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This paper attempts to explain the alternation between the prepositions a and de when used as complements to the adjectives contrario 'contrary', diferente 'different', and distinto 'distinct', as illustrated in Yo no fui distinta __mi madre 'I wasn't different __my mother', where both prepositions can be inserted. Relying on Langacker's3 notion of construal, the hypothesis is that a construes the comparison in the sense of 'direction toward' while de construes it in the sense of 'separation' or 'point of departure', and that these senses should be reflected in the usage contexts of the two prepositions. The quantitative analysis of some 800 cases extracted from Davies'4 two billion word Corpus del español, however, shows no indication of a and de setting up different construals. This lack of correlation between usage and semantics appears to be due to the diachronic generalization of a as complement of the three adjectives, thus relegating the use of de to specific collocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic classification of names discriminates the collective from the senses of "grouping" and "set", however, the confluence of traits related to "meeting" or "encounter" has greatly hindered the determination of this type of expressions. In this paper, the particularities of collective names will be described, emphasizing the sense of 'collection', as a definitive feature of a nominal semantic category that presents a greater lexical variability than that described by the Grammatical Tradition and registers a defining syntactic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of the terms "conflict", "problem", "solution" and "resolution" appearing on headlines of several Spanish and Latinoamerican newspapers. Specifically, we studied 334 headlines, published between August 10th and November 15th, 2009, in Spanish and American papers, corresponding to the eight dialectal areas considered by Real Academia Española for Diccionario panhispánico de dudas and the Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Our research has a double aim: firstly, to classify the conflicts (or problems) that these headlines show, in order to analyse which are the phenomena named (from a journalistic point of view), with these terms. And, secondly, to study the syntactic-semantic relations that those four terms establish with their immediate cotext, framed by the headline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a group of Spanish emotion verbs, such as asustar 'to frighten' or asombrar 'to amaze', that takes as grammatical subject the cause which triggers the emotion and as first verbal object the experiencer (El violador asusta a las madres 'The rapist frightens the mothers'). Most of these verbs present an alternance in their superficial syntactic structure in such a way that the referred first verbal object can be interpreted as DO (El violador las asusta 'The rapist frightens them') or as IO (A las madres les asusta el violador 'The mothers are afraid of the rapist'). The goal of this paper is to ascertain whether these two syntactic expressions entail also differences in meaning and whether these differences are important enough to distinguish two lexical units within a polysemous word (lexical ambiguity) or, on the contrary, they can be covered by the same definition (lexical vagueness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tries to show the functions of titles, especially the reciprocal semantic relationships between the title and its text. Some traditional concepts have been questioned or qualified. In the very centre of the analysis the paper puts the effects, of common fixed phrases, for instance phraseological units --idioms and proverbs--, used as titles on books or on articles. The study takes place mainly within the framework of a certain text linguistics --hermeneutic of the sense--, the starting point of which is outlined at the beginning of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the experiment of association of a number of items of color images -color names and locomotion images - locomotion names as a test to validate two hypotheses: a) if there is a ordering relationship between the cognitive domain (of images, concepts) and the semantic field of words in Spanish language (H1), and b) if a relationship exists, it is stronger in the cultural fields than in natural areas (H2). The results do not confirm that there is a close relationship between concepts and terms in Spanish language; seems to be some gradual in concepts and in terms in a cultural field such as locomotion field but this correlation is not given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grammatical treatises tell us that adverb + possessive structures are used in the spoken language, in a colloquial register, preferably in some areas of American Spanish. The aim of this paper is to describe the peculiarities of such constructions in news from the digital media. Specifically, we make a quantitative and qualitative analysis of adverbs of location in our materials that support this type of adjacent; we study the profitability of different possessives in this syntactic environment, based on the grammatical person; we seek an explanation for male-female variation in the possessive; we observe how it affects the fact that these constructions are term of preposition; and at last we provide data about their diatopical distribution in the Hispanic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poder, deber (de), tener que, haber de and haber que constitute the hard core of the Spanish auxiliary modal verbs. Nevertheless, there exist other verbs with modal meaning whose grammatical properties, at least some, allow them to be included in this class too. This is the analysis, for instance, proposed in the NGLE for conseguir, necesitar, prometer, lograr and saber. A priori, the Spanish verb caber could also be added to the former group to the extent that it has to be glossed by poder 'can' in constructions such as No cabe exigir otro comportamiento, 'No se puede exigir otro comportamiento'. The aim of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, a detailed description of the grammar and the semantics of caber, in isolation as well as in comparison with other Spanish modal verbs, is offered. Secondly, we address the topic of whether it should or not be considered an auxiliary modal verb with respect to both its syntax and its meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feminization of nouns denoting professions and positions held by women is a gradual process that is influenced by different areas: linguistic, social and institutional. The media reflect a daily variation that occurs between the resources used for the formation of the feminine gender of nouns of this type. In this paper we have analyzed the way this phenomenon is manifested in the field of journalism, which is the filter for general linguistic habits and one of the main references for shaping the current purism. To achieve this objective we have selected a representative group of professions, with particular emphasis on the analysis of those cases where linguistic variation was found and comparing the results obtained with their lexicographic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the analysis of the locution gracias a Dios, this article provides a model for the linguistic description of Spanish evaluative expressions according to the objectives that should be considered in an exhaustive study of this kind of modal words. To this end, this paper offers some observations on the categorial characterization of gracias a Dios, the discursive instructions that make up its semantic information and ultimately the pragmatic effects favoured by its meaning. Furthermore, the linguistic study of gracias a Dios can explain relations with other emotive expressions in Spanish that can evaluate a discourse positively, but that offer some differences concerning its distributional properties, its semantic values and the communicative intentions which can be used nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six particles dis–, ex–, abs–, de, des–and desde constitute the relational subsystem of the “movement of separation” with heterogeneous vitality and profitability in Spanish language. This paper analyzes the issue of invariant signification in each of those particles, the senses they develop in preverbal or compositional position and the degree of vitality they show in contemporary speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now critics have been neglecting the importance the concept of «tension » (Spannung) has for Nietzsche. The complex semantic field with its innumerable synonyms and antonyms displays a remarkable polysemy. The study of this semantic field is therefore of interest for both the history of concepts and the history of metaphors. In Nietzsche's texts multifarious metaphors intertwine and overlap. They stand for very different models (the bow, the tempest, the explosion etc.), whose various connections and interferences the paper reconstructs. The different, positive and negative, connotations of tension are analyzed as well as Nietzsche's attempt to link to this concept a change of viewpoint. Particular attention is paid to the complex connection between the concept of «tension» and the concept of «greatness». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carries out an examination of gender and its relationship with sex in the Spanish language. The difference between both these objects is pointed out and the minor connections obtaining between them investigated. The analytic machinery of gender is presented and its purely formal and linguistic nature emphasised. The contrast between biological sex (material in living creatures) and semantic sex (linguistic in words) is drawn and highlighted, and the mutual correspondences between the two shown to be largely arbitrary. Neglect of this reality will be seen often to have led to important shortcomings in the analysis and understanding of the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will analyze the strategies of impersonality based on legal and medical texts. Our corpus has allowed us to observe that the issuer of this type of texts uses different lexical and syntactic resources to hide its presence and give greater objectivity to the specialized discourse. However, the agent not always appears implicitly, but it can be present in generalizing structures or in individualizing ones. Hence we have determined the existence of a continuum that moves from maximum disagentivation to minimum dispersonalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses some verbs with the –izar suffix based on names of current politicians. Its aim is to determine their semantic schema and some of the factors guiding their interpretation. The analysis takes as a base the semantic classification of denominal verbs, the semantic peculiarities of proper names and some syntactic constructions in which those verbs can participate. The article concludes that these verbs encode a causative meaning, but not a similative one; it also concludes that, although the semantic properties of the base noun contributes to the imprecision of the meaning of these verbs, their semantic properties are similar to those that some researches attribute to denominal verbs in general: they have an underspecified meaning that involves the notion of ‘change'; their senses are modulated by sublexical or encyclopedic information related the verbal arguments and the base noun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on certain grammatical constructions whose interpretation depends on the presence or absence of the article. The concept of grammatical construction it's that of form/meaning pairings (as found in construction-based approaches). Grammatical constructions have meanings that are not necessarily the sum of their parts. Thus, the behaviour of a grammatical word such as articles shows that in grammar syntax, semantic and pragmatics are indissociable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical review of the so-called Verbal Government Complement (VGC), arguing, with Demonte, that two types of VGCs must be distinguished: the insist type, and the consist type. An analysis will be proposed according to which the former is formed by a small clause selected by a light verb (which explains their obligatory presence, e.g., The exam consists *(offive questions)), the latter being a variety of adjunct (in particular, a "lexical adjunct", in Mateu's sense, which will explain the possibility to suppress them: The witness insisted (that he is innocent)). Besides providing additional evidence to differentiate two types of VGCs, the analysis has the more general goal of discussing the traditional distinction between arguments (participants obligatorily selected) and adjuncts (or circumstantial complements). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with syntactic, semantic-denotative and terminological criteria used in attempt to characterize and classify several types of Spanish nominal combinations. We are going to revisite such criteria in order to propose some guidelines on delimiting free syntax constructions from phraseological ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the semantic and syntactic properties of the Spanish lexical markers of difference distinto/diferente 'different' and diverso 'diverse'. It analizes, in particular, their behaviour as adjectives and determiners with respect to the selection of an overt item of comparison, the expression of either non-identity or qualitative differences between the entities being compared, and the (anaphoric, NP-internal and sentence-internal) readings they may have depending on how the things to be compared are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the distributional restrictions of elatives in negative contexts. First, I will show that elatives can appear in a negative sentence if they are not within the scope of negation. Second, I will study the behaviour of these modifiers in other negative environments. In order to describe the distribution of elatives, I will adopt the characterisation of negative environments put forward by Ladusaw (1979) and van der Wouden (1997), among others, who distinguish between downward entailing contexts, anti additive contexts and antimorphic contexts. I will show that elatives do not have a uniform behaviour as regards their distribution in negative environments. In this sense, it is possible to distinguish three classes of extreme degree modifiers. The first class cannot appear in downward entailing contexts; the second class is sensitive to the focus of negation; and the third class is compatible with all the negative environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies three 'denominal' verbs which has been classified as 'agentive': protagonizar, fiscalizar and tiranizar. The paper examines the relationship between the nominal bases and the meaning of these verbs. It also analyses some of their syntactic and semantic properties: the semantic role of their arguments, their participation in diathesis alternations, some of their aspectual characteristics. The analysis allows to conclude that fiscalizar and tiranizar are 'activity' verbs with a 'similative' meaning, but protagonizar differs from them in many ways. This verb does not seem to be specified with respect to 'agency' or 'activity', and the (sub)lexical, encyclopedic or 'frame' properties of its complements are clearly relevant for the semantic composition of the sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the whole range of devices to express Verum Focus (or polarity focus) in Spanish is analysed. After having introduced the basic concepts needed for the analysis (Verum Focus, its syntactic manifestations and its semantic interpretation), the various constructions expressing Verum Focus, the conditions governing the way they fit into the context and their contribution to the interpretation of the discourse in which they occur are considered in detail. The asymmetries that arise are explained as the result of some structural differences. A principled account of the notion of "emphasis" is offered in terms of Verum Focus. The proposal is illustrated with examples from various corpora of contemporary Spanish. From a more general point of view, it is shown that current theoretical models can successfully account for the distribution and nuances of colloquial discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it will be pointed out that the infinitive constructions with perception and causative verbs in Spanish are double object sentences in which each object has a different degree of transitive prototypicity. Functionally, they are to some extent unstable structures which have to hold balance between three different forces: subject, object and infinitive, with a different way of interaction depending on the eventive structure of the sentence and the verb type. After studying separately perception and causative verbs, a tentative explanation of both verb types in terms of diathesis will be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Spanish language, the "proportional correlation" is expressed by different syntactic forms depending on the type of discourse, the geographic areas, etc. This paper deals with the semantic-linguistic differences --in many cases, very large-- between these particular forms and the varied senses which they acquire in the speech uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Spanish verb tener 'to have' when used in a collocation co-occurring with an emotion noun (tener miedo 'to be afraid'). From the semantic viewpoint, tener is a quasi-empty verb; from the syntactic one, it is construed with two diathesis: one with three syntactic actants (Todos le tenían respeto 'Everyone had respect towards him/her'), the other, with only two (Tuve una profunda emoción 'I felt a deep emotion'). Most of the emotion nouns go either with the former or with the latter diathesis, and only a small group combines with both of them (La gente tiene miedo a la Policía/La gente tiene miedo (de la Policía) 'People are afraid of the Police'). The objective will be to find evidence of tener as an aspectual marker through the use of this double diathesis. The results will be applied in the elaboration of lexical entries for collocates in the Diccionario de colocaciones del español. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is fourfold: (1) to point out the existence of two types of atypical verb+noun collocations in Spanish, that are the concealing collocations and the metaphorical collocations; (2) to describe their main semantic characteristics; (3) to analyze two semantic processes in the selection of the collocator in these collocations; and (4) to study the distinction between metaphorical collocations and verbal idioms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal politeness is one of the principles which regulate interactional dynamics. Success in communication is the outcome of a conjoint activity carried out by co-communicators. Hence, linguistic activity is also social activity. In this picture, politeness is one of the main social activities contributing to success. Two of the most important semantic and pragmatic ways to express politeness are Face Flattering Acts and mitigating (attenuating or hedging) acts. The former are used to intensify or to enhance the speaker's expressions (in compliments, acknowledgements, and so on), whereas the latter are employed to minimize the speaker's point of view, especially when it affects the hearer's face. If the main goal of conversation is to reach some kind of mutual agreement --be it linguistic or social--, having a good command of both kinds of politeness is a most important advantage for speakers. The present article is an attempt to study mitigating acts, from a threefold approach. Firstly, a semantic approach deals with the meaning encoded in some attenuating devices; attention will be paid to the concept of scale, which provides a partial ordering of terms according to their semantic structure. Secondly, a pragmatic approach studies mitigation as a strategy to gain the hearer's acceptation. Finally, a sociopragmatic approach explains mitigation and politeness on the light of cultural differences, and makes use of concepts such as approach or communicative immediateness. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the threefold approach described above can account for some differences in the use of attenuating devices in American and Peninsular Spanish: for instance if cultures of approaching promote immediateness, this could favour a preference for boosting over attenuating strategies, without being regarded as impolite, threatening or excessively flattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the use of the expression hasta las trancas --originally hasta las trencas-- which is widely used in modern colloquial Spanish in Europe and to a lesser extent in Mexico, but not included in the DRAE nor in most other dictionaries. A corpus of examples has been collected based on questionnaires and sampling in the provinces of Almería, Granada and Málaga, in Internet discussion forums, the daily press and periodicals and literary texts. In the study the different meanings of this expression are listed, and the different uses of each semantic value are tabled (e.g. predicative and attributive verb combinations, and noun and adjective modifications). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the problems of categorization of the Spanish particle nada más and a set of similar particles associated with it: nada más que, y nada más / más nada, no más. These units have always occupied a secondary place in linguistic research due to their formal, functional, semantic and pragmatic complexity. In the first place, data based on dictionaries, grammars and some specific works about these particles are reviewed. Then, after taking examples extracted from cultivated oral Spanish as a starting point, their different uses (nominal, adverbial, connective and discursive) are systematized. To sum up, our aim is to contribute to a better description of Spanish grammatical phraseology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we provide a synchronic and diachronic analysis of an instance of so-called «xpletive» negation in the Spanish approximative adverb por poco. Synchronically, we show that this adverb, when combined with the sentence negator no, is ambiguous between ∼p («expletive») and ∼∼p («canonical») meanings. Diachronically, we show that this ambiguity arose due to a change in the negation system of Spanish around the 15th century. As a result, the supposed instances of «expletive» negation found in present-day uses of por poco are not really expletive at all, but rather are a holdover from the Old Spanish requirement of preverbal negative concord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal distance and modality have been proposed as core meanings of the indicative (simple and periphrastic) future tense forms in Spanish. In general, the research carried out on the topic has prioritized the first meaning over the second. This paper claims that it is the semantic feature of modality that organizes the contrast between those forms. It also argues that temporal distance simply emerges as an epiphenomenon or byproduct of the main semantic value. These statements are supported by evidence based on oral speech samples of 65 Cuban American living in Miami, Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to consider the need to describe semantics starting from the point of view of forms of content rather than-forms of expression. In this sense, the characterization of semantics facts analyzed from the signifier and not from the signified has been considered incorrect. Approaching the issue in this way, as the instances of linguistic relationships belonging to different levels of semantic analysis exposed illustrate, implies an inadequate mode of setting out the problem. From this starting point, it is proposed that a semantic theory ought to start from its object of study which is the linguistic meaning of its constitutive units. Therefore the true semantic relationships need to be established between single meanings of linguistic signs rather than between signs as a whole. Starting from these epistemological presuppositions, a typology of semantic relationships outline has been put forward in which a basic dinstinction is made between a semiotic dimension constituted by what we have generically denominated «ignificative» relationships, which in turn can also be subdivided in linguistic and designative relationships (each of them includes different subtypes), and the genuine significative ones which only start from the content and only establish connexions between the meaning of linguistics signs. The former makes up the true semantic relationships which we have respectively labelled, in accordance with linguistic level where it works, morphological relationships, lexical relationships, subsentential relationships and sentential relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]