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The eventual disconnection between voters´ preferences and specific policies is of special concern in decentralized countries, where any policy initiative might be simultaneously seen either as an erosion or a reinforcement of selfrule. The aim of this paper is to apply this framework to the harmonization of the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Tax (IGT). We econometrically contrast whether citizens´ living in Autonomous Communities (ACs) that led a tax race to the bottom regarding this tax or in those that exert a greater taste for political autonomy are more likely to oppose a more nationally uniform tax than the rest of Spaniards. Empirically, we exploit data from the 2019 wave of the Institute for Fiscal Studies Fiscal Barometer. According to our main results, citizens living in low taxation ACs and citizens living in some more pro-self-rule regions are even more likely to favor harmonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law 8/2021 of 2 June allows people with hearing impairments to decide on the support they need to live a fuller and more independent life. The aim of this paper is to study the expert report and the models of support for the hearing impaired, to meet the professionals involved and to make proposals to promote the systematisation of professional practice. The method used was a literature review and the extraction of primary data using a semi-structured interview technique with open questions. The results show that it is essential to know the codes of the hearing impaired to make informed decisions. Social workers from psychosocial teams are the most appropriate professionals to guide the hearing impaired in making decisions about the support they need, given their competence in assessing the personal, social, and support network spheres. The research concludes with contributions to promote the systematisation of the expert report and the support assessment scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the discourse on migration from the official Twitter accounts of 5 political parties in Spain (PSOE, PP, Podemos, Ciudadanos and Vox), during the so-called «migration crisis» that took place in Ceuta in May 2021. The methodology followed allows us to describe the activity of the different political party accounts, the centrality of the migration issue in them, the topics and discursive strategies contained in the publications and their engagement. The findings of the work carried out point to the existence of a hardening of the political discourse on immigration in the context studied, accompanied by a loss of «political correctness» -characteristic of previous times- to address migration issues, which only alerts us to the normalization of racist hate speech in the network considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the barriers to the recognition of gender-based persecution as grounds for asylum. It focuses on Spain and examines the rulings of Spanish courts on applications based on various types of gender violence between 2009 and 2019 and looks at the theoretical propositions of "the politics of silence". The paper proposes that these barriers can be attributed to the interweaving of androcentric and colonial frameworks that produce arbitrary representations of non-European women and their cultures. It also highlights the paradoxical way authorities deploy culturalisation strategies around female genital mutilation and forced marriage, treating them as "exotic" violence, in contrast to the strategies of invisibilisation and silence used with other types of gender-based violence, such as "intimate violence". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO, hereafter) reported the first case of a new respiratory infection, in the city of Wuhan.This study focuses on how political communication 2.0 has contributed to prevent and protect citizens, during early stages the COVID-19 crisis, in a comparative perspective between USA and Spain. Specifically, the paper focuses during the first 90 days of 2020 (from January 1 to March 31), in the latency phases - oriented to preparedness and prevention- and of crisis outbreak. Methodology: The paper analyzes the content of the messages through the Twitter accounts of Donald Trump -@realdonaldtrump-, the White House -@ WhiteHouse-, and the CDC - @cdcgov; and Pedro Sánchez -@sanchezcastejon-, the Ministry of Health -@sanidadgob-, and the account of the Moncloa -@desdelamoncloa-. By conducting quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: the findings show a divergent communication strategy. While the Spanish actors followed closely the guidelines of health crisis communication; in the US, only the official accounts of @WhiteHouse y @cdcgov followed those guidelines, while in President Trump´s account, it is observed a politicized communication strategy rejecting messages from public health sources. Conclusions: Political communication is an essential element in a major crisis not only for good governance and management but also for the preparation and awareness of a citizenry. This study shows that the official institutional communication strategy was appropriate in both countries and that it helped to face an unprecedented major health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper tackles, from a historical perspective, the travelogue Vivid Spain (1926), written by the Bostonian Joe Mitchell Chapple as a result of his journey throughout Spain. The main aim of this work is to study in detail the vision of this North American traveller across the Peninsula. With this purpose, an analysis of the aforementioned work will be carried out taking into account its form and content, supported by the public opinion and the impact it generated in the American historical press of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the first tourists' guidebooks on Spain published between 1840 and 1930. The aim is to highlight the contrast between the socioeconomic vision of the country reflected in the foreign guidebooks aimed at the Anglo-Saxon public, where certain stereotypes maintained a notable weight, and the vision offered by the little-known Spanish guidebooks, aimed at the national tourists, which did give an account of the transformation of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the validity of the second-order model in the 2019 municipal elections. We focus, first, on the theoretical evolution that has transformed the model proposed by Reif and Schmitt (1980). Second, it evaluates the explanatory capacity of a model that does not fit with highly fragmented and heterogeneous units of analysis. Finally, a contextual analysis is presented to provide a more robust explanation of the 2019 Spanish municipal election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, forced marriage as a manifestation of violence against women has entered the public agenda in European Union countries. This is partly due to higher numbers of migrants from regions where it is a regular practice. This paper aims to show the different ways violence manifests itself in forced marriage, both symbolically and practically - in terms of experiences - based on a qualitative sample of women with a range of migration backgrounds residing in Catalonia. The intersectional gender approach of the analysis enables the interaction to be considered of various factors when it comes to understanding contexts of risk and violence, as well as exit strategies from forced marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of Moroccan women crossed the border between Melilla and Morocco on a daily basis to work in domestic employment, a consolidated niche sector of cross-border employment for low-skilled working-class women. When the border closed due to COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020, many decided to remain in Melilla. Following the precepts of grounded theory and using biographical interviews, the paper investigates the survival strategies these women deployed following the border closure. An ambivalent process began: on the one hand, their labour conditions worsened, exposing them to worse situations of violence; on the other, they developed strategies of resistance and agency, assuming the role of breadwinner for their families and opting for a process of emancipation through inclusion and training opportunities in the city of Melilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orofacial clefts represent a heterogeneous group of congenital malformations affecting different structures of the oral cavity and face. Overall, infants with these disorders have a higher lifetime morbidity and mortality compared to unaffected individuals. Therefore, advances in biomedical research are unavoidable. Thus, the overall objective of this work was to conduct a literature review to narratively analyse the 10 main primary studies on orofacial clefts carried out in Spain, published from 2018 to date. According to this review, at an institutional level, the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) is notable with 4 articles published by the UCM 920202 research group. The Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid also stands out, with three papers related to different aspects of the personality and quality of life of cleft patients, as well as many other cognitive-emotional variables. In relation to the University of Valencia, we found two studies carried out on large samples of cleft patients. Finally, in Barcelona, an observational study on otorhinolaryngological problems in cleft palate patients is noteworthy. In conclusion, although several studies have been published in recent years on different aspects related to clefts, there is still much work to be done. Spain should craniofacial development. Large, multicenter and collaborative studies are needed to delve deeper into the aetiological mechanisms and, ultimately, into the possible tools for their prevention. Similarly, support is needed to better elucidate questions related to treatments in all dimensions of health, preferably randomised controlled clinical trials, which facilitate the transfer of knowledge and its universal accessibility within the Spanish public health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the processes of assessment of situations of dependency in Spain and the role of Social Work in them. The study provides new information, trying to detect possible influences of Covid-19 on these processes and analysing existing territorial disparities. From an intentional documentary search, information was subsequently collected from the General Directorates or Subdirectorates, or the autonomous Institutes of social services through an ad hoc questionnaire, obtaining responses from the universe of analysis units (17 autonomous communities). Said information was organized into three categories of analysis: mandatory nature of the social report in the assessment of situations of dependency; place of application of the DAS and the SRS; and professional profiles of the teams for assessing dependency situations. The results show, among other results, the existence of very different interprofessional teams, the application of the scale in divergent contexts, and the different relevance of the social report in the processes. In conclusion, the need to deepen the inclusion of the social report and the professional figure of Social Work in the assessment processes is evident by contributing to the improvement of the coordination of objectives, processes, and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a content analysis, this paper explores the features of fake news on Spanish politics registered on the Maldita.es, Newtral, EFE Verifica and Verificat verification platforms between January 1 and March 31, 2022. These messages are spread mainly through Twitter and Facebook, using the text as support. The predominance of the ideological purpose, the high presence of stories of absolute invention, the shared role of anonymous and supplanted sources, the use of the informative style and the preponderance of left-wing formations as the object of hoaxes are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the gender wage gap in Spain by analyzing data from the 2018 Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey to quantify the gap and decompose it into the explained and unexplained gaps using three different "discrimination- free" distributions (Reimers, Cotton and Jann). As covariates, in addition to seniority at work, studies and type of contract, common in the literature, they introduce occupation. The study treats full-time workers separately from part-time workers. This distinction is important due to the characteristics of the Spanish labor market, where part-time contracts predominate among women. The results show that part-time female employees are less discriminated against than full-time female employees, and that at lower levels of education and in lower skilled occupations The results show that part-time workers are less discriminated against and that at lower levels of education and in lower-skilled occupations, women's wages are closer to those of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Communication in Spain is analyzed, contextualizing Spanish output at a global and local level between the years 2000 and 2020. Based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the Communication category of the Social Sciences Citation Index database, part of Web of Science, the impact of the main countries is identified. The weight of the output in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) database between 2015 and 2020 is also studied. An analysis of the output by universities in Spain for the period 2010–2020 is also carried out, comparing it with the impact and the works in the first quartile. The results reveal that Spain has been the fourth country in terms of output in Communication in the last decade and that Austria stands out as the country whose works have the greatest impact. It is also observed that 67% of Spain’s works in Communication are published in journals that are indexed in ESCI. The impact of Spanish universities is very close to the world average. The Universitat Pompeu Fabra stands out, publishing the most articles and, furthermore, being the Spanish university with most papers in the first quartile of the JCR in Communication between 2010 and 2020. The study of the Shanghai Ranking by area includes eight Spanish universities, only three of which have output in Communication that comes mainly from professors in this area. The role of the Spanish journals Comunicar and Profesional de la información is notable, as they publish a large fraction of the output by Spanish universities in the Communication field. Finally, this paper presents the challenges of research in Communication, as well as those related to its bibliometric analysis, and a reflection on the problems that affect scientific production and research in this subject area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their foundation, Spanish-American republics faced the problem of defining their borders in a precise manner. Remission to the Spanish Monarchy’s territorial divisions proved insufficient because they were imprecisely defined, according to modern standards. In resolving these territorial conflicts, Spain was in a favorable position to influence their outcomes and did so on some occasions. Yet the 1899 Paris Award that decided on the sovereignty of the almost 160.000 km² between Venezuela and the United Kingdom’s British Guyana was one of the few arbitrated by the United States, and one of the most controversial. The twofold purpose of this paper is to inquire the reasons behind Spain’s approach shift, and to assess the plausibility of the criticisms levelled against the Award. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the communication strategy of the main Spanish political parties on TikTok after the embryonic phase of 2020. Through content analysis, it identifies in quantitative and qualitative terms the use of TikTok by the PP, PSOE, Podemos and Vox, by observing their rate of publication, engagement and type of interaction, predominant themes and adaptability to narrative and discursive techniques. The study, which covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2021, consists of 562 units of analysis. The results show a settlement and consolidation on the platform and a clear dominance by the Partido Popular and Podemos, as well as the firm emergence of the PSOE, absent until now. A growth in engagement can be seen, although little use is made of the interaction that the social network can facilitate in order to contribute to debate and social participation. The confrontation between leaders, accusations against the governing party and controversial topics, which reflect polarisation and emotionality, are those that achieve the greatest interaction, which shows that the spectacularisation of current politics finds in TikTok a means of dissemination that is easy to viralise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish scientific production and technology transfer that it entails are constantly growing, and consequently that of the Autonomous Communities as well. However, this does not mean that all the Autonomous Communities evolve in the same way, nor that they all implement the same policies. In this paper we present a comparison of investment in R&D&i, scientific production, and its transfer to the productive fabric of the seventeen Spanish Autonomous Communities in the period 2003-2020. The data used to carry out this work has been extracted from three of the platforms created by the SCImago group: SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJ&CR), SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR) and SCImago Patents Rank (SPR) (under development) based on information included in Elsevier's Scopus database and PATSTAT. In total, 1,276,914 primary documents published in the 2003-2020 period have been recovered, signed by authors affiliated to Spanish institutions that have been disaggregated at the level of Autonomous Communities. With them, a battery of indicators of scientific production (12), its technological impact (5) and technology transfer (5) has been generated, in addition to its variation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the representation of women in sodomy prosecutions. Based on the analysis of theological, moral, medical and legal literature, it aims to shed light on the different controversies surrounding "perfect" and "imperfect" sodomy that determined the understanding and suitability of women as moral and legal subjects in the face of supposedly unnatural acts. It also relates the two nefarious crimes in which a woman could be implicated, either as an active figure through sodomy between women, or as a victim of unnatural sexual violence carried out by a man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic nationalism or ethnonationalism is a fundamental feature of the ideology of the Spanish political party Vox. This connects it with the political thought of the populist radical right (as defined by Mudde) within the wider far right family. First, this paper examines what ethnic nationalism or ethnonationalism means, in theoretical terms, before going on to analyse a peculiar feature that distinguishes Vox's nativism from other European radical right parties: "ethnic Hispanicism". Finally, it studies Vox's connections with Latin America, investigating the specific conceptualisation and strategic features of the project the Spanish party calls the "Iberosphere". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the informative coverage made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia in their printed editions on the investiture session of Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Government. For this purpose, all the text related to this issue published between Friday 3 and Wednesday 8 January 2020 were analyze through a content analysis (n=333), which consider variables such as the location, the type of the texts, the topic addressed and the prominence of headlines and graphics. The results show that this topic aroused a remarkable interest among the analyzed newspapers, which provided their coverage with a great opinion and interpretive value. Furthermore, other features that define the informative coverage of these newspapers are the moderate use of graphic elements, the predominant attention to PSOE and Unidas Podemos, and the configuration of the agenda setting around the same issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reconstruct and analyze the work, will and position of argentinian diplomatics during the central years of the government of general Primo de Rivera and in the interwar European context. The Exposición Iberoamericana de Sevilla, inaugurated in 1929, wich gave rise to numerous activities, official and cultural commitments in Spain, had special relevance for its performance. Through this analysis, we will investigate the institutional mechanisms and personal practices that these main characters, belonging to the diplomatic network, knew how to weave and resolve certain transnational conflicts as events unfolded, as would occur with the celebration of October 12th of that same year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the use of Twitter by the candidates for the presidency of the Government of Spain of the five main parties at the national level -PSOE, PP, Vox, Podemos and Ciudadanos- of the general elections campaigns held in April and November 2019. The main purpose of our study is to determine the strategies used of the microblogging network by the leaders, both in terms of activity, interaction and notoriety and in terms of topics and discursive development, as well as their similarities and differences. The secondary objective is to study the evolution of these strategies both between the two campaigns and with respect to previous elections. To this end, the research is based on a content analysis methodology that studies quantitative, qualitative and discursive elements. The results reveal an uneven use of Twitter in terms of the frequency of updates, but similar in terms of its unidirectionality, with scarce interaction with other users and a predominance of tweets with their own content over retweets. The dissemination of other people's content was used almost entirely to promote the candidate's political party and, to a lesser extent, to interact with journalists. Dialogue with citizens was almost always residual, both in retweets and in responses. This utilitarian conception of the microblogging network was accompanied by a polarizing thematic selection, with an almost general preponderance of political issues over policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the evolution of the electoral use of Instagram in Spain, from its origins as a political communication channel to its current consolidation. A content analysis of eleven variables is applied to the formal, spatial, personal, thematic-discursive and interactive dimensions of the activity carried out on this social network by the candidates for the presidency of the Spanish Government of the parties that ran with the highest vote expectations in the General Elections of December 2015, June 2016 and April and November 2019 (571 posts). The results show the consolidation of Instagram as a political communication tool and the growing interest of the parties in it, as well as the increasing importance of short videos as a format. The electoral use of this social network is carried out with an increasingly mobilising intention, as evidenced both by the themes chosen and, above all, by the purpose of the publications, the spatial context represented and the hashtags used. The growing characterisation of candidates as leaders of the masses is also evidence of the personalisation of political leadership that occurs in this medium during electoral campaigns. Finally, the phenomenon of polarisation and the presence of populist stylistic traits are also beginning to be noticeable, as reflected in the increase in political issues and negative emotional appeals in the messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new interesting records for the flora of Almería and Granada (Spain) are listed in this paper. Among them, Ferulago ternatifolia and Teucrium spinosum would be the most relevant cited species due to their rarity or their particular distribution areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the data visualizations incorporated in the online versions of the main hybrid newspapers in Spain and the United States to find out their features and the role they play in the articles. In addition to this objective, the aim is to determine whether there are significant differences in the use of visualizations in the practice of data journalism in national and foreign newspapers. Through a content analysis, the articles published during the year 2021 in the web versions of El País, El Mundo, The New York Times and The Washington Post were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological transformations and, especially, the accelerated process of digitalization have changed the profiles and production routines of the media. At the same time, universities have had to adapt their journalism curricula to new training needs. This paper analyzes the evolution of the technical-digital training of the journalism degree in Spain over the last two decades through a comparative study of three stages: before, during, and after the adaptation to the EHEA (2000-2010-2020). The research brings together, as valuable reference material, the curricular offerings of 112 programs and 242 subjects that show the educational evolution of the digital environment over the last 20 years, with a longitudinal and epistemological approach. The trends identified by this diagnostic work confirm, among other aspects, how the design of journalism curricula has evolved at a slow and asynchronous pace in digital training until the last decade and with disparate speeds between universities. Added to this is the conformation of a highly varied epistemological heritage that, beyond the specific names of the subjects, denotes a progressive commitment to digital and multimedia teaching, combining generic hybrid knowledge with more specialized training in terms of languages and formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication studies in Spain have now become consolidated based on their evolution over the last 50 years. The aim of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the current state of Spanish higher education in Communication. To this end, an analysis is carried out of the structure and composition of the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (master and PhD studies) in Communication at public and private universities in Spain, paying special attention to the centers that host these studies, the people who contribute to their operation, and their offerings and distribution. Using a descriptive methodology and the content analysis technique, an analysis form is applied to the universities composing the system of Communication studies in Spain, based on their offerings and the information available and accessible on their institutional websites. The results reveal the difficulty of accessing such data and the lack of common criteria (or compliance) for presenting such information on official websites. The results reveal a greater offering at the national level but a wide dispersion of the higher education offering in terms of type, location, type of university, and territorial distribution. We also highlight the gender gap in terms of faculty leadership as well as among teaching staff. We emphasize the phenomenon of double or combined degrees, especially at private universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the use of Telegram as an electoral communication tool in Spain, focusing on the messages sent by the five major parties in the country (PSOE, PP, Vox, Unidas Podemos and Ciudadanos) during the campaigns corresponding to the general elections of April 28 and November 10, 2019. This research paper steps outside this somewhat still narrow area of methodology by combining two different research techniques on a methodological triangulation: traditional content analysis and data mining processes using Python. Results, which show how political parties in Spain use Telegram mainly as a mobilization tool while expressing closeness with the candidate, are contextualized thanks to the implementation of Big Data analysis techniques that improve and allow for an in-depth investigation and understanding of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of Nightingale and his team in the Crimean War was significant. Their interventions were recognized in England and other countries. At that time, in Spain, care was mostly in the hands of the Church. This paper aims to identify the ideological position disseminated in the Spanish press on the role of Nightingale in the Crimean War. A bibliographic review was carried out in the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Library of Spain, obtaining 27 publications in Spanish press that referred to news of Nightingale and the Crimean War. The content was analysed following Gadamer's hermeneutics. Based on the political and religious ideology of each newspaper, the publications show discrepancies regarding the perception of Nightingale's work. Some newspapers define her as a imitator of religious institutions; others highlight a woman with an academic background and great leadership in health management. These divergences result from Nightingale's analysis in a cultural, political, and social context that was different from Protestant England. For future research it is proposed to analyse whether the information in the Spanish press in relation to the Nightingale nursing training initiative also generated discrepancies in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our goal is to analyze trap music and its development in Spain in recent years. We try to understand its impact among young people, identifying their ethics and aesthetics and finding out how they are perceived among their consumers. Understanding youth cultures as metaphors for social and political changes, we study Spanish trap to find out what it tells us about our society and its recent transformations. Methodologically, we use the analysis of songs and videoclips, we develop interviews and focus groups with young consumers, trappers and producers, and we study representative trapper biographies. Appeared during the crisis that began in 2008 in impoverished areas as a song of the excluded and depoliticized youth, trap will become popular reflecting the concerns of a precarious youth. Trap, we conclude, is a contradictory genre that reproduces the logic of capitalism while opening up spaces for its response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a review and reflection on the beginnings of Anthropology in Spain in the mid-twentieth century. In this reflexive analysis it is carried out in a review of a work by anthropologist Joan Prat Carós, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the Rovira i Virgili University of Tarragona (Spain). In this essay, the Spanish historical context of the time and the first authors who did anthropological work in Spain, as well as the germ of the consolidation of the discipline academically in that country, are specially addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]