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In October, 1934, on the occasion of the International Eucharistic Congress, one million Catholics gathered at Buenos Aires to show their faith and support of the Catholic Church. Those public meetings went on for ten years, as part of a Catholic political mobilization -The Army of Cristo Rey- in times of a strong political radicalization. This paper examines the characteristics of this phenomenon, which combined in a unique way three elements: the hierarchy of the Church, Catholic activists and common Catholic believers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chile and in the world, the 60s is characterized by the emergence of ideologies of youth Rebellion an varied projects of peaceful and violent revolution. The Chilean woman's life is altered dramatically: she joined the various political parties and youth movements, took to the streets to express their political choice, increased participation in education, at work and, finally, liberated sexuality. However, the atmosphere of the times was still highly patriarcal. El movimiento de lzquierda Revoluciónaria (MIR) was a Marxist- Leninist Vanguard the emerge in Chile in 1965, compose main of Young students, men and woman. Despite being revolutionary breakthrough, radical and equitable social ideals have not integrated in a manner equal to their militant women. This paper analyzes the incorporation of Chilean women in civic and social life of the sixties, as a case MIR women who delayed this claim on the basis of party loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of periodization and developmental analysis of trade unions in Costa Rica during 20th century. This seeks to identify as the political and economical changes influencing unionist organizations and how these have led to fragment, and loss of significance, as well as a constant unionization rate decrease, even though by the end of last century, a stable union base was still observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Hannah Arendt’s political judgment on racial integration in the United States during the Twentieth Century. According to Arendt, discrimination is an issue that belongs to the social realm, not to the political one. Personal features that shape individuals –race, for example– must be left outside the political debate, as they confer communitarian identity. On the contrary, Arendt wanted politics to be defined in terms of a discussion among individuals who claim specific positions. As we can see, Arendt´s judgment on discrimination is conditioned by her rigorous separation between the social and the political realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lauburu ("four heads'" in Basque) is a cross with four comma- shaped heads, similar to the swastika. Today it is one of the most important symbols of Basque identity. In this paper, I analyze its origins and history, which is full of contradictions, changes in name and shape, especially until the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The lauburu was created in the 17th century; and in the 19th century it symbolized the unity of four Basque Provinces. The lauburu was later identified with a swastika (symbol of the Basque nation, according Sabino Arana, the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party) almost identical to the Nazi symbol. The Basque nationalist movement used the lauburu until Hitler took power in Germany and permanently adopted the lauburu as it is used today. During the past few hundred years this symbol has been the object of endless interpretations by different political parties and social movements associated with Basque nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes how and why, in the early 20th century, women came to constitute the majority of elementary school teachers in Mexico City. A study is made of the statistical tendencies during the time period, the criteria for hiring and promotion, and the professional profile of teachers by sex, as well as the discourses on women and teaching. In 1875, 56.8% of all teachers were women; thirty years later, out of 1,046 teachers, 76.2% were women. Two factors were decisive: a) educational opportunities were created for girls to attend elementary school in numbers equal to their male classmates, reflected in employment opportunities for female teachers; and b) men became uninterested in attending normal school, while a large numbers of female teachers were certified. In conclusion, I analyze the discourses on sexual difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intention of this research is to solve the statistical difficulty when statistical economic series are spliced. Therefore, this paper discusses the scope of the various methods of splicing in the literature. Also presents an additional method, which consider a process of maximization for structural interpolation. Since Venezuela does not escape the problem of the statistical joints on its accounts, this work also presents a complete series of gross domestic Product by productive economic activity and by expenditure components, from 1950 until 2005, expressed in base year prices 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior of labor income per capita in terms of a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. For this, the method used is to disaggregate the labor income per capita into two components that are labor income per worker and employment-population ratio. Additionally, it disaggregates the employment-population ratio in order to incorporate the analysis in the employment rate, participation rate and the dependency ratio. This method of disaggregation can verify which is the origin of the changes in labor income per capita. Furthermore, to assess the distributional effects of the behavior of these variables, their value is determined for each decile of the income distribution. This way you can verify if changes in variables benefit or not to lower income sectors, i.e. whether they are pro-poor or not. Knowing the contribution each variable makes the labor income per capita, one can establish, in turn, what is the contribution that each makes to the changes in poverty levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper, seeks to oppose the written production of Walter Benjamin and Carl Schmitt, searching the links and breaks of theirs philosophical or political view, concerning to concepts like state of exception and sovereignty. We propose a reading -in chronological order- of his works between 1920 and 1930, like a mute dialogue, in which the starting point is common but the critiques and the distance among both of them become more evident and abysmal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecuador's new Constitution is the first in Latin America to have a biocentric perspective. It introduces the concept of Nature's rights together with the right to ecological restoration. It promotes a new articulation with traditional knowledge by referring to both Nature and Pachamama. And it provides a framework to base environmental policies and management on an Andean perspective of the good life (sumak kawsay) and new kinds of development strategies. This paper describes and analyzes these new features from the perspective of political ecology and environmental ethics. It examines the impact of the concept of intrinsic value and offers a series of future challenges in field of politics and management. The biocentric turn represents an alternative to modernity, making it possible to value Nature, and articulate it with indigenous knowledge, in new ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Popper is one of the great defenders of liberalism and open society, but he is also one of the main critics of liberalism itself, as he considers that it has many week points that are in need of analysis and solutions. Therefore his attack is directed not only to his enemies, but also to those liberal thinkers who do not defend open society with enough intellectual solidity. Popper proposes to abandon some naive ideas of the very liberal tradition and to replace them with more solid and sophisticated viewpoints. In this paper we review these topics and the changes of frame posed by Popper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a commemorative contribution on the occasion of the eight decades that have already elapsed since the publication of Sein und Zeit (1927), the work by Martin Heidegger which perhaps has become in the meantime - considering the enormous scope of its contemporary influence -- the most important philosophical treatise of the 20th century. One must draw attention to the fact that it is not purported an elaboration of the work's reception, which can be almost impossible to embrace in its entirety for it can well be structured in several phases. There is rather an introductory approach to the manuscript's history before its publication; purpose that can be seen as a more concrete and less ambitious goal in comparison to the main one, which is nothing but to outline the work's central topics and the pretentions that it has pursued and carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper pretends to analyze the Sigmund Freud's concern about the consolidation of Nazism in Germany during the 30's. Specially, it analyzes the importance of Freud's Jewish condition in his works, his growing apprehension about the influence of the death drive in the culture and his references to anti-Semitism in Civilization and Its Discontents, Why War? and Moses and Monotheism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a significant phenomenon, little studied by Colombian academia: the rise of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as subjects of international law. These groups, which some authors have called the "third sector", managed to gain such prominence in the twentieth century that it is now necessary to consider them under the international legal system and in international political analysis. For this reason, from an historical perspective and based on the theory of interdependence, the author explains how NGOs were able to insert themselves in the international legal arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is claimed in the present paper, that George Santayana contributes to the contemporary debate on the ontological aspects of the arts, especially on the literary work of art, and he has something important to say on such ontological issues as time, space, beauty, reality, the possible, and some others, as seen in and/or by means of the arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that an economic policy change in 1982 brought about a conspicuous alteration in the relationship between money, prices and the exchange rate in Mexico. Before that year, the long-term demand for currency fit the velocity equation, and inflation was driven mainly by the money gap. After a striking changeover, from 1983 until 2000, the demand for money took a very different form, and inflation was determined by the markup without an explicit currency effect. However, the long-term relationship that links the levels of output, the exchange rate and foreign prices with that of nominal money holds for the whole sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper underlines the returning interest to the importance of regional studies after a period of stagnation during the last decades of the XXth century. Moreover, there are the questions related to the new geopolitical condition brought about by the globalization process and the creation of spatial webs and a-geographic links. At present, we have again the regionalization issue as part of our agenda in the land management processes, and thus, it is very alive among politicians, especially in the Less Developed countries. There is trust that the territorial changes should lead to the bettering of the political, economic, and social system of each country. However, this regional interest is not always backed by a deep knowledge of the basic theory of the «conceptual framework» to practice it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I try to explain what the problem of constitution in the framework of perceptual experience consists in, and also to argue that this problem continues to be in force. Through three key philosophers--usserl, Cassirer, and Carnap--it is shown how the problem, which has Kantian roots, has been treated in the main philosophical traditions of the twentieth century, and furthermore, how the Husserlian approach sets up a new scenario. Although at the present time the term 'constitution' has practically disappeared from the philosophical scene, on the basis of the interpretative clues here offered I try to show that this fact does not mean that the alluded problem does not continue to be a significant subject in the study of perception and the mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes, from a gender point of view, the relationship between education, women citizenship in two foundational moments of Argentinean educational system: 1894-1994. It focuses on the theoretical and political feminist genealogies at the time when the bourgeois revolution in education was thought as a mainstream for political change, namely it was crucial to debate about who must to be educated and how. The debate took place in the Argentinean case at the end of the 19th Century, and the result was the 1420 Law. But a century of educational practices were fading the traces of political polemics and putting in the scene pedagogic and technical issues. A new discussion about education, politics, and women citizenship takes place in the '80s with the return of democracy. At the same time a deep transformation of social structure occurred. The discussion culminated with the 24195 Law, in 1994. It took place at a singular crossroad: the return of citizenship questions, changes in the social structure (the so called new inequities), a sensibility about differences (sexual, racial, cultural differences). In this situation the debate about women's education as citizens was crossed by a deep tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The romantic outlook is the conceptual axis this paper is about. Its main aim is to specify the precepts of this notion starting from the foundations proposed by literary socio-criticism (George Lukács 1920, Lucien Goldman (1955, René Girard 1963), sociological studies (Norbert Elias 1982) and communication studies (Jesús Martín-Barbero 1998). In order to reach this objective we have considered the possibility of developing a unique definition without drawing sharp differences among the disciplines and their authors so that we may accurately realize which are the common contributions to the romantic attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the works of writer Dulce María Loynaz. Her poetry has been described as light, fragile, subtle, and even delicate. The objective of the paper is to analyze lightness and levity as a recurring theme in Loynaz's works, particularly in her work "Canto a la mujer estéril." According to the author, the work serves as a representation for the sterile woman, as well as a compensation for the physical inabilities of woman. While the work was never intended to be autobiographical, the similarities between protagonist and author are many.

In this paper, I analyze tax revenues at the federal level between 1870 and 1930. Above all, I focus on the changes (under the public finance reforms of Matías Romero and Alberto J. Pani) in the tax structure and the different trends in both internal and external taxes at the time. Further, I show the importance of exports for federal revenues and how the development of the Mexican economy depended on export taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the arrival of the early Sephardim during the Colony, the Jewish community has faced many challenges, being judeophobia the most persistent and dangerous. This judeophobia has come from many fronts, especially from the far right and its Nazi wing. During the eighties of the last century the major figures of the Chilean judeophobia of far right changed: coinciding with the fall of Franz Pfeiffer's WUNS brand, the figure of Miguel Serrano raised as the most important Chilean Nazi and judeophobic thinker in Spanish language. In this paper we will analyze the judeophobic books of this period, with emphasis on his main contributions to the judeophobic discourse of the far right in Spanish language, and we will finish with a reflection about the operation of his judeophobia from a semiotic point of view. We think that when we do it, we are contributing to the study and to break down the discourses of the present far right groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three main concerns of epistemology throughout the XXth Century were the following: (1) provide a definition of knowledge; (2) provide plausible answers to the skeptical challenge and; (3) study our belief-forming processes in order to determine which of them are leading towards the acquisition of knowledge. In this paper, I argue that while these three concerns are intimately interrelated, the emphasis given to either one is leading to the development of quite different epistemological projects. In particular, a strong emphasis on (3) is conducive towards a naturalized epistemology. As I will show, the implementation of this particular project implies a deep questioning on the traditional way of conceiving the normative character of epistemology. My main contention is that the idea that epistemic norms are not necessarily universal does not imply, as has been argued by the critics of the naturalized epistemology project, the abandonment of the normative aspirations of epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German literature written abroad is still an unsolved problem in Germanistic studies. This is justified, on the one hand, by the complexity it represents as an object of study and, on the other hand, by Germany's peculiar historical situation due to its role during World War II. Even if by the late 70's this phenomenon was studied in German academic spheres, it is still difficult for Germanistic studies to view the object in its specificity and to get rid of undervaluing judgments, which consider German literature written abroad with the same parameters as those for literature written in German-speaking territories. This paper aims at showing from which perspectives it is possible to research literature in German written abroad, considering the specific case of German immigrants in Argentina, and taking into account some contributions of Epistemology that complement and enrich Germanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When using history as a source of moral lessons, Glover assumes that his analysis is ethical in character and morally good. How to justify both assumptions is our aim in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some instances of the differences between the discourse politicians used to legitimate the educational reform in Argentina in the 1990s and the reality of schools by the time the Federal Law of Education was actually enacted and put into practice. These are based on a revision of magazine and newspaper articles on the specific area of technical schools. The construction of a clearly unauthentic "encouraging" framework was a tool which accompanied the implementation of the Federal Law of Education in a popular context that was in fact unfavourable to the changes proposed by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the causes of the growth in spending for the public sector in Mexico, during the period 1925 to 1976, will be investigated. The evidence is explained in terms of three approaches in the positive economics of Public Choice Theory: 1) median voter theory, 2) an institutional approach, and 3) the theory of interest groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]