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Science as an object of knowledge has been a central concern of the social sciences since the first decades of the 20th century. However, the object itself is neither static nor unchanging, and has been transformed over time. In recent decades, the innovative approach of gender studies has gained considerable ground in the social studies of science. While some of them have paid attention to the relations of the professional field with the family sphere and have investigated the ways in which structural factors of the life course play an important role in research careers, there are still few theoretical and empirical contributions that think of science as productive work highly articulated with social reproduction. Although this axis of enquiry is still incipient in social studies of science, it is consolidated within the social sciences hand in hand with labour studies and feminist economics. Within the framework of the important contributions made, this paper seeks to review the existing literature and a conceptual approach to the understanding of scientific work and its articulations with reproductive work, taking gender as a category of analysis. The paper is organised in four parts: in the first section we will review the critiques of the concept of work inherited from modernity and we will focus on thinking of science as work with specificities; in the second section we will address the processes of social reproduction in terms of the articulation of spheres; in the third section we will consider the study of gender and science; in the fourth section, we will describe the way in which this conceptual proposal operates in the empirical study carried out; finally, we will present a systematisation of the concepts developed throughout the paper and a conceptual approach to their approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the gender perspective, historicization and decolonization as part of a theoretical-methodological proposal, to understand the gender systems that support masculinities and models of being a man, linked to reproduction and contemporary indigenous survival in Mexico. It constitutes a first effort of reflective analysis, on how to approach these ethnicized and gendered realities, specifically on masculinities and being a man. To do this, we start by discussing the contributions of some gender studies of men and masculinities, which do not constitute an exhaustive and updated review, but only an approximation to the growing knowledge base, to support the methodological proposal with which it seeks to understand the patriarchal, heterosexist and colonizing constraints on men and women of indigenous peoples. In this work, it is argued that re-readings of these realities are required through theoretical-methodological proposals that are sensitive to these realities, in order to stop the homogenizing views of the indigenous gendered subject, specifically the masculinized one from westernized gender systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper presents the partial results of an interdisciplinary research following an innovation project funded by the University of Salamanca. Gender studies within the framework of intersectionality emerge as an analytical tool through which to understand the complexity of the world, the diversity of people and experiences. Social inequalities, in this case related to gender, sexuality, age or life skills, after youth are the driving forces behind research. The media is all-powerful as a reflection screen of social and cultural models, of male and female patterns. Methodology: The chosen methodology was based on the application of the Bechdel test, to differentiate the presence and the dialogical issue between the two female protagonists, and on the Rydel Inclusion, to evaluate the gender representation on the artistic-technical teams. The purpose is the identification of gender stereotypes and their disruption on the series Grace and Frankie, where protagonists are over 70 years old and keep on overcome the psychological barrier of the 70 years showing continuously vital expectations, on an active and intense way Results: There is a paradigm change of the traditional stereotypes presentation so that senior protagonists continue to have important vital principles, accepting weaknesses as an age result, or as something natural and existential. Conclusions: The outcome show surprising data on the Rydel test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of a research carried out under the umbrella of the "UNESCO UniTWIN Network on Media, Gender, and ICTs" Project, and it tries to determine the presence of subjects with a specific focus on gender in the current Communication Degrees offered at Spanish universities. The inclusion of subjects about gender equality in relation to media follows the suggestions of the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995). The main objective of this research will be to investigate the presence of these subjects in Communication Degrees, identifying the elements that define them at a thematic, methodological and relevant levels within the curriculum. A mixed methodological design is proposed based on ex-post-facto research, with a descriptive orientation and the search for improvement, a qualitative analysis of study plans using ATLAS.ti and a panel of experts. The results reveal a scarce presence of this type of subjects, with a higher percentage in public universities than in private ones, and also a minimal relevance as compulsory subjects. This research study reveals the current formal training in gender studies of future generations of media professionals and serves as an endorsement for forthcoming changes of curricula in the European Higher Education Area context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the work done in a Research Development scholarship awared at UNLPam to a member of the research project "Student's autonomy based on alternative materials". Three didactic units were created to teach the contents prescribed by the Ministry of Education of La Pampa in relation to the grammar taught in third year state High School: present simple and present continuous, simple past and past continuous. Comprehensive Sexual Education was used to teach the lexicon of the language. Apart from the contents proposed in the Curricula, categories such as gender, naturalization, trivialization and stereotype were considered in the topics of different text types such as narrations and descriptions. First, textbooks used in High School were critically analysed and alternative didactic materials were designed taking into account the contents prescribed in the curricula and the experiential culture of the students. Working following this approach allows students to acquire the abilities of the language through tools that allowed to interpellate hegemonic discourses and build relevant knowledge for critical citizenship and to critically reflect upon teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reflection on gender blindness in research and in the academy is proposed from the paper "Gender in the analysis of intimate partner violence against women: From gender 'blindness' to gender-specific research". A joint work of the whole society through alliances is suggested to modify and transcend inter-sectionally the gender blindness. It is necessary to transcend gender confrontation from the feminist movement, requiring deconstruction and redefinition of gender norms, including the redefinition of the subject of feminism. It is necessary to expand the fight against gender violence beyond violence against women by intimate partners, which, despite being one of the most significant sources of feminicide, does not exhaust violence or discrimination against women or girls on the mere fact they are women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Alison Jaggar pointed out, the second wave of feminism was a social and theoretical movement that shifted the analysis from the logics of rights and equality --an intrinsic feature of the first wave-- towards those of oppression and liberation. So while the debates on justice were prominent in some of the most influential feminist theoretical discussions of the recent years, power has become a central issue, maybe the issue, of contemporary feminism and therefore a key concept for feminist theories; notwithstanding this concept was present in these theories in a rather more implicit than explicit way since the decade of 1980. The centrality of this concept, as well as the characteristic pluralism of feminism, produces the need to identify the different understandings of power currently in use. This paper suggests a typology of feminist perspectives on power based on reviewing some of the key contributions in this field over the last four decades. Amy Allen's work focusing on the power over and power to categories is the starting (although discussed) point for this task. The resulting typology defines four perspectives of power originated in the second wave (power as resource, domination, freedom and care) and revisited since the decade of 1990 in connection with other debates such as that of the political subject. In the end, this paper aims to clarify the different and often contradictory theoretical strategies of feminism and to show what these ideas can contribute to a critical conceptualization of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes, from a theoretical point of view, the development of an explanation of Mexican youth social vulnerability through some statistical evidence, which showed the weakness of institutions, which have been favorable to the reproduction of gender inequality that is linked at the same time to the context of poverty and social inequality. It is concluded that in Mexico City precarious youth plays in various ways despite the institutionalization of the different social assistance programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical framework that links gender perspective-public budgets with the modernization of the public administration, taking as the starting point its parallelism with the result-oriented management and public finances. Also, it focuses in the advances in the implementation of budgets for gender in the world and it discussed its scope and limitations in the case of Mexico, based on the review of international agreements and their results in the institutionalization of the category of gender in public policies and plans in the federal and local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of stereotype, sexism and symbolic violence are not only regular categories in academic work analyzing advertisements and campaigns, but also, thanks to the militant efforts of many organizations and educational initiatives, have begun to be part of media doxy and everyday language. This paper seeks to present the observations carried out throughout almost ten years of existence of the Advertising Observatory on Sexism of the UAI's Bachelor's degree in Advertising, bearing in mind the regularities and transformations of housework depiction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this paper have examined the relative contribution of personal (gender, emotional state, gender roles attitudes), contextual (perceived social supports and barriers) and cognitive (self-efficacy beliefs, interests, outcome expectations) variables to technological goals in a sample (N=1558) of high school Spanish students. The results of path analysis have provided confirmation for the extension of the Social-Cognitive Career Theory model, indicating that self-efficacy predicted interest, outcome expectations and goals. Additionally, outcome expectations predicted goals and interest. Perceived social support and perceived social barriers were related with self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals and interest. Finally, there were gender differences in most variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the situation of the studies on Gender and Feminism that have developed in Spain with the inauguration of the European Higher Education Area as part of the implementation of the Bologna Plan. First, we will perform an analysis of the historical circumstances of the Spanish university and its territorial characteristics. The objective of the work is to make a conceptual map with the strengths and weaknesses of studies that the society has been demanding to develop the different Plans of Equality in the democratic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical framework that links gender perspective public budgets with the modernization of the public administration, taking as the starting point its parallelism with the result-oriented management and public finances. Also, it focuses in the advances in the implementation of budgets for gender in the world and it discussed its scope and limitations in the case of Mexico, based on the review of international agreements and their results in the institutionalization of the category of gender in public policies and plans in the federal and local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bodies are transformed, they are constructed, they are reconstructed. The bodies are plastic and their plasticity, question, destabilizes and subverts gender. The bodies escape, they are in fugue from the heteronormativity speech. In this paper, two (one corporized, the other literary) fictional constructs are studied in order to demonstrate the plasticity of these bodies and their questioning of gender. Pinina Flandes and Hipólita are the players that allow us to think and rethink gender since its mobility and continuos construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to first reconstruct some theoretical itineraries gender mainstreaming in urban planning processes, showing the diversity experienced by women as a group in urban life experiences. Second examines the main demands through which women have claimed the "right to the city". And, thirdly establishes the main political, urban and cultural challenges to building more democratic and inclusive cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines 10th grade students' actions when solving a task about density and solutions with the purpose of identifying possible gender stereotypes related to their actions. Students work in small groups with different gender-composition (mixed, only girls and only boys). The task is carried out along two 50-minute sessions and it requires students to investigate the behaviour of a drop of oil inside a mixture of water and alcohol when the components of the mixture vary in concentration. The study is framed in qualitative research and it focuses on the analysis of students' actions along the two tasks. Data collection includes audio and video recordings as well as field notes. The collected information is used to develop a rubric for identifying possible gender stereotypes related to student actions during the process of solving the task. The main results point to differences in the small groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though we are at the beginning of the 21st century there is still a blindness to gender, as it is evident in the paper that I comment: El género en el análisis de la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja [Gender in the analysis of intimate partner violence against women]. The problem is: how are we going to be able to end with that blindness? The proposal presented here is very clear: institutionalizing generelogy, which represents a considerable advance with respect to gender studies, which would thus be coherently integrated. From this perspective, the gender goes from being a mere category of analysis (important as it has been until now) to a nationally and internationally recognized area of study, under conditions similar to those of other scientific disciplines already fully recognized, such as psychology, medicine, or sociology, among others. Some of the study nuclei of this new discipline are already being widely investigated, such as gender identities, masculinities and femininities, roles, stereotypes, status, or gender asymmetries, along with services, laws, and intervention programs whose ultimate goal is gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the results of the evaluation of an instrument on gender institutional culture are analyzed using the principal components method. The structure and parameters of its validity and reliability, as well as the differences obtained by sex, are described. The sample consisted of 1,144 individuals from the educational, health, and research sectors in northwestern Mexico. The results showed four components: administrative processes, employment equity, benefits, working environment, and authoritarianism, which explain 40.90 of variance with a Cronbachs alpha of .88. With these obtained values, the instrument is considered valid and reliable to evaluate institutional culture and identify gender bias. Methodology can be replicated to adapt the instrument to other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to provide a critical analysis of the symbolic representations of women and men in the mass media, from the review of various basic concepts in the context of Social Sciences. The purpose is to deepen the understanding of phenomena such as symbolic inequality/discrimination, sexism in the media, or symbolic violence against women. To this end, we gather some examples of symbolic discrimination in language and in language use, and also in the images with which media and advertising represent gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies focuses on clients of prostitution in Spain in order to understand why these men pay for sex. We analyzed the narratives of users clients of prostitution through in-depth semi-directed interviews, group interviews, and discussion groups. This material is given structure by the application of the theory of frame analysis. We obtained four ideal client types of clients were obtained, namely: misogynist (hatred of women), consumerist (everything is for sale), friend (affectionate but abusive), and critic (ocasional and repentant). We reach the conclusion that From this point of view the purchase of sex has nothing to do with is not due to the searching for quality sex, fun and hedonistic pleasure, but rather it is a strategy to that reinforces a masculine identity that conforms molded by to the expectations of the peer group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If architectural space is understood as a spatial-objectual structure encoded in the symbolic order of the capitalist patriarchy, and therefore as a cultural production in which this socioeconomic organization is physically expressed, then the architectural design of modern housing is based on criteria heavily influenced by gender inequality. This paper addressed two of these: spatial dichotomization, a criterion that subdivides housing into public and private spaces, and the function of space, which assigns specific activities and meanings to each of these. A discourse of collective regulation and normalization will therefore be preserved and justified and the male sex will maintain a modality of privilege on the basis of the subsumption of everything female. Housing will therefore become a significance node responsible for hampering the political transformation that relations between the sexes must construct to establish a truly democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil law must maintain its humanistic guidance on the legal protection of the person, from the moment of conception until its natural end. In this paper we discuss an overview of the legislative and jurisprudential treatment of the person as center and axis on which turns the Peruvian legal system. The person and dignity are two inseparable realities, and each one deserves to be treated in accordance to justice. Being the person the origin, subject and purpose of the law itself, the entire legal system must recognize and socially protect the dignity of the person, fons omnis iuris, as source of all law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with sexual behavior from a gender perspective in women from a town located at the south of Veracruz State, Mexico. I point out how the female sexual behavior is a result from that particular male society and how it imposes moral codes to women, due to their male hegemony which needs to control female sexual behavior. I analyze that sexuality is a social construction and a changing historical product, therefore sexual moral codes are present as changing elements that show in advance the social picture and the female fantasies over their moral obligations. Also, transgressions from the "ruling" perspective are explained in accordance with the idea that accepted sexuality is genderized from a moral point of view but not relevant with the actual activities of the collectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we outline some of the research results of a larger work which studies the Bolivian migration from a gender perspective, as well as the impact of the institutional practices that determine the transnational experience. In a global scene of restrictive rules concerning the human mobility, we notice how control and dominance strategies are present in ideologies and symbolic mechanisms. Women options in the migration process are trapped through them. We propose to recognize the symbolic and institutional violence that pressures migrants during their migration journey, focusing on understanding the ideological content - sexism and marianism - in which they are based on. We present an analysis of the instrumented ways of applying violence against Bolivian migrant women and its families from the social action practices implemented at origin and destination (transnational perspective). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist frameworks have focused on gender inequality as the fundamental explanatory factor of male violence against women in union. This paper extends the analysis to contributions produced through social research. The approaches studied consider the personal characteristics of victims and aggressors (individual focus), the male-female power relationship within the couple (dyadic focus), and structural and symbolic factors (macro-social focus). An exploration of the respective contributions of these different perspectives shows that they offer only partial, inadequate approaches, given the multidimensional complexity of the problem. The main conclusions recognize that it is necessary to develop multi-level and inter-relational analytical frameworks such as the intersectional paradigm, in order to achieve a better understanding of the connection between gender inequality and male violence against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clear display of male/female behaviour patterns, has established patriarchal structures in most modern societies. For this reason the female role has been historically and culturally affected by strong idiosyncratic elements that dwell right in the collective consciousness. Furthermore this situation has encouraged the underrepresentation of women in socially valued work positions. According to this the main purpose of this paper, is to present some of the internal barriers and cultural variables, which female academics face to access top positions in Higher Education (HE).The methodology of this study uses the literature review technique to nourish theoretical and empirical acknowledgment, in areas such as organizational behaviour, educational leadership and gender studies. The results hollow out the analysis of four components associated with "the social role of motherhood", "female double-shift", "absence of female leadership models" and "the gender equality euphemism". In conclusion, a complex understanding is proposed to attend an issue that entails the socialization of gender and cultural constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinguishing between restitution, chaos and quest narratives (Frank, 1995), this paper analyses which narratives prevail in 7 blogs written by women with breast cancer. The most present narrative is the restitution, in which patients turn to medicine with the aim of recovering their previous status. There are also examples of the quest narrative, when illness is seen as a challenge and visibility of the wounded body is claimed. The absence of chaos narrative confirms the cultural difficulty to acknowledge the negative aspects of illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex is one of the factors that affect students' academic outcomes and professional options. Although the spread of coeducation in Spain contributed to achieving social equality between men and women, there are still some gender difficulties that can be traced back to coeducation itself. This paper seeks to analyse and interpret the psychosocial effects of coeducational and single-sex schooling, in order to reach a better understanding of learning situations from a gender-based point of view. The research has been carried out through in-depth interviews to girls and boys who during their teenage years were in contact with both types of schooling (coeducational and single-sex). The evidence, suggestive but inconclusive, leads to a better understanding of gender-based school situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new labor environment is characterized by the insecurity of the workforce; a problem that particularly affects young people. Under this preamble, the objective of the paper is to analyze the working conditions of the working population in the city of Toluca from a gender perspective. Precisely, this is to estimate different levels of insecurity as older age groups, as well as men and women between 14 and 29 years of age. This was accomplished by estimating the rate of job insecurity on data from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) of the first quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female workers participation has been a prominent dimension in the analysis of Latin America agribusiness restructuration processes. Multiple studies describe women's presence in critical places within production process. Skills requires for this jobs are usually associated to socialization process instead of knowledge acquired through working experience. In this paper, I think about the construction of analytical tools that make possible to study women's experiences as agribusiness workers. Research was realized in Uco Valley, Mendoza province, Argentina, which is one of the most important productive areas of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we turn back to some of the life stories from the research project Silenced voices in times of "equality". Pain from a gendered perspective, with the aim to reflect the new methodological aspects of our work, which are different from the original methodological proposal of the original research project. Considering this we have worked in two parallel levels. The first one is a narrative analysis of these life stories, an analysis that has been complemented with the use of an intertextual approach. At the same time we've written a reflexive narrative about our analysis, as a way to visualize the subjective and socio cultural texts that configure chronic pain, from a gendered perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FCH at UNLPam is one of the first universities in the country to give signs of commitment regarding gender. Among these is the Interdisciplinary Institute of Women Studies, created in 1993. In 2008, UNLPam legislates for the use of non-sexist language when applied in the degrees granted. In 2010, in the view of the changes on the Teaching Studies curricula, an Integral Sexual Education Seminar was incorporated; and nowadays, Extracurricular and public lectures are given in the form of Cátedra Libre named Educación Sexual Integral y Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos. It emerges along with the local forum for the rights to legal, safe and free abortion. The creation of this Chair reflects the interest in studying the complexities of the bodies, sexuality and gender in education, particularly at schools, as a socializing space in different levels. University functions are not only formative, but also being a central part in formulating public policies in education. This paper attempts to account for the articulation between the activism processes that have been taking place in the city and the accessibility found at the university decision- spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the historical, scientific, and social contexts that guided the development and commercialization of the contraceptive pill. The essay sheds light on the power structures that shaped the construction of this technology and the discourses that it promotes about the female body. The contraceptive pill is conceptualized as a gender script, that is, a technology that crystallizes specific gender representations, values, and practices. This constructivist approach allows us to reveal the social and cultural structures that sustain this gender script and, in this way, helps us question the notion of the contraceptive pill as an intrinsically emancipatory technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically society has placed more attention on the unmarried woman as opposed to the unmarried male, which is reflected in the lack of research on male bachelorhood. This paper presents an analysis of the reason that gives professional men of medium socioeconomic level of Mexico about his singleness. We conducted a qualitative research, with semistructured interviews in seven participants between 32 and 49 years old. The data show that among the reasons to continue bachelor identifies three central arguments: the defense of freedom, the refusal to be economical provider, and the impact of loving rejections. Continued discussion if they are building new ways of being a man, if they can generate changes for the benefit of both genders, or his singleness be based on traditional stereotypes with modern dyes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central theme in gender-sensitive citizenship research is the need to reorganize the current social and political institutions so as to include “reproductive" work -i.e, domestic and care work- in the domain of duties of the citizen. This article examines this topic from the perspective of social representations on men's and womens contribution to society contained in four pieces of the Chilean legal discourse that specifically address issues of family organization and childcare. Methodologically, the paper is based on the discursive analysis of the written records of the debates held in the Congress on these legal initiatives, complemented with semi-structured interviews with MP s and government officials. From this analysis it is possible to conclude that, despite important advancements, womens citizenship is still represented as contributing to society mainly through care and, more recently, through their contribution towards overcoming poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper derives from a research project on gender violence to students in middle and high Guanajuato. Surveys, interviews and workshops were applied were performed. During the course of the latter, the high level of youth reported being raped because you do not meet the image that are supposed to have the body that the media tells them to show. Anxiety over what is apparently not conducive indicates serious trouble and sometimes they have attempted suicide. In this sense, we approach the work from the idea that female bodies which are normalized, and where social norms of womanhood (Harcourt, 2011) will also resist. It is in bodies, socio-culturally constructed, where power games enroll. Butler (2010: 93) states that "we are exposed to others, and while this may be a condition of our desire, it also raises the possibility of subjugation and cruelty This results from the fact that the bodies are closely related to each other. through the material, the feel, language and a number of relationships without which we can not survive. "That is, the need for others, for recognition tell us that to meet our needs, we must be as we are told and if we are not then we will not get the recognition and yes cruelty, but as we can not survive and may reactions are self-destruction and violence. What then are the bodies that represent a problem? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender mainstreaming suggests institutional reorganization and/or "mainstreaming" of gender at the university. Betting on institutionalization as part of a government policy that requires institutional commitment and the responsibility of all university powers by the advancement of equality between women and men. For certain approaches in the feminist movement, it represents the handling of a struggle in the very long term tension that cannot be bounded exclusively to the enunciation of instances nominal or degraded resource allocation without achieving larger structural changes and prone to genuine equality (Palomar, 2009; Pérez, 2010; Alonso, 2010). Therefore, in this paper seeks to explain the extent to which the proposal or mainstreaming should not own the feminist struggle. The reflection is located in the plane of the Autonomous University of Tlaxcala (UATX), for it challenges facing the institutionalization of gender are presented, based on the following questions: Does the University have a need to mainstream a gender perspective? And, if so, what elements allow this initiative? And, what elements constrain it? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between gender and cinema as a contribution to the study of representation in the field of social research. First, the basic features of visual culture in the global society are presented keeping in mind the identity and gender mindsets in this general and current context. Second, the historical links between feminisms and cinema are reviewed as well as between studies of gender and cinema, emphasizing on the theoretical perspective of Teresa De Lauretis. Third, it is postulated the use of film in the process of social research from an experience that - based on building an analytical look at the axis cinema / gender / society-pursued the objective of identifying, understanding and explaining the changes in the female identity in Korea from the senses and meanings that cinematic space condenses. This paper concludes highlighting the relevance and productivity of interweaving gender and film studies in the current problematic field of Social Sciences, deeply marked by a diversity of objects / subjects of study and 'new' epistemological, theoretical and methodological approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]