viable renewable energy potential. To increase the share of the renewables, utilization of these sources has become a top priority in the overall energy agenda. Thus, new regulations and policies are introduced. These policies are expected to serve to increase installed capacities of renewable energy power plants, and reduce the CO 2 emissions intensities. Feed-in-Tariffs is considered as a promising policy to increase share of renewable energy and reduction of CO 2 . However, the CO 2 emission intensity in electricity generation has not changed after the FiTs were launched, indicating that additional policies, possibly including a revision of the current renewable energy support mechanism regime, should be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of land use competition, bioenergy is often subject to controversial discussions. This paper presents a study, which addresses the scope of geographic discrete biomass growth, optimal bio-energy plant locations, and related biomass supply areas. In a first step, annual biomass growth is calculated with the BETHY/DLR model on a spatial resolution of 1 km 2 . In a second step, the ASECO model is utilized to identify optimal plant locations with related biomass supply areas, determined by biomass growth rates and available road infrastructure. The case study is carried out for Pakistan. Scenarios have been investigated on district level, with a special focus on total supply areas for single power plants at identified locations, as well as supply area deviations over the years due to varying biomass growth rates. Achieved results are relevant for the political debate on an optimal bioenergy strategy for Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World over large reserves of low grade coals are available. The use of low-grade coal in various industries like power plants, metallurgical plants, cement units, etc. creates environmental pollution because of generation of large amount of solid and gaseous pollutants. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to clean the coal before its utilization. A number of upgrading technologies are being followed to produce clean coal. The current paper reviews demineralization/desulfurization of coals containing high ash and/or sulfur by physical, microwave, bio- and chemical beneficiation methods. Physical beneficiation of coal is not very effective in separation of the finely dispersed minerals, whereas microwave processing requires lesser time but is not favoured energetically. Bio-processing is mainly used for the desulfurization of high sulfur coal, although it is usually slow and requires long incubation period. Chemical beneficiation uses expensive reagents and leads to the generation of large amount of wastewater which is to be purified before discharge. Thus, a combined approach consisting of physical beneficiation followed by chemical cleaning of coal appears to have a potential for significant reduction of ash with less investment while generating less amount of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In deregulated power markets, electricity suppliers have the option to trade in the spot market, derivatives market, and bilateral contract market. The spot market is always available and open to competition, but the variability and risk incurred need to be carefully handled. The suppliers might allocate their capacity in the derivatives and bilateral contract market if these alternatives are more viable. The strike price, bilateral contract price, and spot market prices need to be used to decide the capacity allocation problem considering the generation cost of the supplier. This paper first examines the market design and electricity trading in the Turkish electricity market. Then three problems were proposed for a coal-fired coal unit that aims to allocate its capacity to spot, derivative, and bilateral contract markets to maximize its expected profit. A Monte Carlo method is used for allocated electricity capacities, spot market, strike, and bilateral contract price scenarios. A simulation methodology is then proposed that includes capacities allocated to each market and price scenarios. The best capacity allocation strategy is determined that return the highest expected profits for all market price samples. The model is illustrated for a coal unit in the Turkish electricity market. The results are presented for the case, including 100 spot price samples, 100 capacity scenarios, 3 scenarios for the strike, and bilateral contract prices. The sensitivity analysis for spot price volatility on the profit is also presented with 20% volatility increase. It is shown that allocating the capacity to more than one market can increase the total expected profit for a power supplier and the rate of increase varies depending on the scenario set. • Electricity trading of a thermal generator in different markets is discussed. • Capacity allocation to spot, derivative and bilateral contract market is modeled. • Price and capacity scenarios for the Monte carlo simulation is developed. • It is shown that capacity allocation to different markets can increase total profit. • A supplier can determine its strategy based on the price expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]