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The global energy demand has been projected to rise over 28% by 2040, calling for more renewable resources such as lignocellulosic biomass to produce biofuels, and for green and efficient processing technologies. Actual limitations of processing technologies include high cost and high-energy consumption. Here, deep eutectic solvents appear as a green alternative to harmful organic solvents. For biomass pretreatment, deep eutectic solvent-based techniques require about 28% less energy and remove 40.7% of lignin. Deep eutectic solvents can be recycled up to five times. Here we review deep eutectic solvents with focus on properties, toxicity, recyclability, techno-economy and applications in biomass conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microwave irradiation method reduces the reaction time with optimum yield. • Saccharification rate from sugar bagasse yield about 43.62% sugar. • Response surface method analyzes the response of parameters used in pretreatment. • The highest glucose yield of 28.5% and xylose 9.9% was obtained. Alternative renewable energy sources are the future potential energy that will benefit the country's overall energy shortage and demand. The efficient biofuel production depends on the viability of the raw material used. The holistic approach of this study is to establish an integrated bioprocess from lignocellulosic material for biofuel synthesis. Sugar bagasse as one of the waste material, can be economically process for sugar extraction used in biofuel production. In this study, the optimum saccharification rate obtained was 43.62% when the biomass was pretreated at microwave temperature of 100 °C for 15 min with 2.5 g catalyst concentration. The results attained shows that hydrolysis time reduces to approximately 40–50% in compare with other traditional heating method. The sample was analyzed by using UV spectrophotometer and HPLC and computed by using Response Surface Method in MINITAB 17, whereas the structural changes of the residue was detected by using ATR-FTIR and ESEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology and industrial growth, environmental pollution has become the major phenomenon that hinder the environmental adjoining with the volume of wastes that has been discarded without any proper treatment. In particular, industrial sector consumes a maximum amount of water which results in generating of large quantity of solid waste-sludge. However, with the progression of environmental awareness, the treatment of sludge recycling and reuse has been carried out considerably. Subsequently, after drying, sorting, granulating, sintering and other procedures, it is re-created into various types of aggregates and used for making biochar and other purposes. Therefore, in this study, the waste rice straw and coconut shell were mixed with the sludge and the biomass was pressed to form a non-loose granular shape, subjected to low-temperature of 300–400 °C co-firing carbonization technique for 30–60 min to prepare a solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF-5). The higher the addition ratio of the raw material (rice straw or coconut shell), the more superior is the effect of the mixture. The optimum carbon content is then mixed with inorganic sludge (IS) and organic sludge (OS) and the calorific value obtained was about 2852 Cal/g and 2840 Cal/g. Image 1 • Mixed sludge increases the C% after adding rice straw and coconut shell. • Water content is one of the important factors affecting the productivity of sludge. • Carbonization of coconut shell shows optimal at 350 °C than other material. • The calorific value of the raw materials detected in the study shows to be maximum at 350 °C. • The highest calorific value of the Organic and Inorganic sludge was 1199 and 434 Cal/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology and industrial growth, environmental pollution has become the major phenomenon that hinder the environmental adjoining with the volume of wastes that has been discarded without any proper treatment. In particular, industrial sector consumes a maximum amount of water which results in generating of large quantity of solid waste-sludge. However, with the progression of environmental awareness, the treatment of sludge recycling and reuse has been carried out considerably. Subsequently, after drying, sorting, granulating, sintering and other procedures, it is re-created into various types of aggregates and used for making biochar and other purposes. Therefore, in this study, the waste rice straw and coconut shell were mixed with the sludge and the biomass was pressed to form a non-loose granular shape, subjected to low-temperature of 300–400 °C co-firing carbonization technique for 30–60 min to prepare a solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF-5). The higher the addition ratio of the raw material (rice straw or coconut shell), the more superior is the effect of the mixture. The optimum carbon content is then mixed with inorganic sludge (IS) and organic sludge (OS) and the calorific value obtained was about 2852 Cal/g and 2840 Cal/g. Image 1 • Mixed sludge increases the C% after adding rice straw and coconut shell. • Water content is one of the important factors affecting the productivity of sludge. • Carbonization of coconut shell shows optimal at 350 °C than other material. • The calorific value of the raw materials detected in the study shows to be maximum at 350 °C. • The highest calorific value of the Organic and Inorganic sludge was 1199 and 434 Cal/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The high yield of 5-HMF (61%) confirmed the effectiveness of the DESs based biphasic system. • BHC can replace traditional acid catalysts and ionic liquids because it is non-toxic and inexpensive. • AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O and BHC could be effectively reused four times. • CrCl 3 conjunction with BHC is a novel and promising strategy for the 5-HMF production from LCB. In this study, different types of lignocellulosic biomas were used as substrates for the conversion to 5-HMF via biphasic reaction system that is composed of a reaction phase (aqueous phase) and an extraction phase (organic phase) under the catalysis of various metal salts. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl, aqueous choline chloride, aqueous betaine hydrochloride, and ethylamine hydrochloride were used as the reaction phase in the combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as organic solvents. The highest yields of 5-HMF obtained from pineapple stems in reactions with DES were 40.98%, 37.26%, and 23.44% for ChCl:Lac, ChCl:OA, and EaCl:Lac, respectively. Moreover, the combination of dimethyl sulfoxide, betaine hydrochloride aqueous solution, and AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O with the pineapple stem conversion system resulted in a maximum yield of 61.04% ± 0.55% of 5-HMF. This study also demonstrated that AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O and betaine hydrochloride could be effectively reused four times, which indicates a green and effective process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MW-mediated DESs/DMSO system was developed for the production platform chemicals. • SB as an agro-waste material can be exploited as feedstock for platform chemicals. • The yields for 5-HMF, FF and LA reached 31.29%, 28.38% and 35.65%, respectively. • The Arrhenius diagram results indicated an activation energy (Ea) of 29.11 kJ/mol. • Favorable results were achieved at the reaction temperature of 140 °C for 40 min. The exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) such as sugar bagasse waste in biorefineries is the most cost-effective and favourable sustainable approach to producing essential platform chemicals, materials, and energy environmentally benignly. Herein, a microwave-mediated deep eutectic solvents (DESs)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system for efficiently processing LB waste into platform chemicals was proposed thereof. Under optimized appropriate diverse parameters such as solvent varieties, catalyst dosage, DMSO addition, reaction time and temperature, the proposed catalytic system (i.e., microwave mediated DESs/DMSO system) has demonstrated significant yields of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural (FF) and levulinic acid (LevA) of 31.29 %, 28.38 % and 35.65 %, respectively. These favourable results were obtained at the reaction temperature of 140 °C for 40 min. The anticipated catalytic system's activation energy (Ea) was found to be 29.11 kJ/mol. Hence, a practical, inexpensive and sustainable process with the potential of high-value platform chemicals, explicitly for a sustainable strategy in a circular bioeconomy was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]