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This research is a legal study of a phenomenon that has recently spread in the academic community, namely: trading in writing scientific researches of all kinds, on behalf of those who are on charge of it, and preparing it for them, whether it is a graduation research, master's theses, doctoral dissertations, or research papers. The study consists of three sections: the first section deals with what is permissible to do in order to help researchers in their researches, the second section deals with what is not permissible, and the third section deals with what is permissible, in accordance with the rules and conditions. The methodology used in this study is the descriptive analytical method. The research is aimed to investigate the terms and conditions about what is permissible and non-permissible to do in Islamic jurisprudence in order to help those who are on charge of preparing their researches, whether with or without fees, and to come up with a legal rule for the subject of preparing researches for others. This research is of great significance as it sheds light on a new issue that needs to be clarified, and needs also to be legitimately controlled. The research arrives at several findings: it is permissible to assist those who are on charge of writing researches in preparing the formal, technical, and complementary effort, since this is not the intended essence of the research; it is forbidden to assist them in preparing the intentional effort, with exception of a minor help which aims to train and it should not break the purpose of doing the research; and the academic convention is authorized to control this issue and its rules must be acted upon in what is permissible and forbidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a comparative analysis of three indicators of the state of Arab unity between 2021 and 2022, based on the fact that Arab unity is a cumulative process in awareness and in practical reality, and therefore its achievement requires popular and democratic struggle. The first indicator is the Arab national state, meaning the extent of the state’s cohesion in the face of threats, disintegration and fragmentation. The second indicator is Arab-Arab relations, whether Arab countries are cooperative or vice versa. The third indicator is to measure the effectiveness of the Arab system by studying the performance of the League of Arab States, specifically the summit conferences and the decisions and recommendations issued by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of al-jam’ wa al-tafrīq [combining and differentiating] first became apparent early on, with the very beginning of the genre of rijāl al-hadith, being the study of hadith narrators. Within chains of hadith narrations, one finds many narrators who share the same name. More specifically, two narrators may have the same first name and father’s name, first name and family name, first name and kunya [honorific], or the like. This problem appeared so frequently that scholars who’ve tackled it over the years first dedicated specific terminology to this, al-muttafiq wa al-muftariq [the alike and the unalike], and then built a whole sub-genre dedicated to this under the broader field of hadith studies. Just as this issue appears in all books dedicated to the study of hadith narrators, it also is a frequent question in books more narrowly focused on the biographies of the Sahaba, the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. This study aims to give careful consideration to this issue of al-jam’ wa al-tafrīq in books dedicated to the Sahaba specifically. It uncovers the perceptiveness of the authors of this genre and the particular attention they paid to solving this matter, both in theory and in practice. This study further aims to identify their tendencies toward either narrowing or expanding, such as whether they tended to consider narrators with shared names as a single individual or as separate individuals, and to evaluate the efficacy of their approaches toward resolving this issue. The article begins with Ibn Manda and Abu Nu’aym, moves on to Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, and ends with Ibn al-Athīr and Ibn Hajar. Beyond tracing the history of this issue and its development through books dedicated to the Sahaba, this paper will identify the various ways these authors addressed companions with shared names and will evaluate the effectiveness of their perspectives. The article then ends by offering critical suggestions to refine the methodology currently used when approaching this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis of 2008 ushered in a controversial decade that gave way to a dark era of war, terrorism, mass displacement, the resurgence of xenophobic white nationalism, ISIS, Brexit, Trumpism, and other issues that came to define a turbulent era. This research paper examines the economic contexts and theories of capital that contitute the difference in digital media research; The questions that digital media research must enquire to respond to a world in crisis; How did transformations in digital media technologies change the nature of the questions asked by media and cultural studies scholars, the theoretical frameworks, or the methodologies they used?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the image of time in the poetry of the Egyptian Sheikh alHakim Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Daniyal ibn Yusuf ibn Ma’touq al-Khuza’i al-Mawsili (647-710 AH / 1249-1311 AD), by employing a structural and formative methodology with the concepts of critic Lucien Goldman (1913-970) developed On the sociological orientations of his Hungarian teacher, George Lukács (1885-1971), the aim of the paper is to explore the effect of intertextuality in enabling Ibn Daniyal to create meanings for his poems that expressed horizons of a common vision for him with the society to which he belonged, and highlighted specific features of Mamluk society - in its sub-middle and non-existent class. Such as: her realistic awareness of her low social and economic conditions and their causes, her satirical criticism of political practices that ignored her conditions, her sense of humor through which she vented her suppressed opinion, her Sufi religiosity, which represented her refuge from her bitter reality. Who represented her sanctuary from her bitter reality. The conclusion reached by the research is that the "minor structures" that constituted the main component in Ibn Daniyal's poems accurately reveal a larger "functional structure", whose fabric is harmonious in its threads spinning horizontally with a lived reality under which a "world vision" is formed for the Ibn Daniyal community to which he belongs and vertically. With the influence of religious texts and previous literary productions on the productions of our poet, Ibn Daniyal absorbed them and digested them artistically until they became an original component of the themes of his poetry. the mental structures of the Mamluk community to which he belongs; And the inclusive structures intertwined with the ideas of his predecessor influenced by Ibn Daniyal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Did the literary figures of classical Arabic literature participate in the theoretical discourse on translation? Can we find their theoretical insights in their encyclopedic works which enriched the Arabic library during the golden period of translation and Arab-Islamic culture? A sufficient corpus of research can be found on the phenomenon of translation along with its various aspects, but the theoretical side of the translation history rarely been discovered by the researcher working in the field of cultural history of Arabia. From this perspective, the paper aspires to shed light on the classical Arab thought on translation and explore its nature briefly. In order to achieve this purpose, this paper explores key themes of debate that originate among the translators and thinkers of this age. Among these themes include nature and purposes of translation, role of source and target language, types of translation: word to word and sense to sense, qualities of the translator among others. By presenting some of these theoretical reflections on translation, the researcher tries to put through a clear picture of classical Arab thought on translation. The importance of such research lies in the fact that they enable us to understand the intellectual progress on the subject and highlight the points of departure from those found in other cultural traditions of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic intelligence is associated with a distinct type of mental abilities and basic skills that individuals ،especially leaders ،need ،which allows them to think comprehensively and systemically regarding their institution future.the aim of the current paper is to identify the reality of practicing strategic Intelligence dimensions among staff and administrators in crisis management units at Assiut university .Also ،the current paper has attemped to come up with a suggested proposal to develop crisis management units in Egyptian universities (Assiut University as a model) in the light of strategic intelligence approach. The current research has used the descriptive approach ،and the study tool is represented in a questionnaire consisting of five axes (foresight; prospective vision; systems thinking; motivation; partnerships and alliances) ، and it is applied on a representative sample from crisis and disaster units boards of directors from faculty members (n = 36) and administrators (n = 21) in some theoretical and practical faculties at Assiut University. The results of the study have revealed that the degree of practicing strategic intelligence dimensions as a whole came with a medium degree for both staff and administrators with relative weight ( ،64 / ،55) respectively. As for the sample of staff ،the first dimension "Foresight the future" ranked first with a medium degree and a relative weight ( ،69) ،while the second dimension "peospective vision" came in the last rank with a medium degree and a relative weight ( ،59) . As for the administrators sample ،the fourth dimension "Motivation" came in the first rank with a medium degree and a relative weight ( ،62) ،and the second dimension "prospective Vision" came in the last rank with a medium degree and a relative weight ( ،50). In the light of literature review and field study findings ،the current study presented a suggested proposal to develop crisis management units in Egyptian universities (Assiut University as a model) in the light of the strategic intelligence approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judgment of consensus denial is a critical fundamentalist research. " Who denied the consensus is nonbeliever" is a phrase widespread between scholars and jurists where is the one who agreed, others were opposed, others elaborated on it, and there were who hesitated and worried. For that concern, this research paper studies the judgment of consensus denial to obtain a result . The research paper presents a brief introduction, outlining the meaning of the consensus, its authenticity, and whether it was indicative or subjunctive connotation. In addition, it presents the elements of consensus, conditions, sections, and types. The paper displays the judgment of consensus denial whether the denial is based on its authenticity or judgment and whether that consensus is indicative or subjunctive. It displays the sayings of the fundamentalists of the four religious’ schools of Islamic jurisprudence in this, as well as with the examples thereof . The research concluded that consensus is either indicative or subjunctive. The subjunctive consensus, there is hardly one who rejected its denier. As for indicative consensus was vary, there was a consensus that it is a necessity, and those who denied the consensus are nonbelievers for most of the fundamentalists for its consecutiveness. Most of the disagreement is focused on this type. The opinion of a group of fundamentalists, such as al-Amidi, Ibn al-Hajib, Al-Juwayni, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How is International Relations (IR) taught in the Arab World? What happens to what was once labelled an 'American Social Science' when it enters classrooms in the Arab world and is taught in Arabic? Despite the predominance of Western approaches and theories on the teaching of IR in the Arab World, there is tension between the need to train students in the classical theories as a prerequisite for knowledge production, and the need to adapt them to various political, social, and economic contexts across the globe. This study examines the different approaches to how IR is taught in Arab universities, and how Western theories are considered critically by the teaching of alternative approaches. The paper argues that the different approaches to teaching IR are more versatile theoretically than the range of published papers in leading academic journals in the West. As such, they may prove to be the starting point for new forms of knowledge production that better reflect the realities of international relations in the Arab world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how social media shape Egyptians' perceptions of reality in their home country during Covid-19. The study of expatriates' perceptions, especially during the pandemic, is of increasing importance due to the spread of the tension and ambiguous overall situation. The study applied the descriptive quantitative analysis method. Following the International Migration Household- Egypt survey indicators, the study conducted an online questionnaire on a nonprobability snowball sample of 198 respondents from Egyptian expatriates who are currently living in different Arab and foreign countries. The study applied quantitative measurements and adequate statistical analysis (Regression, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation) to examine how much clear or ambiguous crystal do Egyptian expatriates perceive the reality of their home country in the context of several dimensions; cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Based on reviewing literature about Media and Reality Perception theories, in addition to this study results, this paper ends with proposing a theoretical framework to interpret how expatriates perceive reality in their home countries through interactive media. Findings highlighted the cognitive and behavioral impacts of social media on Egyptian expatriates' perceptions and raised serious questions regarding their trust in Egyptian media. Keywords: Egyptian expatriates – Media Reality – Social Reality – Reality Perceptions – Social Media– Interactive Media Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to observe the future of using the artificial intelligence application Chat GPT in journalistic work and its impact on journalistic art during the coming decade 2023-2033. The study was applied to 200 individuals from experts and professionals in Egypt using a questionnaire form. The study used a future forecasting methodology or future prediction and a survey approach. The study reached a number of results, most notably: The optimistic scenario came at the forefront of the expected scenarios for the future of using the Chat GPT application in journalistic work. The most prominent features of this scenario were the keenness of journalistic institutions to activate the Chat GPT application and provide the latest versions of it, economic development in journalistic institutions and enhancing their material capabilities with the use of the Chat GPT application and increased public turnout for digital journalism and content provided using the Chat GPT application. The content provided through this application will witness major development accompanied by support from journalistic institutions to train journalists and provide material capabilities for that. The results of the study clarified that the most important benefits and advantages of using the Chat GPT application in the journalistic art process are "improving the efficiency and speed of editing and publishing" processes, ranking first with 56.5%. It was also evident that the most important positive impacts of the Chat GPT application on the quality of journalistic content are that "it helps in comprehensive and inclusive coverage of events by providing the journalist with diverse sources", ranking first with 47.5%. 44.5% of the study sample indicated that the most important negatives of using the Chat GPT application on journalistic art is that "it eliminates creativity in journalistic writing". The most important impacts expected to occur in journalistic work with the use of the Chat GPT application are the "transformation of many newspapers from paper form to electronic form", followed by "focusing on training journalistic cadres and qualifying them to be able to use the various versions of the Chat GPT application". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this paper is the investigation and analysis of the fundamental peace that occurs in the light of the encounter with the "Other" in the imperialist subject. Levinas presents a subject who imposes his desires on the world in order to establish an earthly paradise and is busy devouring others and subduing them to himself. The imperialism subject, who formed his identity with violence and in relation to others, encounters the "Other" who resists his totalitarianism. Levinas' idea to end violence is rooted in subjectivity that cannot be reduced to consciousness and imposes an infinite responsibility on the subject. From the beginning, encountering the face of the "Other" is peaceful. By reminding the subject for peace and solidarity, the face motivates him to fulfill his duty and before any question and choice, he makes the subject personally responsible for peace with the "Other"; a responsibility that has already been placed in it and cannot withdraw from it. The peace considered by Levinas is the fundamental peace, original and beyond conventional war and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant argues that an action is morally worthy only if it is done not from inclination or self-interest but from duty. In the Groundwork, he provides examples to illustrate that the presence of motives aligned with duty undermines the moral value of an action. These viewpoints have sparked significant controversy, particularly in light of the resurgence of virtue-ethics in recent years. Notably, the work of two famous Kantian philosophers, Richard Hanson and Barbara Herman, are especially remarkable as they provide an enlightening interpretation of Kant's perspective and address the raised concerns. While Hanson outlines two innovative models for the conditions of action, he also identifies the relevant phenomenon of overdetermination and states that an action has moral worth when the motive of duty is sufficient by itself to generate the action. Furthermore, Herman complements these models by introducing a third one and arguing that an action maintains its moral value if it necessitates both duty and if its primary motive is the motive of duty, regardless of whether it reflects the agent's desires or not. In this paper, we assess the strength and effectiveness of these models by examining Kant's examples. Consequently, despite shedding light on Kant's intentions, these accounts do not significantly contribute to resolving the existing ambiguities. Critics can express concerns regarding the simplification of the overdetermination, the fallacy of circular and tautology. A thorough examination of Kant's philosophy reveals that fulfilling one's duty and disregarding other motivations are essential for the development of an individual's moral character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant issue among philosophical issues is to determine the relationship between ethics and religion. Traditionally it was believed that ethics is based on religion and there could not be any ethical system without religion. With the increasing critics against religion in the modern era the attempts for demonstrating an ethical system independent from religion has been increase as well. The proponents of ethical autonomy put forward considerable critics against ethics based on religion which is difficult to ignore. The aim in this paper is to deal with relationship between ethics and religion. The writer while approving the significant challenge offered against ethics based on religion defend a theory displaying two pillars for ethics. According to this theory epistemic and psychological aspect of ethics is distinguished. The writer will display that the epistemic aspect of ethics is independent from religion while the ontological aspect of ethics is depended on religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific realism has always faced continuous criticisms from scientific anti-realists. Kyle Stanford's "unconceived alternatives" argument can be seen as a late and troublesome version of these challenges. In this paper, we will first briefly mention scientific realism and its supporting arguments, including the "no-miracle" argument and the "slippery slope" argument. Then we will list the main challenges that scientific realism has faced. Arguments such as "pessimistic meta-induction" and "underdetermination of scientific theories" are raised against scientific realism. In the following, we will take a look at Stanford's argument and examine how it creates a challenge for realism by combining historical and philosophical arguments, and we will also describe the realist answers raised to the said challenge. We will also try to explain from Roy Bhaskar's critical realism point of view how the Stratified view of the world and scientific theories, makes it possible to achieve knowledge of reality through scientific activity and also can weaken the basis of Stanford's anti-realist argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mullā Ṣadrā offers two different views regarding the references of the philosophical secondary intelligibles. According to the first view, philosophical secondary intelligibles only have external foundations for abstraction (mansha al-intizāʿ) and no external counterparts (mā bi iza ͗). And according to the second view, also known as Mullā Ṣadrā's final view, these concepts have external counterparts which exist with the very existence of their subjects. This view faces some problems: First, Mullā Ṣadrā's reason for the existence of these concepts' external counterparts begs the question and is therefore invalid. The argument Ṭabāṭabāʾī offers in his commentary on Mullā Ṣadrā's argument is also flawed since it presupposes a point that is more difficult to accept than the conclusion and so would naturally be rejected by the other side. Second, the purported counterpart's mode of existence is not clear. Third, it is not clear by virtue of what difference between quidditative and philosophical concepts the former but not the latter have independent counterparts. The method employed in this paper is library research and rational analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will argue against certain criticisms of Kripke's Wittgenstein's sceptical argument and sceptical solution, made especially by Baker and Hacker, McGinn, and McDowell. I will show that their interpretation of Kripke's Wittgenstein's view is misplaced. According to Kripke's Wittgenstein's sceptical argument, there is no fact as to what someone means by her words. For Kripke, this conclusion, combined with Classical Realist view of meaning, leads to the Wittgensteinian paradox, according to which there is no such thing as meaning anything by any word. Wittgenstein presents this paradox in paragraph 201 of the Philosophical Investigations. As Kripke reads Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein is in agreement with his sceptic on the sceptical conclusion of the sceptical argument, that is, that there is no fact about meaning, and builds his sceptical solution on an endorsement of that. McDowell, McGinn, and others have objected that Kripke has failed to properly understand Wittgenstein's main remarks in 201, that is, that the paradox is the result of a misunderstanding of the ordinary notion of meaning. Wittgenstein does not accept such a sceptical conclusion. I will use the distinction George Wilson draws between two different conclusions of the sceptical argument and show that Kripke has respected all of the remarks that Wittgenstein has put in section 201. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Ockham's razor, assumptions must not be unnecessarily multiplied. While this principle is widely accepted, its justification is controversial. More precisely, we don't know whether Ockham's razor is truth-conducive. The present paper aims to address this problem within Betz's theory of dialectical structures (2012). First of all, I give a brief explanation of this theory. Here, the essential elements of Betz's theory, which pertains to my discussion, are highlighted. Secondly, I explain why Betz's theory is favored over the Bayesian framework. In the next step, it will be argued that, at least in the minimal complex positions, potential rivals for Ockham's razor don't discharge their functions unless Ockham's razor is considered as a criterion. The fourth step amounts to the evaluation of Ockham's razor and its rivals in the minimal complex positions. It is shown that each rival only represents an increase in the degree of justification of the likelihood of evidence given the hypothesis whereas Ockham's razor increases the degree of justification of the likelihood of evidence given the hypothesis as well as the posterior degree of justification of the respective hypothesis. This justifies to some extent Ockham's. Moreover, while the ratio between prima facie plausibility of two competitive hypotheses in the case of Ockham's razor is greater than those of the potential rivals, the hypothesis with lower prima facie plausibility receives higher posterior degree of justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to explore the concepts and goals of grounding faith as a human science. The research endeavors to analyze the fundamentals of faith from a humanistic perspective, emphasizing the importance of understanding faith as a discipline that cares for the human and their aspirations. The research delves into the philosophical, cultural, and social aspects of grounding faith and how it can play a vital role in comprehensive human understanding and their place in the world. This research paper discusses fundamental concepts for grounding faith as a human science, such as the concepts of belief and religion and their impact on human behavior and social relationships. It also explores future objectives for this field, seeking to understand how developing faith as a science can contribute to the comprehensive development of individuals and societies. Using a comprehensive and analytical methodology, the research aims to shed light on the importance of grounding faith as a human science and how these studies can contribute to the advancement of humanity and its development in the contemporary world. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the significance of studying faith as a human science, which contributes to deepening the understanding and personal, social, and spiritual development of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying the current situation of the production and consumption of red meat in Egypt, as well as estimating the market power (monopolistic practices) and estimating some indicators of the competitiveness of the most important exporting countries red meat to Egypt. The study concluded that the total production and the self-sufficiency rate of red meat in Egypt decreased during the period (2012-2020) at a rate of about 7.9%, 6% annually, respectively. And the values of the inverse elasticity of residual demand for Brazil, Sudan, and Paraguay are statistically positive and significant, meaning that these countries practice more monopolistic practices within the Egyptian market, and statistically positive and insignificant for India, Colombia, South Africa, which means the dominance of complete competition for these red meat exporting countries within the Egyptian market, and statistically negative and insignificant for Australia, America, New Zealand, meaning that these countries lose their market power within the Egyptian market. The study also found that the market share index for the most important countries competing for the export of red meat within the Egyptian market during the period)2010-2020( amounted to about 17.54%, 15.2%, and 12.65% for Brazil, Sudan, and Paraguay, respectively, meaning that the Egyptian market is able to absorb the largest amount of red meat from those countries. And that the market penetration coefficient reached its maximum for each of Sudan and Brazil by about 9.5% and 8.34%, respectively, and that the market share of New Zealand and America was low, and therefore the Egyptian market could absorb larger quantities in the future than those countries. New Zealand achieved the best relative price per ton of red meat, followed by Australia and then America. While New Zealand achieved the best rate of relative stability in red meat production, followed by Sudan and Brazil. The research recommends that the import policy should be directed to New Zealand, Australia and South Africa because they do not exercise any monopolistic pressures with in the Egyptian market, in addition to their high competitive capabilities and low market share, which opens the way for increasing their market share. And take advantage of the competitive advantage of the relative price index of New Zealand, Australia and America compared to the prices of competing countries. And an attempt to reduce the monopolistic pressures exerted by Brazil and Sudan within the Egyptian market by increasing reliance on New Zealand, Australia and South Africa in importing meat, With the same quality and specifications preferred by the Egyptian consumer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the criminal judge enjoys a wide discretion when weighing the evidence and determining the extent of its strength when forming his certain conviction, whether it is related to the evidence concluded by the accusing authority or what was raised before the court in the case. However, the reader of the legal texts cited by the Palestinian legislator in procedural law that talk about the freedom of the criminal judge to be convinced; notes the extent of its generality and its lack of a general framework that shows how limited that freedom enjoyed by the judge really is. The authenticity of the case papers referred to the court, in which the minutes of collection of evidence are an essential part. From here emerged the main problem of the study, which centered on the extent of the impact of the judicial seizure reports referred to the criminal judge on his personal conviction and whether they serve as a basis for him in issuing his judgment, especially since there are some special laws that have given these records varying authority in proof. According to the nature of the crimes related to it and the limits of the jurisdiction of its organizers and the extent of their powers. After conducting an analytical comparative study of the texts of the relevant Palestinian and Lebanese laws, it appears that some of the records of collecting inferences are authoritative. Which means that this requires the court to take them unless proven otherwise, or proven to the contrary, but it is one of the records that must be worked with unless it is proven to be forged, which requires the court to take even if they violated their convictions in the case, and without the right to discuss it. There is another type of records with relative authenticity where the court is free to accept or reject them, which does not constitute a restriction on the judge’s freedom of conviction, as they are nothing more than just ordinary information, which is taken as a matter of appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elements of landscape of vegetation or water cover or complementary elements (floors, umbrellas, etc.) are among the factors related to the local climate to achieve thermal comfort for humans in hot desert environments, which are exposed to high temperatures, bright sunlight, and undesirable strong winds. The research problem appears in the lack of accurate identification of the links between the elements of landscape and the achievement of thermal comfort within Egyptian universities (Assiut University, Old Sohag University, New Sohag University at Al Kawamel, and Qena University) in desert environments, which includes proper selection of elements and precise identification of the materials used in them in a way that reduces the effects the negative climate on users and the lack of full use of its potential to achieve thermal comfort, This paper aims to determine the role that the elements of landscape can play in achieving thermal comfort in university sites in desert environments, and then maximizing the use of these elements in reducing the negative effects of climatic elements in universities, while specifying the proposed interventions (whether by increasing, adding or deleting and replacing) the elements of landscape the new Sohag University at Al Kawamel to achieve thermal comfort as a model for dealing with universities in Upper Egypt and as a mechanism for dealing with similar universities, based on the descriptive, analytical and deductive approaches. The research has reached results that define the specifications of the suitable elements of landscape for climatic factors in hot environments, including evergreen plants with high leaf density, moving water, floors that allow permeate water, multiple bumps walls, hollow backing benches, and curved or broken surfaces or covered with solar cells umbrellas. Monitoring the elements of landscape in some universities of desert environments and indicating the extent of their availability through field visits, the interest in plant elements and the neglect of water and complementary elements, and the degree of their impact on achieving thermal comfort, determining how to benefit from it in Egyptian universities comprehensively related to plant elements, such as the use of perennial green spaces, planting trees over green spaces, using plant fences with creating a green belt around the university, using moving water elements, loose floors, interlocking tiles with shading, wood material for seats and umbrellas with seat shading, then the need to pay attention to activating the role of the architect in coordinating university sites to solve environmental problems by choosing the right elements for landscape to achieve thermal comfort in desert environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge management is one of the latest administrative concepts because of its human and intellectual capital, and it represents the basis on which project management and development are based and the basis of competitive advantage in construction companies. This is what causes managers and building experts to light and attention to managing knowledge to improve performance and better practicing the construction industry. However, many construction companies, especially medium and small enterprises, still do not effectively manage knowledge, with much lost financial burden and waste much experience, information, and knowledge without realizing the importance of lost knowledge and also what it takes to redefine lost knowledge. Therefore This paper aims to study the role provided by knowledge management to improve the performance of construction companies by reviewing the relationship between knowledge management and improving the performance of construction companies in the light of the available literature and previous studies using the descriptive analytical approach to stand on two main axes for any knowledge system applied in The two construction companies are: the effective supporting factors in the knowledge management systems, and the second is the obstacles facing the implementation of the current knowledge management systems. The result of the study is that supporting the culture of knowledge management, support from senior management, supporting information technology, and training continuous of employees are among the most important critical success factors shown by previous field studies. The obstacles differ according to the work environment and place of study. The research hypothesis was confirmed, which is that knowledge management improves the performance of construction companies, as it affects project performance, affecting project performance, company performance, employee performance, and knowledge effectiveness within the company. This research is the nucleus for decision-makers and those working to develop the performance of construction companies and the setters of strategies and knowledge systems to improve performance and achieve the required final output in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rushd. If many Arab and non-Arab researchers included Ibn Rushd's thought within the intellectual system of the Middle Ages, where transmission dominated the mind, then this article defends the basic idea that Ibn Rushd, despite being living in the Middle Ages, established for himself a rational philosophical approach that made his thought closer to modern times. The paper defends this statement through examining original texts of Ibn Rushd, in addition to multiple readings about his philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 11, 2021, US President Joe Badin announced that he would bring together the leaders of a variety of democracies in the world for a virtual Summit on Democracy, to be followed by a second face-to-face summit about a year later. The summit will include commitments and initiatives centered around three main axes: resisting tyranny, combating corruption, and promoting respect for human rights. After a year of consultations, coordination and action, the leaders meet again, to present progress against their commitments. The two summits will bring together heads of state, civil society, the charitable sector and the private sector. In light of the above, this paper seeks to read the American move from the perspective of (international relations theories). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the normalization between some Arab Gulf states and Israel, the Gulf society has remained mostly distant from it, opting to confront it by various means. This reflects the Gulf popular rejection of normalization policies with the Zionist entity. However, these agreements still pose challenges to pro-Palestinian efforts and to normalization resistance in the Gulf region. This paper showcases four experiences of popular Gulf rejection of normalization with the Zionist entity (including Bahrain,Oman, Qatar and Kuwait), portraying the role of youth movements in these countries in confronting normalization and boycotting the Zionist entity and supporting the Palestinian cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address the status of women in Islamic law, with the goal of correcting the perceptions held by many intellectuals and others regarding their position in Islam. It also emphasizes the care and respect accorded to women in Islamic law, as well as the removal of any source of embarrassment for them. This study encompasses two main aspects: First: It delves into the fundamental aspect, emphasizing that facilitation and the removal of embarrassment are key objectives of Islamic Sharia in its general provisions, whether related to worship, transactions, marriage, or other areas. Second: It involves the collection of branches where the researcher identifies facilitation and the removal of embarrassment, particularly for women, within Islamic jurisprudence, beyond the scope of worship. This section also includes references to any existing disputes. In total, these branches encompass thirty-five distinct issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, our aim was to explore the manifestations of the passion of strife and their application to " the complete fictional works of the writer Dhikra Lu'aybi". We sought to identify the lexical and semantic manifestations that emerged within the narrative texts by delving into the psychological and physical levels of the addressed characters. By examining their psychological, emotional, and sensory states through distinct semantic and lexical manifestations, we aimed to uncover the manifestations of both the ideological and semantic dimensions of the characters. Semiotics of inclinations played a crucial role in unraveling the prominent logical interpretations shaping the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the attitudes of teachers towards the licensure examinations and the alternatives available to evaluate teachers from the perspectives of teachers and determine if there are any statistical differences between these perspectives with regard to these dependent variables: Sex, area of specialization, and the educational level of the school. A descriptive methodology was employed through which a questionnaire was developed by the researcher to measure teachers’ attitudes. 234 teachers responded to the questionnaire. The attitudes of teachers were found to be negative against these examinations. Teaching performance is best evaluated inside the classroom rather than through a paper multiple-choice test. The study concluded with a number of suggestions which included the need for all concerned parties to provide an evaluative study of the licensure test and determine its effectiveness for teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banknotes get contaminated with several sickness causes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses harmful to human health. This study aims to determine the rate of bacterial contamination of banknotes circulating in the city of Rada'a. 25 samples were collected from different denominations (including 50 rials, 100 rials, 250 rials, 500 rials, and 1000 Yemeni rials) from different places, The results showed that the percentage of contamination with bacteria was 100%, by the direct isolation method, while no bacterial type was isolated from the money samples obtained from the bank. It is also revealed that the Gram-positive bacteria were the prevalent bacteria 84%, while Gram-negative bacteria were 16%. The most widespread was Coagulase negative staphylococcus, with a rate of 28.94%., while Isolated negative bacteria widespread was Klebsiella sp. E.coli sp. The percentage of isolation was 5.26% for each of them, It was found that the category of 50 rials represented the highest contamination rate with a rate of 25%, followed by the category of 500 rials with a rate of 21.9%, while the category of 100 rials and 250 rials recorded a rate of 18.75% for each of them, while the category of 1000 rials recorded the lowest percentage with a rate of 15.6%. The results also showed that the average number of bacteria in different places in Rada'a Town differs from one place to another according to the density of the presence of community members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolitical and economic changes have accelerated worldwide since the Russian military operation in Ukraine. The impact of this military crisis has extended beyond the borders of Europe, casting its shadow on the Middle East and North Africa, causing major political, social and economic repercussions, due to the fragility of the economies in the region and the structural problems it suffers from, such as corruption, unemployment and lack of good governance, and the dependence on imports for most commodities, including food. This paper examines the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the regional and local Arab political situations, presenting a political reading on the variant standpoints from this war, and then analyzing stances in light of international changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian military operation in Ukraine triggered international turmoil, and had major repercussions on the entire world, including oil and gas prices, goods and services, migration policies, political alliances, and regional and international relations. It is pushing towards a change in the international system, but the features of the new system are not yet clear. This paper discusses the role of the Arab Gulf states in the stability of global energy markets, and sheds light on the Gulf-Chinese relations, and the role of OPEC+. The research identifies the main opportunities and challenges for policy makers and companies in the Arab Gulf states. It also shows the new political challenges facing these countries in terms of the future of their relations with the United States of America, some Western European countries, and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study citizenship in the Arab world from a historical descriptive perspective, highlighting the way in which citizenship in the Arab world grew without crystallizing. The research argues that citizenship was almost absent from the Arab historical experience until the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century when the new Arab nationalist movement clashed with the Turkish Turanian tendency of the Ottoman Empire. During the Western colonial phase of the Arab world, Arab citizenship witnessed exponential growth. Later, after obtaining independence, the contemporary Arab states attempted to build a new concept of country citizenship by imitating the Western model of state-nationhood. However, these attempts did not succeed due to internal and external reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews Corpus Tagging, a topic rarely explored in the Arab literature despite its importance in Linguistics and Natural Language Processing fields. This paper defines Corpus and Corpus Tagging then reviews several studies that investigated Corpus Tagging, which, nonetheless, did not set a clear borderline between the types of tags that can be added. Here comes the importance of this paper in distinguishing between three types of tags that can be added to corpus, which include adding linguistic tags for words (Tagging), marking-up text structure (Markup), and adding descriptive data to a corpus (Metadata). This paper also explains the forms of each type of these tags and the mechanism for adding them to Arabic language corpora accompanied with examples. It also describes the mechanism for combining these three types in one corpus, which contributes to making them more rich and useful for researchers in the Linguistics and Natural Language Processing fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world had faced tremendous challenges due to rapid changes in social and economic aspects such as COVID19 which lead to high consideration of electronic learning because it's agreed with precautions to avoid infection by corona virus. The above mentioned challenged enabled the ministry of higher education and scientific research to adopt modern techniques in education process for sustainability. The paper aims to modify electronic application which will accelerate appropriate using of electronic education through the internet. The modified electronic technology provided many advantages such as cost minimization, availability of education services to a wide sector of students, storage, processing, sharing, and transmission of information when it's required and in any time in external servers available in internet cloud, in addition to the security from vPrus and hackers. The electronic education has been adopted in many higher education institutions through cloud computing projects. The paper aims to clarify the concept of cloud computing objectives, components and its applications in electronic education beside its endorsement in higher education. The paper also focused on proposed model of cloud computing prepared for Eldeain University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the economic effects of the US sanctions on Sudan. The paper aims to identify the concept of sanctions and their forms. The paper also aims at the most important US sanctions on Sudan. The paper also aims to identify the most important economic effects on the US sanctions on Sudan. The paper used both the historical approach and the methodology. Descriptive to identify the historical development of US sanctions on Sudan. The paper also uses the analytical approach to identify the most important economic impacts on US sanctions in Sudan. Forms of American sanctions on Sudan in political, economic and informational sanctions, the political administration in both Sudan and the United States of America should overthrow the principle of common interest in building relations between the two countries. Sudan should rely on investing its internal resources to cover the deficit caused by the American sanctions on Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the growing tension in Sino-American relations and its repercussions on Arab-Chinese relations. The paper assumes that the Arab countries have resisted the pressures exerted against their relations with China. As a result, they have achieved a reasonable balance in their relations with the United States and other major powers. The paper indicated that the Chinese-American tension would continue. Therefore, American pressure will continue on the Middle Eastern and other developing countries to curtail their relations with China. Moreover, the United States partners in the Middle East have realized the significant changes in the international political scene and the shifts in the policies of the United States. As a result, they adopted new diversifying foreign policy options, especially the Arab Gulf states. The paper showed that Chinese-Arab relations had reached an advanced stage of strength, linking economic, commercial, political, cultural, and popular interests and transferring relations to the stage of strategic cooperation partnership. Moreover, the level of these relations may soon be upgraded to the stage of comprehensive strategic partnership after the mutual summit in Riyadh on 9/12/2022. The paper concluded that Chinese-Arab relations had reached an advanced level of overlap. However, such overlapping does not prejudice these essential and mutually beneficial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the state of quantitative methods in Arab political science, focusing specifically on the utilization of inferential statistics. It surveys a sample of over eight thousand papers published in twenty-eight Arab peer-reviewed political science journals. The study reveals the marginality of quantitative methods in Arab political science and argues that this condition has a negative impact on the ability of Arab political science to engage effectively and critically with international literature on research topics heavily dominated by the collection and analysis of numerical data, such as political behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart libraries (SL) are a novel type of libraries where the use of gadgets, services and Internet by experts contributes to qualitative transformations that bear on the interaction of users with information specialists thus securing better service. The organization of SL depends on the soft infrastructure while taking into account the users’ needs. The role of information specialist has been transformed from mere maintaining SL collections and making them available to users to employing technology in all the processes of keeping, organizing, managing, disseminating information and knowledge and handling SL. This transformation gave prominence to information specialists .This paper discusses the process of grooming and training competent information specialists in order to be able to manage work and innovation in SLs with a view to empower performance improvement in the final analysis. The paper uses the analytical descriptive method coupled with a questionnaire and holding personal interviews with 250 of Information specialists from some university libraries to impart the empirical dimension. The paper comes with a conclusion that there is a potential for SLs, in its modern concept, including the qualified information specialist, to contribute in advancing information and knowledge sharing among information specialists thus enabling them acquire best practices& expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Holy Quran is a central religious text of Islam. Muslims were engaged from an early period in the preservation of the Quran through memorization of it and handwritten materials as well. In its initial stage of existence there were no printing machines so people prepare their copies of the holy book in the form of hand-written form. Due to Muslim's deep attachment to the text of the holy book the tradition of hand-written Mushafs still exists in Muslim societies. In the history of the Sub-continent of Indo-Pak, we find many personalities who wrote or copied the holy Quran in their distinctive style, hafiz Alpuri is one of them. Hafiz Abdul Samad known as Hafiz Alpuri, is buried in the Alpuri village of Shangla district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Hafiz Alpuri has left behind a diwan (Collection) of poetry and a handwritten copy of the Holy Quran. This Mushaf is kept by his descendants. Researchers and Quran lovers from all over Pakistan come to visit it. This research paper consists of an introduction of Hafiz Alpuri and an introductory and analytical review of his manuscripts. The paper, ink, writing style, symbols used in this unique manuscript, and the information contained in it, etc. have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hadith Collection is the best form of the sayings of Holy Prophet SAW. Among this collection, Sunan by Imam AbuDawood is the key figure to explicit the sayings of the Prophet in Fiqhi Manner. The traditions in Sunan Abu Dawood are divided in three categories. The first category consists of those of the traditions that are mentioned by Bukhari and/or Muslim. Imam Abu Dawood compiled this book with a great struggle to search and edit the hadith in it. This book has been edited on Fiqhi sequence. To compile the book, Imam Abu Dawood exerted his major part of life. He categorized various Tabaqat on the basis of JarahoTadeel. He also used contemplated words in his collection. While narrating hadith, he also elaborated the difference during channel of transmitters, continued the sequence of abrogating hadith prior to abrogated ones, elucidated fiqhi quotes and deduced benefits from these very sayings, If there is the individual or major difference of opinion he also tried to furnish it with examples. He got the hadith(s) from the great scholars of his era like Imam Ahmed, Imam Shafee, Imam Bukhari, Ali bin Madeeni etc. He narrated the hadith(s) from his teachers and senior ones and conveyed to his disciples. This very method is called "AKHZ-OTAHDEES". The present research paper will highlight various principles of hadith with unique quoted examples, Imam Abu Dawood has formulated for hadith compilation. His methodology of compiling hadith (s), narrators, text and transmitters have been explored in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an endeavour to study the formation of the national state of Afghanistan that brought a significant change in the traditional authority pattern of Afghans. It can be observed that, with the project of State-building, marginal ethnic and religious elements gradually gained a considerable position in national politics. Amir Abdur Rahman (r.1880-1901) is considered the founder of the modern State of Afghanistan. He attempted to establish an authoritative central government in Afghanistan- a land of powerful independent Pashtun tribes under their tribal chiefs. This paper explores how the Afghan monarchy reduced the autonomy of these influential tribal chiefs. What was the nature of their reforms and how much religion was given a space in the socio-political and constitutional reforms and how these reforms influenced various segments of Afghans. We shall also analyse the role of religion in the establishment of modern Afghanistan. It has often been argued that Afghan rulers utilize religion to minimize the authority of tribal chiefs. This act created a space for religious scholars which ultimately culminated in the emergence of religious elites in the national politics of Afghanistan. A meticulous effort has been made to investigate how the constitutional and educational reforms shaped the role of mullahs in national politics and the extent to which their role was variant from their traditional character in Afghan society. Moreover, it will be discussed how the legal reforms of Afghan rulers broaden the horizon of religious class in the judiciary and educational institutions. This paper also briefly examines the factors which remained a hindrance in the development of Afghan national identity and in the formation of the Afghan central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to highlight the various teaching and mentoring methodologies as seen in the life of our Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). With reference to many Aḥādīth and the narratives of his close companions, it becomes evident that our Prophet (PBUH) engaged in teaching methods best suited for the audience. As much as he encouraged and adopted gentle and positive methods, there are many a times, as elaborated in this paper, that he also used severe tactics. These included the use of hard voice tone for chiding and body gestures that demonstrated discipline and reproach. The objective of this paper is to understand and acknowledge these methods as tools used by the Prophet (PBUH) for effective and need based teaching, which have the potential to be followed by educators to ensure better learning for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiblī Nu‟māni's contribution to theology i.e. ʿIlm al)Kalām, holds significant importance. His work on this subject began in the early 20th century, at a time when only a handful of scholars across the Muslim world were actively pursuing it. Shiblī's contribution was unique in the sense that he attempted to strike balance between traditional and modern approaches forʿIlm al-Kalām,. Shiblī firmly believed that the modern era required modern theology. However, despite his great efforts, Shiblī did not succeed in constructing new theology that could fully respond to modern intellectual challenges. One of the main reasons for this failure was his lack of familiarity with the new questions raised by modern science and philosophy concerning religion and its metaphysical structure. This paper seeks to examine and study the distinctive features of Shiblī's views on ʿIlm al)Kalām, and to critically evaluate the method adopted by him in the context of his attempt to create a new theology. Through this examination, the paper aims to draw new insights and perspectives on the subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the main concepts of Islāmic thought for leadership in the light of the poetry of famous Islāmic poet and philosopher, Allāmā Muḥammad Iqbāl. There are uncountable important qualities for the leader of every nation, particularly the leader of Muslim society. He focused on the youth leadership to bring them a bright future, because they have a key place for revolution in society. He also illustrated the real Islamic society in light of Qurānic teachings. Accordingly, this paper is divided into three sections, after the short preface. In the first section, there is a discussion about the life of the poet. In the second section, the researcher has explained some basic principles for leadership and guidance qualities in the light of the poetry of Allāmā Muḥammad Iqbāl. Allāmā Iqbāl is well known for writing poetry in Urdu and Persian language. His stanzas of poetry in this research were translated into Arabic with a short explanation and argumentation. In the end, the researcher brought the results and fruitful suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world in our contemporary reality has turned into a small village due to the technological revolution in communications. This situation allowed the western world to extend its control over the field of contemporary media through innovating specific tools and means that favor the material over the spirit and favor the world over the afterworld. This makes it imperative for those who supervise the Islamic media to review the priorities of the discourse, especially in the light of the rise of the anti-Islam discourse, the increase of skepticism of the religion’s absolutes, and the increase of the attacks on the Islamic content. These challenges are added to previous problems that the Islamic media has suffered from. There are many approaches to studying media, but the rarest is the priority consideration and the objective approach. The researcher has chosen this approach . This choice is based on several hypotheses, and the most important is the normative science of Maqāšid and the jurisprudence of priorities. The normative prescription is one of the most important qualities that cognitive theories envisage and the methodological and procedural potential that purpose consideration can provide to the pioneers of media and the pioneers of Islamic media in particular. Accordingly, the question of the paper is determined as follows: How can the jurisprudence of priorities based on the purposes of Sharia be applied to the field of contemporary media in order to achieve the renaissance of the Islamic nation, then reach the leadership and witnesses over the other nations? The researcher divided the paper into two parts. The first one dealt with the concept of the jurisprudence of priorities in the field of media and the evidence of applications in this field. The second part dealt with applying the rules of the jurisprudence of priorities to contemporary media with sampling for each of the ranks according to three types of rules; the rules of purposes, the rules of the jurisprudence of reality, and the rules of means. The second part is explained by highlighting many perspectives, and the researcher has chosen two of them: the Media perspective, where he deals with the theory of prioritization in contemporary media science, and the purposive perspective, where he deals with the rules of priorities based on the science of the purposes of Sharia. To achieve that, he used methods of description, analysis, and deduction with a few comparison methods. The paper is concluded with the necessity of implementing the science of purposes in jurisprudential consideration related to the field of media and that it is a necessity, not a luxury of knowledge. As a result, there is a need to rationalize the media that reflects Islamic ideas with the standards of the purposes of Sharia in general and the standards of the purposes of discourse and media in particular. Moreover, the study recommends the demand to activate the jurisprudence of priorities through the development of short, medium, and long-term media strategies. The study also recommends to the researchers and workers in the field of media and the field of the purposes of Sharia to jointly work to contextualize the media within the jurisprudence of purposes and to activate the purposes in the field of media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslims in the West face numerous challenges in that not only westerner assumptions including many different stereotypes and communal prejudices influence Muslims’ lives, but diaspora affects their identity as well. These challenges make Muslim identity unstable amid on one hand, a sense of belonging to the culture of origin and on the other hand, a sense of adaptation to the host culture. They are, consequently, trapped between two contrasting and conflicting cultures, constantly negotiation their cultural entities. This paper aims at analysing diaspora and its effects on Muslim youth's identity in Na'ima B. Robert's From Somalia with Love, and exploring the postcolonial key concepts of identity, diaspora and hybridity. Its purpose is to explore the challenges Muslim characters face and explicate how diaspora influences their religion and culture by mean of identifying the reasons and how identities are negotiated. To do so, this qualitative and non-empirical study is conducted in a descriptive-theoretical analysis. This paper finds that diaspora makes Muslim youths live in-between two cultures and that this third space has created a hybrid culture, affecting cultural uniqueness. This effect is reflected in the features of hybridization that appeared in a sense of alienation, lack of original cultural knowledge, practice of homeland and grandparents' customs and traditions and ancestors' history. The importance of this study lies in enabling the reader to understand the basic terms of the topic: diaspora, hybridity and hybrid culture. This is reinforced by the analysis of Homi Bhaba’s view of hybrid culture in his book ‘The Location of Culture’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a systematic review of distance learning literature in early childhood teachers education programmes. The paper aimed to identify the reality of these programmes, the challenges they face, and recommendations through which distance learning can be developed in early childhood teacher education programmes. A systematic review of research literature was undertaken. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed for the selection of studies and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the review showed that, in the 24 systematic reviewed studies, the researchers focused on three main areas; (1) advantages and limitations of distance learning in early childhood teacher education programmes, (2) recommendations for improving distance learning in early childhood teacher education programmes, and (3) distance learning in early childhood teacher education programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper produced several conclusions. The most important of which is that despite the challenges facing the distance learning in early childhood teacher education programmes, distance learning has become one of the most effective solutions to achieving sustainable learning, not only during the COVID-19 pandemic but also as a strategic choice to overcome the problems facing the educational systems of different nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks tofathom the usefulness of the titles of estates in studying the social and economic conditions of Palestinian peasants in Mount Nablus in the period between 1864 to 1900. The paper relies primarily on an important set of primary sources, that is, the titles of estate and inheritance contained in the files of the Nablus Shar‘i Court. This set of primary sources is special in that it offers rich and valuable information about the subject of this paper that no other historical source provides us with. In a nutshell, those titles provide us with much data on the size of families, polygyny, dowries, personal names and their significance, house furniture, clothes, house tools and utensils, monies, debts, agricultural crops and their kinds and prices, agricultural tools, livestock and its kinds and prices, as well as the different weights and scales used in the period under study. The paper includes various themes, such as the family size, the property size (monies, real estate, livestock, furniture, debts, monies, as well as weights and scales). The paper will show that minor children of the deceased tended to outnumber adult children, and that male children – minors and adults – usually outnumbered girls. It shows also shows that polygyny was not widely prevalent among peasants, and that livestock featured first in the estates of the deceased followed by agricultural crops. The paper follows a historical methodology as well as analysis of the data collected and which will be put together in tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]