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Paper is a basic material derived from organic carbon used for writing and storing information. Books, letters, maps, and official documents are written on paper and enable the transfer of information from generation to generation. Archives and libraries provide an excellent food source for many microorganisms with their organic carbon sources and as a result, they cause biodeterioration. The rate of biodeterioration, on the other hand, depends not only on the composite properties of archival materials, but also on the environment in which they are foun In this study, which was carried out to contribute to active conservation practices, microbial samples were taken from the Department of Culture and Registration. These microbial samples belong to two works with archive numbers 756 and 759, located in the archive room of the Safranbolu collection in the central library within the Foundation Records Directorate. As a biocidal product, the active ingredients were 20% chlorhexidine digluconate, 15% polyhexanide, 3.9% lactic acid, 4.5% acetic acid and 70% ethyl alcohol, respectively. The effects of biocidal products on microorganisms were investigated by the disc diffusion method. Evaluation of the effectiveness on paper, which is important for conservation, was carried out with short and long-term aging tests, colour spectroscopy and SEM fibre degradation analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflation, which refers to the decrease in purchasing power, is one of the prominent problems of the global economy. This problem affects all contracts related to money. On the other hand, Islamic law's approach towards the prohibition of interest is closely associated with the contracts. Indeed, in contracts made with paper money, the legal status of the contract becomes controversial when there is a depreciation in the value of the money before the contract is fulfilled and the debt is paid. For example, some jurists, citing the fatwa of Abu Yūsuf (d. 182/798), one of the founding leaders of the Hanafi school, on the change in the value of fels used as coins in transactions, argue that in case of fluctuations in the value of paper money, payment should be made according to the value at the date of the contract. Meanwhile, others argue that Abu Yusuf's opinion does not extend to paper money. In this study, I will analyze these two approaches by applying the qualitative research method in social sciences. As part of the analysis of the subject, I will comprehensively present and evaluate the views and approaches that appear in the contemporary literature. Then, I will discuss Abu Yusuf's view regarding the cause and subject matter of the debt. Thus, I will highlight the position of this view in the Hanafi madhhab literature based on historical data. I will also show whether this approach is valid for today's paper money. The main argument of those who claim that Abu Yusuf's approach to fels includes paper money is that paper money, like fels, has a nominal value. This means that the depreciation that is taken into account in fels is also taken into account in paper money. Another argument is that the change in value that is taken into account in fels, which is used as coins in transactions, will be taken into account in paper money, which is used as the main currency today. On the other hand, those who do not accept this approach argue that fels cannot be considered qiyamī because it is semen, and Abu Yusuf's opinion is limited to fels used as coins in transactions. According to the available data, I consider the arguments of those who claim that Abu Yūsuf's opinion on fels does not extend to paper money as problematic. Because one of the reasons given by those who hold the latter view is that fels cannot be equated with today's paper money since it was a type of coin that completed the fractions of dirhams in transactions. For example, according to the well-known Egyptian historian al-Maqrizī (d. 845/1442), fels were used not only as coins but also as the main currency. Therefore, the fluctuations in the value of fels, which functioned as the main currency, should be evaluated within the framework of Abu Yūsuf’s view. In addition, some Hanafi jurists expanded upon Abu Yūsuf’s view. For example, Ibn Ābidīn (d. 1307/1889), one of the leading figures of the late Hanafi school, in his treatise on the issue, evaluated the debased dirhams (maghlūb al-ghāsh/ مغلوب الغش (in the category of fels. This shows that Abu Yūsuf's approach is also applicable to today’s paper money. Therefore, we can say that Abu Yūsuf’s view on fels is also applicable to today's paper money. This is because Abu Yūsuf, as stated by Ibn Ābidīn, claims that fels is not produced as money and therefore has a nominal value. As a result, according to Abu Yūsuf's opinion regarding the fluctuation in the value of paper money, it is understood that those who claim that payment should be carried out based on the value on the day of the contract have a more accurate attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer of the designs to the surface of ceramic wall tiles is performed by ink-jet digital printing technology. CMYK ink colors are used in ink-jet printing technology. The similarities between hues for various color types make it difficult to come up with different designs. In this study, the development of a wall tile matte glaze recipe with high color activity, which can be worked with CMYK+Pink ink colors. Different recipes were developed by increasing the amount of calcite, dolomite, zinc oxide and magnesite ratios, respectively. Firstly, matt glaze recipes are prepared and employed on wall tile with engobe, followed by CMYK+Pink ink digital decor application. Succeeding the sintering of tiles, L,a,b color measurements of ink decorated glaze recipes were made, and it was determined that the value of 'a' increased from 15.35 to 22.18. The hue angle and chroma values of the recipies were calculated. No significant differences were observed in the color activities of the colors other than pink, and the desired pink color intensity was achieved with one of the new wall tile matte glaze recipes. It was observed that the pink color intensity increased with the increase in the amount of CaO in the content of the matte glaze recipe. The color activity of the pink color could is not obtained in the glaze recipe where the amount of ZnO increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the cash flow profiles of the companies in the paper and paper products printing sector and to investigate whether the companies showed the characteristics of the business life cycle stages. For this purpose, the cash flow profiles were determined by examining the cash flow tables of the companies in the sector according to the cash flow patterns method, and whether they reflected the characteristics of the business life cycle stages of the companies was examined. In the study, it was seen that the majority of the companies were in the maturity stage. It was concluded that tangible fixed assets and asset growth were at the highest level at the growth stage while debt growth was at the highest level at the introduction stage. In addition, it was determined that earnings per share and net profit margin indicators were at the highest level in the maturity stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper was discovered and spread to the world by the Chinese Civilization about 2000 years ago. Although electronic media is used instead of paper, the use of paper continues to be used for magazines, journals, essential documents, records, and books. Besides, the use of paper for various packages is quite high. The raw material of the paper consists mainly of wood. Hence, the use of waste paper as the raw material in the manufacture of paper is growing nowadays. As a consequence, the storage, transportation, and recycling of waste paper have become an issue of waste management. The amount of paper waste in universities, one of the public institutions, was investigated in this study. Waste papers collected from the Seyitler and City Campuses of Artvin Coruh University was tracked for one year. It was calculated from the study that a total of 2,179 kg of paper waste was obtained in one year. It was found that the monthly average per person was 0.045 kg and the annual average was 0.49 kg. It was observed that the papers were collected in a temporary storage area and given to scrap paper collectors at certain periods. This study is aimed to be a pioneering study of waste paper inventory studies to be carried out in public institutions aiming at zero waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in which the adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions with the carbonization product obtained from the carbonization of paper mill waste sludge at different temperatures for two hours, it was observed that the adsorption efficiency increased with the increase of the carbonization temperature. The adsorption efficiency of Cd(II) ions depends largely on the pH of the environment. By contacting the 100 mg/L solution of Cd(II) with the carbonization product at 300, 400 and 500 °C at a dose of 5 g/L for 240 min at pH 5.5, the current Cd(II) ions were 45.3%, 52.4% and 61% removed. These values increased to 56%, 65.3% and 73.4% when the initial concentration of Cd(II) ions was taken as 50 Mg/L. When the dose was applied as 20 g/L for the initial concentration of 100 mg/L, all of the existing Cd (II) ions (except the carbonization product at 300 °C) were adsorbed. The results obtained for each carbonization product were applied to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The cadmium adsorption kinetics were defined with a second order model and the cadmium adsorption isotherm was determined to fit the Langmuir model better. The applicability of the results to the isotherm equations and the changes in the value of the isotherm constants depending on the carbonization temperature were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to clinically and histopathologically evaluate the efficiency of different applications of medical ozone on corneal healing in the treatment of experimentally induced corneal alkali burns with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in rabbits. For this purpose, 6 mm diameter filter paper impregnated with 1 N NaOH was applied to the central cornea of only the right eyes of 32 New Zealand rabbits for 1 min. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. The treatment continued for 21 days at three-day intervals. The first group was left as the control group (K) and was not applied medical ozone. The control group received no treatment. Subconjunctival ozonated blood was applied to the second group (M). Subconjunctival medical ozone was applied to the third group (S). Major autohemotherapy was applied to the fourth group (O). As a result of clinical and histopathological evaluations, highest degree of regeneration and healing findings in corneal tissues were in the M group. This was followed by O and S groups, respectively. The highest corneal tissue damage was observed in the cases belonging to group K. The cases closest to normal stromal thickness belonged to group M. It was noted that the K group had the highest stromal thickness and the farthest value from normal. In the light of the clinical, statistical and histopathological findings, different application techniques of medical ozone treatment in corneal alkali burn were found to significantly reduce complications compared to the control group and accelerate corneal reepithelization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A4 paper is the most widely used paper type that is produced by using wood-free writing & printing paper with the least amount of wood in its structure. A4 size paper is produced by cutting large and long rolls in width and length directions. The construction of this machine is not made in Turkey. In this study, a prototype designed for a paper cutting machine is presented. For this prototype, step motors are used that can be set at different speeds and polyamide rollers are used to transfer the paper from one line to another without tearing. Some problems that is encountered for the designed paper cutting machine are discussed and some analyses are made to solve these problems. It has been found that the misalignment of the shaft axes during the transfer of the paper and the not suitable construction of the shafts causes the non-uniform cutting of the paper. It is also observed that the speed of the motor must the paper adjusted at an appropriate rate, to avoid the stretch and break of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to introduce Theory of Semiotic Mediation, which is a theory regarding mathematics teaching, in Turkey and provide an example for its practice. After describing the main characteristics and concepts of the theory, semiotic potential of a sheet of paper, which was chosen as an artifact of Theory of Semiotic Mediation, was analyzed in paper folding activities in order to discuss the practice of the theory and also the signs were analyzed that occurred in the building and conceptual constructing of quadrilaterals with only one symmetry axe (isosceles trapezoid and rhombus). The study was a case study which was carried out with 35 students who were studying in 10th grade. The students were divided into groups of four and five. Only one groups’ activity was reported in this paper. The analysis of the semiotic potential of paper folding showed that it was an artifact that helps students to reconstruct concepts such symmetry and equality by means of coincide and crease and to think deeply on the characteristics of quadrilaterals like rectangle, square, trapezoid and etc. which students have already known. The paper has properties that can be used as an artifact of the Semiotic Mediation Theory. In order to be used the mentioned theory in classes, it was founded that teachers’ guidance role was quite essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, investigates recycling possibilities of office paper in archive form (stored for at least 5 years). These papers are mostly made by burning. This is to destroy tons of paper raw materials. These papers may be presented with a simple pulping or recycling with small fractionation. This will contribute greatly to the country's economy. The study will also look at the physical and optical properties of these papers. These papers are likely to lose fiber resistance and brightness due to the physical conditions (humidity, temperature) and the mushrooms and insects. In addition, loss of the shine and resistance of the fibers will come to the fore when the ink is removed from these papers. How much of these losses are in the study will be investigated. This will be done in conjunction with a number of applications to compensate for losses. With these operations, tons of waste paper raw materials will be obtained and new waste white office paper will be produced with the desired quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive Care Units (ICU) are units where vital support with advanced technology is given to critically ill patients and multidisciplinary approaches are frequently applied. As we all see during the pandemic, the ICU beds are limited in number; therefore, appropriate use of ICU beds is very important to give the necessary treatment to patients on time while allocating the resources rationally and efficiently. Practices to be implemented for this purpose may cause conflicts between the patients, relatives of the patients, the society and the healthcare team. It is crucial to prevent these conflicts and to ensure that they are resolved properly when they arise. This policy paper prepared by Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infection (Klimik), Turkish Society of Intensive Care and Turkish Bioethics Association brings suggestions to physicians and healthcare administrators regarding the rational use of intensive care units. We presume that it will be effective as supported by the professional organizations and medical associations operating in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to find out the factors that are likely to increase the citation impact of Turkey-addressed international papers. Method: For this purpose, we downloaded bibliographic records of some 226,000 TR-addressed papers that were published between 2006 and 2015, there from selected a sample (2%) using stratified probabilistic sampling technique, and obtained relevant data from various sources such as the number of citations and coauthors, journal impact factors (JIF) and journal quartiles pertaining to each paper in the sample. We then identified 19 independent variables on article, journal, cooperation, support and access levels and analyzed the data using the hurdle model. Findings: The strongest factors increasing the number of citations of TR-addressed papers are five-year JIFs and journal quartiles (Q1) in which TR-addressed papers appeared and the number of references in papers' reference lists. These factors also reduce the number of papers with zero citations. Papers published in cooperation with other countries collect higher numbers of citations. Factors such as the subjects of papers, whether papers received monetary support or not, and methods by which papers can be accessed (open or closed access) have no impact on the number of citations received. Implications: Findings indicate that academic promotion and support policies encouraging publishing in high impact journals while forestalling publishing in low impact journals should be developed in order to increase the scientific impact of TR-addressed papers. Originality: This is the first study using hurdle model to investigate the direct impact of several article, journal, collaboration, monetary support and access level explanatory variables on the number of citations that TR-addressed papers receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman State was in a condition of insufficient preparation as it entered the First World War, which would determine its fate. This war had brought domestic production to a halt and created great obstacles to imported products. In this war, which started in 1914 and lasted for four years, the state suffered great losses in terms of economic, military, political and humanity, while the people behind the war suffered great scarcity. Especially in basic consumer products such as flour, milk, cheese and butter, prices increased excessively. This scarcity and price increase were not limited to food and other essential necessities. As a matter of fact, the scarcity of paper, which is a significant material in education, was felt seriously in this period. The fact that the available paper stocks were finished in a short time and the lack of paper caused the education, press and broadcasting activities to be disrupted. Even, the lack of paper reached the level that would prevent the usual activities in government offices. In this study, the paper scarcity that emerged in many parts of the state, especially in Istanbul during the war period between 1914-1918, attempts to supply the paper, the influences of the lack of paper and the activities of the Manager of the Government Printing Office, Mr. Ismail Hamit will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the increase of industry rapidly, water pollution was caused Especially, the pollution of nature with random industrial wastewater were affected all living and non-living organism. For the sollution of this problem, after treatment wastewater were purified by industrial mills used intensive water. The paper mills are also the one of the industries which use the water intensive. In these mills consisted of waste sludge. This sludge is left to nature with backwashing water. It is thought that it contributes to the national economy by evaluating the sludge in the waste way. In this way, waste sludge also by entering recycle will have transformed again a helpful case for both people and nature. In this study, waste sludge obtained from Kahramanmaraş Paper Mill (KMK), which processes wastepaper, was used. After various processes, clay, calcium carbonate, starch, resin etc. Were added to this slurry to produce the material. Then, press was applied to these materials. Then these materials were dried. Finally, laboratory tests were performed for all produced materials. As a result of the tests carried out with the waste sludge added to the wastepaper mixture in the specified ratios; breakage index value and burst index value of 5% of waste sludge participation max. has reached the value. On the other hand, cobb and air permeability values decreased while ash value increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid developments and innovations in information technologies necessitated transformation in accounting practices. In this process, accounting applications were moved from paper to electronic environment and applications such as e-invoice, e-ledger, e-declaration, e-reconciliation came into effect. Thanks to this transformation, the functions of accounting became faster, easier and less costly. In this ever-increasing environment of rapid development and change, it has become very important for professional accountants to follow new technological developments and renew their knowledge according to the requirements of the age. In this research, it is aimed to determine the technology usage levels of accounting professionals. For this purpose, a research was carried out on the members of the profession operating in the Gaziantep region. Questionnaire method was used in the research. As a result of the research, it has been determined that technological products are very important in professional work for the majority of professional accountants and the biggest obstacle in the adoption of Industry 4.0 in the field of accounting is customer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the increasing competition is forcing companies to make more consistent and accurate decisions about supplier selection. When the paper production sector is discussed, cellulose which is the main raw material for paper production is obtained from various suppliers. In addition, the supplier selection decision has a complex structure that includes many qualitative and quantitative criteria and a large number of decision makers. By the way, there are feedback and mutual interactions within the problem. For these reasons, Analytical Network Process method has been preferred as a solution method in this study. Using the relevant method, four different alternative suppliers have been evaluated in terms of the four most commonly used criteria (quality, price, delivery and service) in the literature and the sub-criteria of these criteria and the best alternative has been chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible, free-standing and durable highly rough NiS/rGO composite paper electrode was prepared with a simple electrochemical deposition of NiS structures on the surface of the rGO paper electrode. NiS/rGO composite paper electrode was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Xray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Asprepared NiS/rGO composite paper was used for the electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA). The rough and the ball-like NiS nanostructures on the rGO paper electrode surface greatly increased the catalytic performance of the paper electrode by providing a large active surface area. AA was detected on NiS/rGO composite paper with a wide linear range from 1.0 to 800 μM, a low detection limit of 0.7 μM (S/N=3) and a high sensitivity. Besides, the electrochemical tests showed that the composite paper electrode is very stable, flexible and durable at the atmospheric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, free-standing MnO2 coated reduced graphene oxide (MnO2/rGO) paper with high flexibility and durability was prepared. As-prepared MnO2/rGO paper was characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of dopamine (DA) was investigated on flexible MnO2/rGO paper with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry methods. Electrochemical results have shown that the flexible MnO2/rGO paper electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity to DA due to its high specific surface area. In addition, the obtained flexible electrochemical sensor showed a wide linear range, a low detection limit and a very sensitive response for the amperometric determination of DA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I feel like I need to put emphasis on the verb barındır- in detail because I frequently came across with this verb in scientific papers, thesis studies, essays and notices; and I also realized that the verb barındır- was used instead of other verbs which have a different and detailed meaning. Therefore; I increased the number of examples that I found in thesis studies and essays, which I directly examined, as well as the general network through which I searched for the verb barındır- and I made an assessment over these examples. During this search, the verb barındır- which was used in a few essays on law, foreign language teaching and tourism apart from the knowledge of state of being Turkish was also included in the examples. I did not explain the sources of the examples due to scientific ethics. Prior to the essay, semantic fields of simple and derived versions of the verb in its historical process were indicated; opinions about the root and stem meaning of this verb were evaluated; examples in which the researchers preferred the verb barındır- in today's scientific papers were shown, then it was tried to prove that the verb shelter and the verb barındır- was initially used in the meaning of "being present in a place, earning one's keep, sheltering, supplying an accommodation for someone to live" while this meaning has recently been expanded to new connotations which are closely related to the main meaning. When the researchers, for whatever reason, used the verb barı-/barındır- differently from its meaning in the past, it caused a semantic extension; and the verbs which had a semantic extension were digressed from their own areas of use by being included within the conceptual field of the verb barındır-. This study has been written up for throwing light upon this instant / simultaneous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, first of all, pulping processes were applied on white A4 office paper which was applied laser printing. Then, mixtures were prepared in the proportions determined on the pulped office papers. In this pulping and mixture preparation process, different ratios of chemicals and enzymes were utilized. As chemical substances, oleic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, calcium chloride and hydrogen peroxide were used and cellulase, xylanase, amylase and β-gluconase were used as enzyme. Then, ultrasound effect was examined. Finally, the pulp suspension was removed from the inks by flotation. At the end of all these processes, wastewater analysis was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an important in put for economic and industrial development and an indispensable production input for the continuation of the production process. In a very large part of economic and social life, electrical energy is widely used because of its easy usage and other advantages. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the production of paper and paper products and the gross national product, which is an indicator of economic growth, on the consumption of electricity by panel data analysis. For this purpose, a panel data set was established for 20 OECD countries between 2006 and 2016 from Eurostat and Wordbank. Crosssectional dependence, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation assumptions were tested for the model and deviations from the assumptions were observed. Parameters were estimated using the Driscoll-Kraay estimators, which are resistant to these deviations. As a result of the analysis, it was found that an increase of 1% in the production of paper and paper products increased the electrical energy consumption by 0.22%, the increase of 1% in the per capita gross domestic product increased approximately 0.62% in electricity consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of private archives determines a planned process required to be done in accordance with the archiving method and techniques according to the type and contents of the documents they hold. Determination of the archival value of the document or material that adds the quality of being private to an archive sets the fundamental aim of the materials or documents within the private archive should be determined. However they have been acquired, for the later similar processes in the classification of such archives to be understood the terminology, applied method and techniques should be clearly explained and recorded. Especially the person archives are examples where more delicate work should be done in this regard. In these samples, where generally document based work is needed, person, person's family, kith and kin, work life, socio-economic status and similar properties can be surfaced via documents and materials. Via terminology and applied methods used accurately, these private archives can be presented to the interest of the public as archives with local, national and international value. The person archive of which the classification and regulation procedures are tried to be explained in the stud, was taken for supervision in 2016 and classification works have continued until November 2018. The archive classified according to 11 main records / material type(s), consists of documents/materials produced and taken in between 1899-1990. Each main type is organized according to the proper techniques to reveal the access and relations within itself. In the classification and arrangement work, the document type, method, equipment and legal terminology are defined based on literature considering the understanding of the process and that it can be example for the similar later works. In this regard, the basic aim of the work is determined as the explanation of the terminology and archiving methods needed to be used in classification and arrangement process of a private archive with examples. classification. For the fulfillment of this aim the types, production goals, relations of the [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition, had been feeling deeply even in small market shares because of disappearing economic boundaries, can be turned into advantage by using sources efficiently and productively. Competition advantage depends on manufacturing more output by using lesser input and using it efficiently. The aim of the study is to compare 16 firms in Paper and Paper Products, Printing and Publishing Industry, publicly traded in İMKB, with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input and output variables using in analysis were chosen among financial ratios, which have been using in common. As a result of the study, applied by using data of 2012, average efficiency score of sector was determined as 60.8% and HÜRRİYET, KOZA, DURAN DOĞAN and DENTAŞ use their sources precisely efficient and they were determined as reference firms. Required potential development ratios were calculated in order that the firms can be efficient and necessary suggestions were offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitated lot sizing is a frequently encountered production-planning problem in manufacturing companies. However, many real life factors are usually not taken into account during the model development phase for these problems. In this study, an integrated lot-sizing and scheduling problem of a paper bag production firm is considered. A mixed integer mathematical programming model is proposed for modeling and solving the problem. Setup cost/time between product and period changes are considered in the proposed model. It is aimed to minimize the total cost of production, holding inventory, backorder, procurement and setup for product type change and product period change. It is observed that productive utilization of manufacturing resources and the generation of more effective production plans are possible by the application of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mantra of a new homeland, a new society, a new state, in which Kemalist republicanism manifested itself, corresponds to such a moment of transformation. The emergence of a brandnew regime comes with a specific ideological program. Thus, Kemalism is the name of this ideological program following the Turkish War of Independence. Yet, the mere exposition of an ideological program is not enough on its own. In this respect, Kemalism needs to unify society around its ideological program. Hence, the need for an intellectual class has arisen. In order to facilitate social mobilization around the Kemalist doctrine, there was a necessity to organize educators and nurture new generations. The ideological background that shaped all this policy-making developed under the very influence of the corporatist vision. An important function is attributed to these social organizations shaped by corporatism. This paper will question the function of the Halkevi, which were established as corporatist social bodies under the One-Party rule, in the formation of new generations. The paper will also investigate how the nationalist conservative figures raised in Adana Halkevi evolved into anti-communist intelligentsia, subsequent to the transition to Multi-Party Life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This notice of correction was written on the detection that some of the journals in the paper entitled "A Research on Turkey-Addressed Dropped Journals from Web of Science" were not removed from the Web of Science. This was mainly due to the change of names of journals and their ISSNs. Since the information about the journals that were removed from the Web of Science were obtained from Clarivate Analytics, there were some erroneous information about these journals in the aforementioned study. The "Findings and Discussion" part of this study was rewritten after the corrections. The new analyses and corrections do not change the basic findings of the study, as well as its results. The authors of the study apologize to all the stakeholders regarding the previous version of the study because of their using of the Clarivate Analytics data, which led to the impression that some journals were not included in the Web of Science, although they are in fact still being indexed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, paper processing residues containing a large extent cellulosic fibrous with inorganic filler such as calcite and clay minerals were used in the manufacturing of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite. The residues ranging from 10 to 60wt% were loaded into HDPE in order to evaluate the effect of the paper processing residue filler on mechanical properties of HDPE. The composites were produced using mixing process by a high-speed thermo-kinetic mixer and molding process. Mechanical properties of the produced composites were analyzed using standard test methods. According to results, it was observed that the flexural modulus of composites increased with increasing filler contents. Especially, the flexural strength was increased by 26.3% for the 40wt% filler content. The tensile strength of paper industry mill residues filled HDPE composites exhibited an increase of 10-20% compared to that of HDPE matrix. Consequently, in the present study, paper processing residues filler without any modifying agent was used for the production of HDPE composites having better mechanical properties compared to HDPE. Thus, paper processing residues which have no economic value and cause an environmental problem have served as a filler material for HDPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most basic requirement of our modern age is the use of technology. The educational process is directly affected by these requirements and relevant changes. Especially the materials used in the educational processes are replaced mostly with the technology-based materials. The smart boards that have replaced the black boards, the tablet PCs that are candidates to replace the books and notebooks of the students are among the most concrete indicators of this change. The purpose of the study is to determine the understanding levels of the Primary School 4th Graders on the texts, whose readability levels are the same, read from paper and from the screen, and to reveal the viewpoints of the teachers and students on reading from the screen. For this purpose, the results of the Success Test applied to the students about the texts read from the paper and from the screen, and the viewpoints of the teachers and students on reading from the screen were evaluated. The study was conducted with thirty-nine 4th Grade students of a Primary School located in Yenimahalle County of Ankara, and three Class Teachers who worked at the same school. The students and the teachers were selected with the Random Sampling method. Printed texts and texts in digital medium whose readability levels were the same were used in the study to collect the data. In addition to this, structured interviews were made with the students and the teachers. The numerical data of the study were analyzed with the SPSS 15 Package Program. The interview questions were analyzed with the Content Analysis Method. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that there was a significant difference between reading from printed material and from the screen, and the academic success levels of the students in favor of the reading from printed material. In addition, it was also determined that there were differences between the teacher and student viewpoints on reading from printed material and from screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study operating pressure driven systems which is known their efficiency in literature, for paper and pulp industry wastewaters in batch conditions were executed by using NFloose/NFtight membrane combination. The batch NFloose/NFtight experiments were respectively applied at 12 and 20 bars by conventional membrane filtration process, at a stirring rate of 300 cycle/min, at pH 10 and at a temperature of 25 °C. Determination of most suitable membrane at batch operating conditions were made by using 8 different membranes (for NFloose NP010, NFG, MPF36 and CK3001 and for NFtight NP030, NF270, DS-5DK, ESNA) through organic matter removal and filtrate flux values. In NFloose membranes at a filtrate flux of 4.12 L/m² h removal of 61.0% TOC and 76.9% COD and MPF36 membrane was determined to be best NFloose membrane. The filtrate water obtained by MPF36 were later passed through NFtight membranes. In all NFtight membranes generally the organic matter removal efficiency was good and ESNA was selected to be the best membrane in terms of effluent quality by obtaining organic matter removal at rates of 93.9% TOC and 94.2% COD with 10.05 L/m² h filtrate flux. From this point of view, in short term operation of paper wastewaters by pressure driven NFloose/NFtight integrated membrane system, it was seen that good quality of outlet water with 7.15 pH and a conductivity coefficient of 144 μS/cm and at 13 mg/L TOC and 28 mg/L COD concentrations could be obtained also that good quality of reuse water could be produced in terms of aimed effluent water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of study was to determine some properties of tissue papers and identify the position in Turkey. Napkins, toilet papers and paper towels used in this study were supplied from 5 different companies. Physical and optical properties of these papers were investigated and compared them to each other. Grammage, moisture content, crepe, bulk, density, tensile strength, thickness, water retention value and water absorption time were determined as physical properties and brightness and whiteness values were measured as optical properties. According to obtained results, the best results in physical and optical properties of napkins, toilet papers and paper towels belong to C, E and A Company, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the paper and screen reading skills of the 4th-grade elementary students according to some variants. 102 students in total from four schools in Çanakkale Province participated in the research. Research data were gathered by Reading Skills Scale developed by Obalar (2009) and Screen Reading Preference Levels Scale validity and credibility tests of which is carried out by the researchers. In the research, students were made to read texts which are at the same level from the paper one by one in different environments, 2 observers evaluated the reading skills of the students and the data was obtained by applying Screen Reading Preference Levels Scale to the same students. Analysis of the data was carried out by SPSS 21.0 programme. While the analysis of the data was carried out in line with the sub-goals, as for the descriptive analyses, results of frequency, percentage, arithmetic average and standard deviation are used as descriptive statistics. After the hypothesis testing, it was decided to carry out Pearson correlation test for relationship analyses, independent sample t-Test for the difference analyses in accordance with gender variable, Kruskall Wallis H test for difference analysis in accordance with the weekly time to read books variables. The significance level was taken to be (p), 05.It was suggested that screen reading preference levels did notdemonstrate a meaningful difference according to the gender variant, paper reading skill levels demonstrated a meaningful difference according to the gender variant in favour of female students. It was understood that 82,4% of the students preferred screen reading at a medium level and paper reading skill levels of 49% of the students were at a partially sufficient level as well. Also, a meaningful relationship between the weekly time to read books and screen reading preference was not found, and a relationship which is in a positive direction, meaningful at a small level emerged between the weekly time to read books and paper reading skills. There isn't a meaning relationship between students' weekly time to read books and screen reading preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rags used in the papermaking as raw materialis collected from garbage or second hand cloths from households. In the nineteenth century, the paper production technology developed and it simultaneously caused an increase in the demand for rags. The domination of England and the USA in the paper industry also made them the largest importers of the material. As a result of the competition between the two countries, the rag prices increased in Europe and some European countries prohibited the rag exporting for protecting their paper industries. Therefore the two countries turned towards the Ottoman port cities. This study primarily aims to examine the papermaking and rag sector in the Ottoman Empire and to understand how the internal market was affected and fluctuated after the Western countries' interest in the Ottoman rag market. Afterwards it aims to follow how this sector transformed and organized in the cities with the capital inflowing. In addition, the paper puts forward some views on the formal and informal line of papermaking industry and rag pickers, relationship between the sector and municipal sanitary reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study proportional integral derivative control of pH which is the output variable of paper mill wastewater treatment process with electrocoagulation has been performed. Flow rates of 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions have been chosen as manipulated variables. Firstly dynamic analysis and system identification studies have been carried out. pH data was collected by giving step changes to acid and base flow rates and auto regressive moving average with external input models were obtained by using recursive least squares method for each process where pH affected by acid and base flow rates respectively. Models were used in theoretical proportional integral derivative control program coded in MATLAB to determine optimum proportional integral derivative controller parameters by trial and error method. These parameters were then used in real time proportional integral derivative controller coded in MATLAB/Simulink to perform experimental studies. When coordinated control is applied to process by using acid and base flow rates as manipulated variables, pH value ranged from 5 to 11 and it is shown that the highest removal efficiency of turbidity and colour are 98.6% and 99.4%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to elaborately describe the Chaghatai manuscripts at the library of the Uzbek Zawiya in Jerusalem. The images of the manuscripts digitalized by the Hill Museum and Manuscript Library are used for this purpose. All the data based on the photos are compared with the information provided by both the printed and digital catalogs prepared for the manuscripts. Identified deficiencies have been completed and errors have been corrected. This paper consists of an introduction and three main chapters. Aspects making Jerusalem sacred for Muslims, the fact that Jerusalem has been a holy route for Muslim dervishes and pilgrims throughout history, and the lodges and quarters built in this city during the reign of the Ottomans for dervishes and pilgrims who came from around the Muslim world, particularly Central Asia, are stated in the introduction. The location, architecture, services, and history of the Uzbek Zawiya, which was one of the destinations of visitors who transported various cultural goods from their homeland to Jerusalem, are mentioned in the first chapter. The library of the zawiya, comprised of manuscripts transported here from different Islamic areas, is expressed in the second chapter. The Chagatai manuscripts at the library are described in the third chapter. Manuscripts, including Chagatai texts, are elaborately explained in every way, and transcribed texts taken from samples of the manuscripts are presented in the last chapter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stress, defined as a situation where the financial system is under pressure and disruptions occur in the normal functioning of financial markets, adversely affects markets through various channels, leading to the emergence of uncertainty and a slowdown in economic activity. This study investigates the impact of financial stress on the Istanbul Stock Exchange sector stock market. As part of the research, the Financial Stress Index has been considered as the indicator of financial stress, while the Istanbul Stock Exchange sector stock market includes the Istanbul Stock Exchange Banks, Electricity, Financials, Service, Holdings & Investments, Chemical, Petroleum & Plastic, Leasing and Factoring, Securities Investment Trusts, Primary Metal, Non-Metallic Minerals, Metal Products & Machinery, Wood, Paper & Printing, Industrial, Insurance, Textile & Leather, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Tourism, Transportation, Food & Beverage indices, in addition to the Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index. The dataset consists of monthly/closing data for the period March 1997-September 2022. According to the causality test results of Fourier Toda-Yamamoto (2016), a causality relationship has been found from financial stress towards the Istanbul Stock Exchange 100, Banks, Financials, Holdings & Investments, Chemical, Petroleum & Plastic, Securities Investment Trusts, Primary Metals, Non-Metallic Minerals, Metal Products & Machinery, Wood, Paper & Printing, Insurance, Textile & Leather, Wholesale & Retail Trade, and Tourism indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project of modernity, which started in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, turned into a planned action in the country with the Republic of Turkey. In this context, within the project of modernity, planned development for economic independence and the development of industry were given importance. The İzmir Economy Congress (1927) and the First Five-Year Industry Plan (1934) ensured the realization of industrial investments in this process. These investments were seen as the elements that sustain the revolutions and the basic requirements for economic/social development and were realized by the state. As one of the first steps in the modernization process of the country, the Kocaeli SEKA Paper Factory area is a concrete example where the stages of this process can be followed. With the global crisis in the second half of the 20th century, the service sector began to become a predominant sector in industrial cities. Industrial areas, which used to be located in city centers in the past, started to be decentralized towards the periphery. In this process, production areas in city centers began to lose their usability in terms of both location and production due to technological obsolescence. With its locations covering large areas in city centers, it has become attractive in terms of new uses. The need to maintain these areas, which are also important in terms of urban history, except for their original functions, but maintaining the value created by the original function, has revealed the concept of industrial heritage. After the transfer of the SEKA area, whose functioning ended, to the municipality in 2005, it was aimed to reuse. This area, which is important for the history of the city, needs to be evaluated within the scope of the concept of industrial heritage, apart from its original functions, but maintaining the value created by the original function. In this study, the coastline, historical and industrial structures of SEKA, which affects the social and economic structure of the city, will be evaluated especially with the implementation of the Sekapark Urban Transformation Project. In addition, in order to ensure the effective and efficient use of the whole area, suggestions have been developed regarding the buildings and areas that have relatively limited use in the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suleyman Fawzi Pasha, living during XII-XIII. Century is one of the significant bureaucrats in the Ottoman Empire. Known as a statesman, Suleyman Fawzi Pasha has a lot of papers on the Islamic Sciences. In this work, we will try to present the critical edition of the paper "Tafsîru Qawlihi Taâlâ Fa in Lam Ya'tazilukum", the subject of which is the critics of the interpretation of al-Baydawi on Q 16. 91. In the first part of the paper, after giving information about the life and works of Suleyman Fawzi, we will pass the paper mentioned in review with regard to the form and content. In the final part, a critical edition of the paper by Suleyman Fawzi is to be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to minimize the concentration obtained after the concentrate flow resulting from continuous operation of the NFloose/NFtight membrane filtration is treated through a hybrid Advanced Oxidation (Fenton and photo- Fenton)/submerged UF processes. With the MPF-36/ESNA membrane filtration, 71 mg/L COD and 19 mg/L TOC values were obtained in the final effluent. The treatment of the resultant concentrate current with the IOP/submerged UF hybrid processes, it was observed that UVC-submerged UF process provided the best performance. TOC and COD values in the UF effluent were found to be close to the values of the raw paper wastewater used and it was determined that it could be fed to the NFloose input. Thus, while water recovery is ensured, it was also observed that the minimization of the membrane concentrate through hybrid process will achieve significant contributions to concentrate waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally used major techniques for creating pattern with dye on fabric surfaces are printing application using metal and wood, stencil techniques, and resist dying, which is also known as tie-dying, stich and wax resist techniques. In addition to those techniques, recently use of mabling on fabric surfaces, also referred to as paper ornamental art, has become widespread. Tokat, Kastamonu, Ankara, Bartın and Mardin were important hubs where block printing was applied intensively. In Malatya and particularly Adıyaman, aprons which were worked on with wax resist or batik-dying namely "Bervanik" and those made with tie-dying had been used in Bursa Keles for women dressing. Today, changing life conditions and life style, and comsumer preferences have led to subtantial changes in this field as in all branches of traditional art. Furthermore, mass production has taken the place of the artisanal works. However, traditional printing techniques have been used for original designs by the artists. In this presentation, new designs that are made using traditional printing techniques used alone or with other ones will be highlighted.t. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The dynamic of the scientific publications attracts the interest of scientific world. Concerning this fact, there are significant growths in the number of research papers are utilized indicating publication rates in recent years. In this study, the scientific publication performance of Turkey and the other countries in plastic surgery fields has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: We search the literature in "ISI Web of Science" database concerning the plastic surgery field in the last ten years. Results: According to the our study, main contributions to plastic surgery publications comes from USA, England and Japan. Indeed there is a minimal fluctuation in the total number of publications from Turkey throughout years; there are an increased number of citations in the last years. Conclusion: The increased number of the citations to the publications from Turkey may indicate that quality of the publications increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigaton was performed to determine the relative effects of additives on the performance of plaster products. Sanitaryware casting slip were prepared using paper plant residue. During the casting the reology of the slip were staied. Solutions were prepared using %2,5, %5, %10 paper plant residue. 19ort he casting slip, water absorbtion, bending strength, bulk density and lost of weight were tested. Several results can be taken from this research. By looking the result of strength, water absorbtion, lost of weight, porosity, bulk density, ultrasonic test and fluidity of products is observed different behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on tourist guiding in the books of National Tourism Congresses between 1990 and 2015 have been evaluated within the scope of several parameters. In this context, the purposes of this study are to reveal general features of tourist guiding literature and make it easier for the researchers of this area to be studied. Frequency and percentage analysis of collected data were conducted after they were loaded to statistical analysis package software. As a result of the analysis, it was obvious that the highest number of papers were published in the 15th National Tourism Congress. With regards to the number of writers, works with two authors were the majority. The most frequently used key words in the papers were "tourism" and "tourism guiding". The first and second writers were found to be working at the University of Balıkesir and the most studied subject was education in the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientific article including limitations, their results and the ways how these results can be reduced has invaluable importance in terms of researchers, readers, society, scientific progress and the quality of scientific papers. However, in our country, particularly in the field of health, theoretical knowledge on this subject is rather limited. The purpose of this review article is to demonstrate the importance of limitations section in scientific articles, its characteristics, what kind of limitations researchers may encounter in scientific research process, and the ways that can be followed to overcome them. It appears that limitations section is mostly ignored; either not written at all or incomplete or poorly written in the present articles in the field of health including the ones in our country. Moreover, there is no information about the results caused by the limitations and the ways to reduce or eliminate them. This situation adversely affects the validity, reliability and generalizability of the research findings. Such a result is related to the knowledge, writing skills, perspectives, and approaches of the authors, the editorial policy of periodicals and the assessment of editors and peer reviewers. If there are limitations in scientific articles and graduation theses, they must absolutely be written and guidelines and instructions regarding correct writing of this section should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the Organizational Support Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, it is aimed to explore the mediating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) in the relationship between supervisor incivility (SI) and co-worker incivility (CI) on employee performance (EP). Data were gathered from 4- and 5-star hotel employees in İstanbul to test aforesaid associations. In this paper, structural equation modelling (AMOS 23.0) was performed to gauge the direct links and mediating effects of variables. According to the research results, SI and CI have a negative effect on EP. As hypothesized, POS has a mediating effect in the relationship between SI and EP. Based on these results, it is important for hotels to provide support to the employees (e.g. rules of civility, organizational climate, employee satisfaction). Employees who feel POS would ignore uncivil behaviour shown by their supervisors or supervisors would exhibit civil behaviour and therefore the performance of the employees would increase. Although there are plenty of empirical studies on workplace incivility, evidences that deal with the relationship SI, CI, EP and POS together are still scanty. This study has a target to fill in these voids by gauging the abovementioned relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to understand the trends of scientific publications in the field of "tourism education" in the world and to reveal how authors, institutions and countries interact with each other in studies in the field of tourism. In this study, bibliometric analysis, which is described as both qualitative and quantitative research methods, was used. In this context, international publications (articles, papers, book chapters, etc.) published between 1987-2023 were examined within certain parameters (author, number of publications, keywords, country, etc.). Related scientific publications were searched in the Web of Science database on 11.07.2023 using the keyword "tourism education". As a result of the search, a total of 307 international scientific publications were reached. The VOSviewer software program was used to analyse these publications within the determined parameters. As a result of both the information provided by the Web of Science database and the analyses made, it has been determined that the most studies on tourism education belong to 2021 and the most references to 2022. It is seen that the majority of the studies conducted within the scope of the subject are in the type of articles and the English language is mostly used in the publications. It was concluded that the concepts of "tourism education", "education" and "tourism" are frequently used as keywords in the studies. The United States of America and the People's Republic of China have contributed to the development of the existing literature as the countries that publish the most on this topic. In addition, it has been determined that the studies on tourism education are mostly carried out in the fields of educational research and accommodation, leisure and sports tourism. In this context, a general evaluation of tourism education within the scope of international literature has been made in the study and a perspective has been presented to the new studies planned to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity is an important concept that is directly related to psychological well-being and is mentioned in many theories of clinical psychology. Different psychological theories have various views on the definition of authenticity. While varying definitions according to the theory enrich the view of authenticity, they can also make it difficult to work within a common conceptualization of the concept. This paper reviewed the literature to summarize the different definitions of authenticity and unite them in a common ground. Discussing why authenticity would be important for clinical psychology practice and research and framing the role of psychotherapy in ensuring authenticity were also included in the scope of the study. Considering the commonalities among the theories examined in the study, it can be said that authenticity is shaped by many factors, such as temperament, life experiences, interaction with caregivers, and environment, and can develop throughout life. In addition, it was also inferred that authenticity, which is closely related to psychological health, should be addressed and included in interventions by mental health professionals and researchers working in the field. In this context, it was deduced that it would be important for psychotherapists to discuss and work on authenticity in sessions, regardless of the approach they work with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous weapon systems, as new generation military technologies, are the subject of discussions in many areas such as security, law and ethics. The study aims to test whether non-governmental organizations are successful in mobilizing states to legally regulate autonomous weapon systems. In this context, the working papers of the Government Experts Group meetings and the reports and studies (research, surveys, etc.) of international non-governmental organizations were examined, and the decisions taken at the meetings were compared with the reports. Qualitative research method was used in the study. In the study, the studies carried out to establish legal regulations fell behind the pace of technological development. In this regard, it has been concluded that non-governmental organizations are effective but insufficient in mobilizing states regarding autonomous weapon systems. The study is the first to examine the contributions of non-governmental organizations to the global debate on autonomous weapon systems and claims to fill the gap in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel operational amplifier (op-amp) model was created by redesigning the internal structure of conventional op-amp (ua741 family) circuit element with the linear dopant drift TiO2 memristor (LDDTM) emulator model. The optimized operating conditions and states of this novel op-amp model were determined. The memristor based op-amp model was used as an amplifier element in the phase shift oscillator (PSO) circuit which is one of the RC oscillators. With the novel new phase shift oscillator, the oscillation settling time, start time, fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis and their effects on the output parameters are investigated both experimentally and simulated. The new oscillator model novel in this study is evaluated in detail not only in the middle frequency region, but also in the high and low frequency regions. In addition, the efficiency of these circuits has been merged with the experimental circuits, and the accuracy and practicality of the novel op-amp model has been comprehensively studied theoretically and supported by simulation and experimental results. Finally, both experimental and simulation results of the oscillator circuits realized with the novel op-amp model are shown in detail in tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ductility and energy absorption characteristics of concrete-filled steel tube columns (CFSTCCs) make these columns a good choice. In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element method (FEM) (3DFEM) modeling, and simplified numerical modeling results, are compared to those of the computation methods presented in previous studies on estimating the ultimate load capacity of circular stub concrete-filled steel tube composite columns (CFSTCCs). Another comparison between practical design methodology approaches based on advanced analyses, namely, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), relevance vector machine (RVM), and artificial neural network (ANN)-based models were also presented by Avci-Karatas. In order to improve the accuracy of the modeling process and achieve more precise predictions, a thorough set of experimental data was collected. This data encompassed the geometrical and mechanical properties of circular CFSTCC, including parameters such as height, diameter, thickness, steel yield stress, unconfined concrete strength, and Young's modulus for steel. In the present study, it is found that the predicted ultimate axial compression load capacity of circular stub CFSTCCs based on 3D-FEM, numerical modeling, and MARS, RVM, and ANN-based modeling is comparable with the experimentally measured values. In the MARS-based model, the minimum and maximum values of the predicted-to-experimental ultimate axial load ratios (PuMARS / PuE) were found to range from 0.87 to 1.10. For the RVM-based model, the ratios (PuRVM/PuE) varied between 0.90 and 1.06. Similarly, in the ANN-based model, the ratios (PuANN / PuE) ranged from 0.92 to 1.04. As powerful statistical modeling tools as MARS- and RVM-based models are, ANN-based models, achieve high computational efficiency in terms of accuracy in the context of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]