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The impact of artificial intelligence on people’s lives is demonstrated today. Previous literature has shown that the use of a specific technology is directly linked to the individuals’ intention to use it. The aim of this paper is to study the factors that determine the adoption and use of artificial intelligence and big data in Spain, using a research model based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), proposed by Venkatesh et al. (2003). This work addresses the specific gap in the validation of the original theoretical model of UTAUT in two dimensions, with respect to the adoption of artificial intelligence by citizens and with respect to the factors that influence this adoption, evaluating the previous ones and proposing some new ones considering the current context. The methodology used is based on a national survey, and it analyzes the research model using the statistical technique of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), which details the mediating and moderating relationships between constructs. The results show that Intention to Use has a direct positive influence on the Use of artificial Intelligence and big data, confirming previous literature. Performance Expectancy is the strongest predictor of Intention to Use, and indirectly of the adoption of artificial intelligence and big data applications. Effort Expectancy, in its application to the adoption of AI and big data by citizens, is an indirect determinant mediated by the Intention to Use, but its total effect (direct + indirect) is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consolidation of digital television via subscription video on demand (SVOD) services has created an unprecedented increase in the consumption of serialised TV shows, which has had direct consequences on the content production sector. Faced with an increasingly demanding, hyperconnected and discerning audience and a supply of content never previously seen, television production and distribution strategies are involved in a process of change and adaptation. This paper seeks to analyse the production of Spanish television series created to be distributed on SVOD platforms. The aim is to know the role that production companies play in the creation of television series for SVOD so as to identify strategies and cooperative alliances between production companies and platforms and to detect possible patterns and trends in the operations of the audiovisual market. Using a mixed methodology that combines quantitative study with qualitative data analysis, the 88 Spanish TV series and miniseries that premiered on SVOD platforms from 2016 to 2021 are analysed, taking as a starting point the year in which these platforms began operating in Spain. The results confirm a trend towards cooperation between independent production companies and the platforms themselves, while no presence of in-house production is observed. Likewise, the atomisation of the role of production companies in the context of SVOD is shown, a phenomenon that already existed in generalist television production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the first study on the construct validity of the GRS 2 Rating Scale for Teachers in Spain, on a sample of 348 subjects. A confirmatory factorial study, CFA, was carried out using robust least squares estimation procedures (WLSMV). A sixfactor structure has been selected that explains 66% of the variance. The fit indices of the model are satisfactory (CFI, .93; TLI, .93). Convergent validity (AVE, .66) and composite reliability (between .87 and .96) are adequate. This scale is the first validated in Spain and provides a relevant measure for the identification of high ability students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) into Spanish educational legislation as a framework for addressing student diversity has been met with criticism. Three main objections can be identified. Firstly, the lack of evidence supporting its neuroscientific basis. Secondly, the scarcity of empirical data to demonstrate its efficacy for improving learning. Thirdly, the difficulty in operationalizing and implementing its framework in practice. Based on a thorough review of key literature on UDL, this paper delves into and discusses these limitations considering the theoretical and practical foundations of the model. Furthermore, research directions are pointed out to advance its development, exploring its potential as a framework for identifying barriers for learning in lesson plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the practice of photojournalism in Spain and, specifically, focuses on the study of the graphic archive of the EFE Agency (1939-) and its own production, developed within and outside its borders. The acquisition of funds has been taken into consideration as part of this process and, in the same way, it has also been necessary to consider the creation, in the year 2000, of the digital graphic archive: The Photo Library, inheritance of the thematic classification of analog and the nomenclature and, in this process, the documentation system used has been contributed as a result of the conclusions - through primary sources and direct observation - with emphasis on the thematic classification used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent and spread of social networking sites have been the object of study of most of the research performed on political communication over the past 25 years. However, more recent inquiries have indicated that the political establishment still has not fully exploited the interactive potential of these media. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results of a systematic study of the communication between the main political parties in Andalusia (the most populous region in Spain) and the citizenry on Twitter, with the aim of confirming whether or not it is really interactive and participatory. To this end, the spotlight is placed here on those parties most active online and on the way in which they foster interactivity, the subjects that they broach and the functions of their messages. The data were obtained from a content analysis of the tweets (n = 10,729) posted on the official profiles of the main Andalusian parties in 2020. The results indicate that there was no interactive communication with the citizenry, despite the fact that they were in much need of reassurance owing to the unprecedented situation to which the COVID-19 pandemic had given rise. The Andalusian political parties still use social networking sites for the one-way dissemination of information, which shows that they are not, in practice, horizontal and participatory spaces of communication, as the cyber-optimists, defending the innovation hypothesis, predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defence diplomacy and public diplomacy are two diplomatic practices often treated in the literature as two disconnected realms. While the former focuses on the peaceful and cooperative use of armed forces, the latter emphasizes on the advancement of strategic communication in the international policy of actors. However, it is possible to bridge the differences between the two using the concept of soft power. By doing so, defence public diplomacy can be understood as a set of practices developed by states seeking to influence and attract third states while employing military force within these parameters. This paper contributes firstly to the conceptual debate bridging both types of diplomacies. Secondly, it selects a case study, Spain, to examine the perceptions of three different Spanish elites involved in the formulation and implementation of defence public policy: politicians, the military and defence industry managers. This paper adopts a qualitative methodology, including in-depth interviews, focus groups with experts, and manual content analysis of primary documentary sources. The results show that these elites agree on the importance of defence diplomacy for the achievement of state goals but continue to understand it fundamentally from a classical diplomatic prism. They also discuss the inclusion of new concepts, such as deterrence, as part of a defence public diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we have witnessed a resurgence of populism, which has relied on the virality of social networks to deepen its roots in society and spread its ideas. This paper analyses the populist strategies used by all parties to viralise their messages in the online environment, regardless of ideology. The present research has also examined the possible existence of complementary strategies used by the parties' organisational profiles and those of their leaders. To this end, a content analysis has been carried out regarding the publications made on Twitter during the 2019 election campaign. The posts have been delimited to those made by the parties and candidates that attained the highest percentage of representation in the Congress of Deputies, which include the PSOE, PP, Vox, and Unidas Podemos. The findings show that all the parties under study resorted to this type of strategy. The parties closest to centre of the political spectrum, both right and left, used mostly a populist strategy aimed predominantly at attacking their adversaries, while Vox and Unidas Podemos articulated their discourse beyond this argument, with Vox appealing to the emotions of the nation and Podemos positioning itself as the peoples' advocate. Furthermore, a complementary strategy used by both the parties and their leaders has been identified, which fosters the expansion of these kinds of populist ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the concept of the impact area as the intersection between the common issues of the personal agenda and the public agenda. Expanding the concept of agenda-setting effects, which focuses mainly on the relation between the public and media agendas, we have examined the congruity of the public agenda and the personal agenda as a contingent condition for the strength of these effects. The concept also distinguishes between the top-priority issues of the public and personal agendas, setting out that the general public's search for information about these top-priority issues highlights the need for orientation. We used data from Spain to focus on the national elections (2011, 2015 and 2019), plus the beginning of the pandemic (2020). The study includes a content analysis of the El País daily newspaper for the four periods and a variety of surveys and representative electoral barometers. To those data we have added an analysis of the main search topics on Google Trends for each of the four years. The results reveal that variations in the relationship between the public and personal agendas are linked to the strength of the agenda-setting effect between the media and public agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to shed a critical light on the moral panic surrounding multiple-perpetrator rape (MPR) in Spain, by exploring the interplay between official statistics of this type of crime, and the depiction in the media. The concordance between media representation and the statistical reality of crime raises questions: (1) how multiple perpetrator assault and its assailants are represented in media narratives (content analysis) is examined, including the content, framing, and underlying themes within the media coverage, with a particular emphasis on the role of nationality, and (2) this representation is compared to official crime statistics (Ministry of Home Affairs report on crimes against sexual freedom and indemnity in Spain (detentions/accused) and the statistics of the sentences passed by various Spanish Provincial Courts between 2005 and 2020 from criminal justice data), and to what extent, they align. If they do not align, do news portrayals influence a moral panic? In conclusion, the idea of tabloid justice (Fox et al., 2001) is not present in the three largest Spanish daily newspapers from 2005 to 2021. There is a misrepresentation of non-Spanish nationalities having the highest rates, Romanians being underrepresented and the French being overrepresented. Media coverage perceives tourists as a certain danger, and is questioning the idea of certain non-Spanish immigrants as 'folk devils.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the history of the presence of neologism in the language columns from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the 20th century in order to settle the evolution of the treatment of this concept and the links it sets up with the dictionary of the Real Academia Española. The texts that have been studied are Valbuena (1887-1896), Commelerán (1887), Atrián Salas (1887), Álvarez Sereix (1889), Martínez Abellán (1896), Echegaray (1905), Cavia (1922) and Casares (1918, 1941, 1944, 1961, 1965), in addition to the section «Revista de Revistas» of La España Moderna. The main results of the analysis show that, although the criticism of the neologism focuses on linguistic borrowings, it also concerns other types of lexical innovations and that the dictionary is the object of very different regards, some of them closely related to the neologism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the discursive construction of Standard Spanish in a corpus of language columns written in Spain during the 19th and the 20th centuries. Drawing on the framework of glottopolitics, we examine the socalled «Standard Language ideology» (Milroy/ Milroy [1985] 1991, 1), according to which one specific variety is intrinsically superior to the rest, one that is «correct» and should thus be prioritised as a model for language performance and «good» usage, in this case, in the Hispanic world. The relevance of metalinguistic discourse in the analysis of language columnism lies not only in the existing debates concerning the prestigious and stigmatised linguistic uses, but also in its contribution to the construction of an ideological scenario regarding what a language must be. In this respect, the texts of the selected columnists contribute to the construction of Spanish as the only national, common and standard language on both sides of the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper points out the legal vulnerability to which doctors and other health agents are exposed as a result of the approval of the Spanish Organic Law 3/2021, of March 24, regulating euthanasia. The first part offers a comparative study of the various deontological oaths for physicians in ancient times and in the present. The essential principles of medical activity and the doctor-patient relationship are deduced from them, as well as the intrinsic relationship between medical work and the ethics of care; in the second part, the articles of the new law that seem to harm doctors and/or the exercise of their activity are analysed and counter-argued. The third part concludes with a reflection on the necessary measures that should guarantee the protection of the fundamental rights of health agents and their professional activity in accordance with the current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicalisation of childbirth is a worldwide trend, that has its roots in past centuries. Despite being a widely studied phenomenon, the attempts taken to prevent its spread have rarely been addressed. This research presents the measures taken by the health authorities against the medicalisation of childbirth in Spain, in the early twentieth century. The episode was linked to a famous obstetrician, Miguel Orellano, who published several papers advocating a new method of conducting a delivery. This method involved a great deal of unnecessary intervention that turned delivery into a major surgical procedure. We will see if the health authorities have achieved their goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1691, after leaving the post of viceroy of Peru and during his return to Spain, Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duke of La Palata, died in Portobelo. The news of his death was received in Lima with some poems against him written by the poet Juan del Valle y Caviedes. In these verses, using mainly the model of funeral poetry, a series of accusations are made against the duke in which his avarice and pride are criticized. In this paper I will comment a poetic epitaph, in the form of a sonnet, in which, in addition to moral accusations, echoes of political attacks against the ex-viceroy are also manifest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the DIPURE project, in which researchers from the universities of Almería, Murcia and Cardenal Herrera of Valencia have examined the public discourse on refugees in Spain from different perspectives. On this occasion, our object of study combines migration and health, as we have dealt with the journalistic discourse on the resignation syndrome, which, according to the little research that has been done on it, only affects children who applied for asylum in Sweden. To examine the treatment of the resignation syndrome in the Spanish media, we observed a sample of the written press published from 2015, the year in which the number of refugees in the world began to increase considerably, until June 2021. The study is framed within the hypergenre known as social debate and the main results of the study are structured in three dimensions: the first affects space and time; the second, actors; and the third, evaluations and arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we have witnessed the emergence of new rights that affect such essential human rights as life and physical integrity. Examples of this can be seen in the current regulation of abortion, the attempts to regulate surrogate pregnancy or the recently approved right to euthanasia in Spain. These rights arise under laws that recognise the validity of express, informed and free consent to renounce physical integrity, the life of the unborn child or life itself. However, there are certain goods inherent to human dignity which cannot be disposed of in favour of third parties, even with the consent of their owner. Therefore, we must conclude that the simple individual will, expressed through informed consent, or the collective will, expressed in the text of a law, is not enough to constitute a right when it affects certain very personal property. This paper is a brief critique of the Organic Law regulating euthanasia from the thesis of the recently deceased Professor Javier Hervada, trying to distinguish between the concepts of euthanasia and death with dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carrera de Indias has been one of the areas of study that has received the most attention in historiography, especially on the relationships between Spain and America throughout the colonial period. The traffic of ships, men and merchandise continues to appeal considerable treatment, since the phenomenon presents enormous research possibilities: nautical, emigration, trade; but it is also true that the economic and human aspect has prevailed, leaving aside other dimensions. And so, among the emigrants settled there and the families that remained here, a large correspondence was maintained throughout the centuries of Modernity. Multiple references were made in these letters to the new life they were beginning in the West Indies. Among these references there was no shortage of those corresponding to life on board. This research paper aims to analyze what were the foods shipped for the journey to America and what recommendations were contained in the letters in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this paper studies the effects of full COVID-19 lockdown of Spanish families affected the following aspects: play and school tasks time, school counselling to families and priorities of families regarding play, school tasks, and extracurricular activities. Method: quantitative. Online questionnaire administered during full lockdown in Spain to 622 participants with underage children. Conclusions: playtime increased significantly and school tasks time grew moderately. Play counselling from schools increased during lockdown, although it did not become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current transitions towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations represents a vital process for the maintenance of the ecosystems and the ways of inhabiting them. This paper is an empirical and epistemological study whose aim is to consider how to develop a responsible communication strategy with the eco-transitions sector. We take a specific region of Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, as a field of experimentation and case study. The analysis is based on a sample of 55 active eco-transition projects, out of a total census of 156. Our position assumes that communication strategy goes through several phases. Firstly, access to empirical and census-based knowledge of this sector; secondly, establishing a type of indicator that can measure the functioning and internal dynamics of these entities in terms of eco-transition; and thirdly, the expansion of responsible, realistic and proactive media coverage, which can encourage messages that contribute to an ever-increasing number of people moving towards eco-social issues. In order to measure the "internal health" of these entities, including the "communication environment," we have elaborated and implemented the Eco-Transition Indicator (ETI), a measurement tool that allows us to place a project or initiative within a frame leading towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations. While the sector shows good "health" in some aspects, the results point very clearly to the need to strengthen the communicative strategy of the eco-transition initiatives and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the compliance of Spanish crime reporting with the principles of the 2016 EU Directive on presumption of innocence, which aims at preventing the publication of information that might bias the public and the jurors against the suspect. A content analysis applied to a sample of 200 crime news stories published by eleven of the most popular print and online news platforms in 2018 reveals that the Spanish press coverage of crime is centered around the pre-trial and sentence stages, with little attention to the oral trial. The full name and the face portrait of the suspect appear in roughly one-third of the stories, but this overwhelmingly happens in news stories reporting on the court's decision, so that the presumption of innocence is generally protected. Interestingly, the legacy media are more likely to report on the victim's full name and the crime details that online digital media. One-fourth of the stories include accusations of guilt, as prosecutor attorneys and other officials are more frequently cited than defense lawyers. Although the Spanish press is largely compliant with the recommendations of the EU Directive, the lack of attention to the oral phase, where the arguments of both parts are deployed and contrasted, leads to a bias in the coverage against the suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the final statements (“golden minutes”) of televised electoral debates in Spain between 1993 and 2019. The methodology is adjusted to the cognitive analysis of discourse, analyzing three pragmatic indicators that could reveal an evolution in three stages of Spanish politics: the bipartisan phase (1993-2011), an adjustment phase (2011-2015) and a multiparty phase (2015- 2019). The discursive spaces dependent on the predicative strategy, the predominant illocutionary force, and the use of superstructures are analyzed. It is concluded that, for the three phases, the variables referring to the use of enunciative persons (which points to the introduction of the ethos of discourse), and the recourse to speech acts of expressive illocutionality (which reinforce the introduction of the pathos) are especially relevant. These preponderances are reinforced by a high level of rhetorical elaboration and a preference for enumerative structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the final statements ("golden minutes") of televised electoral debates in Spain between 1993 and 2019. The methodology is adjusted to the cognitive analysis of discourse, analyzing three pragmatic indicators that could reveal an evolution in three stages of Spanish politics: the bipartisan phase (1993-2011), an adjustment phase (2011-2015) and a multiparty phase (2015-2019). The discursive spaces dependent on the predicative strategy, the predominant illocutionary force, and the use of superstructures are analyzed. It is concluded that, for the three phases, the variables referring to the use of enunciative persons (which points to the introduction of the ethos of discourse), and the recourse to speech acts of expressive illocutionality (which reinforce the introduction of the pathos) are especially relevant. These preponderances are reinforced by a high level of rhetorical elaboration and a preference for enumerative structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the neurocognitive approach to the lexicon that disciplines such as Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics carry out and, consequently, the addition of the mental and brain mechanisms that underlie the encoding and decoding of meanings in the field of Semantics, a series of terms or terminological units arises. They can be grouped into three main axes: the lexical mental and brain representations, the computational and associative processes involved in lexical-semantic comprehension and production, and the acquisition and loss of meanings. The main aims of our paper are 1) to assess the inclusion of these Psycholinguistics contents in Lexical Semantics, 2) to analyze their degree of consolidation and vitality in a set of dictionaries of Linguistics, and 3) to identify possible deficiencies in their terminological treatment and draw up a proposal for their conceptual integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the temporal narrative structure of Jerónimo de Alcalá Yáñez's picaresque novel Alonso, mozo de muchos amos, published in two parts in 1624 and 1626, which unfolds on two levels: first that of the frame or dialogued novel, in which Alonso talks in the present with a different interlocutor in each part of the text; secondly that of the autobiographical novel, corresponding to the protagonist's past and contained in his interventions in the dialogue. On this level a series of chronological data can be traced that allow us to calculate the advanced age that the rogue was at the end of the narration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals make increasingly more use of social media. The basic hypothesis of this study is that the more developed the health care services of a country are, the higher the communicative activity of its hospitals will be on social media. Moreover, the highest presence and activity on social media will be associated with the most prestigious hospitals in countries with fewer economic resources. The presence of the most prestigious hospitals in both Colombia and Spain on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram are analyzed in this paper to either refute or to accept these hypotheses. Both countries have similar populations, but their economic and health care services differ greatly. The degree of activity on these platforms, the participation of Internet users, and the reputation of the hospitals are also studied. In total, 165 profiles are analyzed. The results are processed in a statistical software program and various tests establish whether there are significant relations. It was observed that the level of health-care services of the country was not correlated with the presence and activity of the hospitals on social media, nor with the interaction of Internet users. In addition, a correlation between social-media presence and reputation was detected in the country with the most developed health-care services (Spain). In conclusion, the fact that a country has more health-care resources neither implies that its hospitals have either a greater presence or are more active on social media, nor that the public interact more with those hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the presence of sayings in the French grammars published in England and Spain between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. This study will lead us to study the reception of the proverb in Europe as well as the didactic use of it in the teaching of French. Moreover, this paper allows to reach proverbs of Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and to analyse their diachronic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evidence of pedagogical leadership from the perspective of the main actors. The methodology was quantitative, through a cross-sectional study with a questionnaire. In this study, carried out in Spain, 2,184 participants evaluated the leadership of principals, directors of studies and teachers. The results, which are analyzed and discussed, show differences in the perceived evidence of leadership dimensions among actors, with higher scores for principals and directors of studies. Considering the type of the center, differences were found for the group of principals and teachers in some pedagogical leadership dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airbnb is the most outstanding example of P2P platform in the accommodation industry. The studies on this phenomenon have focused on its impact on the hotel industry; leaving aside the effect it produces on tourism intermediation, specifically travel agencies. This paper analyzes this impact in a sector that perceives how Airbnb's disruptive innovation displaces it from the traditional vacation apartment rental business and threatens to do so with activities. The discussion is about whether the travel agency industry has the need and even if it would be willing to work in a coopetitive1 system, similar to the one that has occurred recently with the implementation of Civitatis or Booking in the sales processes of travel agencies. It is concluded that the travel agency prioritizes strengthening its repositioning in this product, allying itself with the main market player despite the probable reduction in margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon to find many penitential brotherhoods in Spain which are officially named after an image of Our Father Jesus of Nazareth. This invocation could seem strange, especially in Theology. Is this some kind of Patripassianism revival? Actually, this does not seem to be the case. In this paper we aim to set the historical moment in which this Christological tittle begins to be used, in the 17th century, searching for it in spiritual authors and in sacred preaching both prior to this time as well as in contemporary dates. Finally, we offer some lines of interpretation of this peculiar Christological tittle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the evolution of non-daily current affairs formats -other than the news- in the prime time of Spanish generalist television between 1990 and 2016. Analysing the programming content of six channels (TVE, La2, Antena 3, Telecinco, Cuatro and La Sexta), we have studied the presence, typology and strategies of the programmers to incorporate them into the offer of prime time. The longitudinal sample allows us to detect the tendencies that have influenced the audiovisual treatment of the non-daily current affairs information in the most competitive television time slot. The result of the analysis shows that the most important topics on current affairs such as politics, or the economy, have been integrated into the prime time. In addition, there has been a recovery of analytical genres such as the television reportage to explain topics of current interest. This new informative offer, much more innovative in the treatment, has enabled new programming strategies to be applied to the non-daily current affairs formats in order to improve their profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Instagram's growing popularity in Spain, politicians have also begun to turn to this social network increasingly more. Accordingly, this paper analyses the visual and textual discourse of 259 posts published throughout 2018 on the personal Instagram profile of Santiago Abascal, the leader of the party Vox. Insofar as he is the Spanish politician with the highest number of followers on Instagram, the aim here is to analyse how he uses this social network in order to identify possible strategies that justify his growing number of followers. In the analysis, special attention was paid to aspects that might have contributed to the (self)presentation of Abascal and the promotion of his party, such as posting personal information and the direct involvement with his followers. The results show that consistent with the use to which Spanish politicians put Instagram, Abascal's profile highlights his 'political' dimension and, specifically, his agenda. Personal content (such as references to leisure or sports) are used strategically to highlight certain features of his persona and ideology. The predominance of unedited images, the framing of the photos and appeals to his followers are some of the clues that reveal that, rather than providing access to his personal life, Abascal's use of Instagram is the result of a carefully planned promotional strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, digital feminism has been prominent in the international public sphere and the massive release of individual testimonies of violence against women has had an important presence on social media. In Spain, the reaction to the judicial sentence of the La Manada case, which only convicted the five men accused of abuse, rather than rape, provoked a public outrage that was negotiated on social networks and was later displayed in mass demonstrations across the country. The aim of this study is to analyze the reaction that took place on Twitter on the day of the ruling of the sentence (26 April 2018) and how the dominant frames were initiated and stabilized on Twitter. With a sample of almost 500.000 tweets, the posts achieving most retweets per hour and the most salient media objects (including hashtags, visual content and links) have been analyzed based on the framing theory. Media objects have been explored through flowcharts allowing the visualization of the evolution of the dominant messages. The results show a hegemonic conversation on Twitter against the ruling of the court with a high presence of feminist demands. Furthermore, the analysis of the evolution of the main frames shows that the different Twitter affordances allow rapidity in the negotiation of the dominant messages. This paper contributes to the understanding of the articulation of framing from a complex perspective including media objects such as images and URLs that broaden the layers of meaning of the Twitter discourse on collective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the information sources used in a large corpus of news items published in Spanish printed newspapers between 1618 and 1635. The initial aim is to determine how information credibility was constructed in both historical and rhetorical terms. To this end, the rhetorical construction of credibility in the news stories are analysed by focusing on the information sources that these reveal or conceal. And in order to determine whether or not these sources were deliberately concealed, the frequency with which 'on deep background' attribution appears is examined. The methodological approach on which this study is based is Historical News Discourse, which applies the conclusions and methods of critical discourse analysis to newspapers of the past, in addition to contextualising and explaining the results in terms of journalism history and communication approaches (Conboy, Brownlees and Broersma, among others). In this work, we contend that the discourse analysis of the first printed newspapers is essential for gaining further insights into how the journalistic profession consolidated its position in Spain thanks to a new form of auctoritas based on discourse competence. The gazetteer or journalist emerged as a new kind of writer, whose credibility and reputation depended on his ability to access, organise and reveal -according to rhetorical patterns recognisable to readers- the information sources available to him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of televised sports content in Spain, chiefly football, has led to a growth in research in recent last years. Many studies have addressed this phenomenon from a variety of perspectives, including television-programming strategy, the business management relationship between television and sports, the battle for broadcasting rights or the elaboration of a television message through different broadcasting techniques. This paper seeks to add to the debate on this topic through a detailed analysis of the audience ratings of sports content aired on Spanish television channels with a nationwide coverage. To this end, we analyse the complete audience measurement data from the first period of private commercial television in Spain (1993-2010) in order to determine the most important characteristics of sports content and their true impact on audience ratings. To achieve this aim, we analysed 4,000 statistical entries from Sofres/Kantar Media's "Anuario de audiencias de television" [Audience Yearbook] and cross referenced and studied information from more than 2,300 sport broadcasts. The results of this research underpin the role of live football broadcasts, which accounted for more than 50% of the most successful television content during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to compare and analyse the differences in the use of Twitter that, Partido Popular, as a traditional political party, and Ahora Madrid, as a new political party, make of the institutional channels for the public institutions that they administer. In addition, the present study analyses three different periods in the electoral process: the pre-campaign, campaign and post-campaign during the Spanish general elections of December 20th, 2015 in order to see if the election periods caused changes in their communications on Twitter. The sample consists of four cases divided into two groups for content analysis. On one hand, the Government's Twitter profile (@desdelamoncloa) and of its ruling party, Partido Popular (@ppopular), comprise the old political group, while the Madrid City Council (@Madrid) and its ruling party, Ahora Madrid (@AhoraMadrid), are integrated into the new political group. Additionally, word clouds provide a visual representation of the main terms used by each group. The study results show which group uses and better leverages Twitter's potential, in that Partido Popular and Moncloa have clearer differences between party and institutional channels, while Ahora Madrid and the Madrid City Council do not seem to be as clear about the difference between the two concepts and use the party channel as the city council channel. However, the results demonstrate that the new political profile leverages Twitter's potential more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the Spanish public health care system on the one hand, and the pension system on the other, are hardly enough to serve elderly needs once they retire. The statistical data that I use in the first part of this paper may show it. Although family care still remains the main way to provide care to elderly people -traditionally, it was taken for granted that the family would take care of family members in need of care- it is now required to develop other alternatives at the private sector to serve their needs. However, despite the increasing interest in alternative investments, these kind of assets hardly represent a significant proportion in elderly budgets. At the same time we have to take into account that these instruments are designed to complement the public resources, not to replace them. Nevertheless, if private and public institutions work together it would be possible to provide a complete protection for their specific problems of adequate income, health, housing, culture and leisure, needs that the Spanish constitution refers to in its section 50. This paper intends to offer a brief description about the status of the elderly in our society and the solutions the public network and private market can offer them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way teachers assess in classroom impact over cognitive and socio-affective development of the students. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the teacher's evaluation to their students, and the academic achievement of their students in four specific areas: Linguistic Competence, Mathematical Competence, Scientific Competence, and Social and Citizenship Competence. To reach our aim, this paper made a special analysis with the data of the Spanish General Diagnostic Evaluation -2009- to 28,708 students, and 1341 teachers of 887 schools. The use of Multilevel Model Analysis with three levels shows the impact of each evaluation strategy on the four competencies studied. Our study confirms those teachers who prepare exams after each lesson, give homework, review notebooks, and value the interest and participation of students in classroom do better. On the other side, we have found an inverse relationship between prepare quarterly exams and the skill development of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how the four candidates for prime minister in the 2016 Spanish general elections interacted with journalists and media professionals via Twitter, a social media platform considered by various experts (Bakshy el al.. 2011) to be a "natural laboratory" for the study of patterns of information dissemination. NodeXL software, a well known open source social network analysis tool (Hansen el al., 2010), w as used to capture activity corresponding to Twitter accounts maintained by these candidates and to identify the protagonists of online dialogues maintained during the election campaign as w ell as the characteristics and content of the messages they exchanged. Semantic relationships in the text and hashtags present in tweets were examined carefully in order to identify patterns of meaning. Findings indicate that the four politicians in question made a minimal effort to interact with journalists and media professionals via Twitter during the run-up to the 2016 elections. Analysis reveals that all used their Twitter accounts as an additional means of promoting their candidacies and publicizing party-related activities rather than a forum for discussing issues in depth. None appeared to be willing to enter into debates with journalists or the media through this particular social networking platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the existence of obvious changes in the way of understanding brand communication in Spain. To this end, we drew from an initial theoretical framework, based on a bibliographic review of the brand concept, from the point of view of communication, social trends and brand experience. Furthermore, we proposed a qualitative analysis method, in which groups of experts in communication participated, both in focus groups and in questionnaires, following the Delphi method. The results obtained were cross-referenced in order to analyze the coincidences and differences stemming from the use of both techniques. The main conclusion that may be drawn is the existence of two strands of opinion regarding brand communication, namely, a renewal-oriented vision and an adaptive vision: while the adaptive vision understands that agents, structures and processes are shaped to accommodate the digital world, the renewal-oriented vision states that brands and media have built a new playing field, thus defining new rules. Adaptive vision favors the observation of targeting capabilities to reach different profiles or groups, while the the renewal-oriented vision finds it preferable to speak of customization, and ad hoc content, as it assumes the existence of a new model that defines the new communicative reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two decades after printed newspapers began to be threatened by digital formats, it seems appropriate to study the current situation both in terms of the production and updating of content and the way in which they attract and retain readers who predominantly prefer social networks. This process not only affects the media since everything is becoming digital: books, appliances, shopping and, above all, lifestyle. And adapting to new environments is becoming more difficult than in other industrial revolutions. The objective of this paper is to analyse some of the causes that have brought newspapers to this situation that negatively affects not only editors but everyone working in the media, and that study suppose to the calculation of the number of most active updates, hours, week and the sections within the digital newspapers. In addition to the technological challenges, this article shall also assess the reading environment, the difficulty that newspapers have, digital formats included, in attracting the attention of readers, who have their own perception of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and measure how entrepreneurship is implemented as transversal competence in the school system in Europe and in particular in Spain. In the field of economics of education, we contribute to the discussion about the impact of education on entrepreneurship intention as key element for Europe's socio-economic development. We focus on role of teacher as center of debate in European policies on entrepreneurship. Concept of "entrepreneurship" at school level is discussed. Research is based in data analysis collected by self-assessment questionnaire Measurement Tool for Enterprise Education. This tool has been developed and applied in Finland and adapted to the Spanish context. This method, validated by the EU to measure entrepreneurial education politics implementation, evaluates willingness of teachers to promote entrepreneurship- oriented instruction. The data consist in 173 teachers of different education levels categorized as "motivated" to promote entrepreneurial competence. The results show differences in teacher's attitude as condition for entrepreneurial competence implementation, as well as significant differences in entrepreneurship education development between private and public school. In conclusion, we emphasize a lack of implementation as a cross-curricular competence because it is highly conditioned by level and subject taught. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analises how the prophet Elijah is represented in the Spanish theatre in the 16th and 17th centuries. The following plays are commented on: Tragaedia Jezabelis, Tragoedia cui nomen inditum Achabus (both belonging to Jesuit college drama), La mujer que manda en casa by Tirso de Molina, La viña de Nabot by Rojas Zorrilla, La representación de la vida y rapto de Elías profeta by Matías de los Reyes, and El vengador de los cielos y rapto de Elías by Bances Candamo. Matías de los Reyes' play is here subject to critical scrutiny for the first time; a modern edition is still due. The most relevant results are: Jesuit drama anticipates some of the developments of the Elijah theme that take place later in popular and court theatre; playwrights work quite unrestrainedly in reshaping the Biblical material, and they tend to tighten the temporal and causal connections of events and characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we make an inductive corpus-based analysis of the Spanish idiom por momentos. The aim of the analysis is (1) to study the most common meaning of por momentos in Spain and in Río de la Plata, and (2) to describe the contextual elements and the verbal collocates with the two most common meanings of the idiom. The ultimate aim of our study is to draw attention to the coexistence of two fundamental meanings of por momentos: one of them is a temporal and distributive meaning ('sometimes, in short periods of time') and the other is a modal meaning ('more and more, visibly, quickly'). The former is characteristic of Spanish in Río de la Plata while the latter is the most frequent in Spain. With the two meanings there is a clear tendency to use the idiom in the context of intensification; moreover, the second has evidential connotation. This connotation is emphasized by numerous contextual elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is broad consensus on the idea that Twitter, an online communication tool for campaigning, is significantly impacting the interaction between political candidates and citizens (Pannelee & Richard, 2011; Enli & Skogerbo, 2013; Kruikemeier et. al., 2013). Despite the importance of the strategic use of framing tweets on followers' opinions, framing approach research applied to microblogging requires further investigation on national and local contexts. This research explores the extent to which candidates (at a local context) use Twitter as a tool for campaigning, in order to identify main frames that describe the strategic use of Twitter for online campaigning. Following framing scholars suggestions (Dimitrova & Stromback, 2012; Cappella & Jamieson, 1997; Patterson, 1993) and other recent contributions related to the use of framing in Twitter (Pannelee & Bichard, 2012; Zamora & Zurutuza, 2014; Naaman et. al, 2010; Vergeer et. al. 2013), this paper develops a quantitative approach using tweets content analysis to empirically test the strategic use of generic frames made by each...? Findings points to a different priority of each frame by considering that candidates mostly used two generic frames: 'Me Now'/selfpromotion and political information source, to seek political engagement. Other generic frames, like media validation and personal frame, where less important. Conclusions show that the use of Twitter for campaigning is still replicating old patterns of broadcast media, instead of social media, based on a one-way communication model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 90s, Internet appeared in the Spanish tourist industry, fact that preoccupied most companies and business in it; specially travel agencies, which were at that moment overcoming a difficult situation due to the economic crisis, the saturation of the industry and the reduction of their commissions. Time has demonstrated that Internet is just a tool that, when properly used, can enhance the efficiency and benefits of the tourist companies. This last decade we have witnessed the digital transformation of this sector and, specifically, of the distribution chain. Traditional tourist intermediaries have adapted to this new era, incorporating technology to their everyday life when commercializing their products and services. At the same time, new agents have appeared online, that make us ask ourselves if they can be considered as intermediaries or not. The main goal of this paper is to analize the evolution of the intermediation activity since the 90s, with special attention to the birth of new business models in this area. The results will help us establish an updated classification of tourist intermediaries and their role in the tourism system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2005 Unesco Diversity Convention was an inflexion point regarding protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. In the current global context, developing cultural policies and measures to nurture such creativity becomes key issue. Moreover, in the case of small communities in a minority situation where the cultural and language situation cannot produce the means to sustain autonomously, it is crucial to drive national supporting mechanisms to reduce the brutal imbalance in flows and transnational culture exchanges, and guarantee its survival. As part of the cultural production, the audiovisual sector is of double importance; besides its positive impact on the economic sphere it plays a core role in the social construction. In fact, they are both mutually reinforcing aspects. Cinema in particular, it should not be well considered only for a local giving; it is also beneficial in terms of brining commonly held values, particular circumstances and knowledge all over the world. Films do contribute to reflect the global cultural diversity. This paper aims to explain how public cultural bodies currently interpret and translate national cultural policy into film schemes in the Spanish context. Particularly, it will look into how Catalan, Basque and Galician institutions set out to plan, develop, implement and evaluate their film policies in order to establish a national film industry with their cultural and identity specificities (nation and language). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media and terrorism is an area that has attracted researchers' attention in looking at the strategic dimensions of framing. This paper combines both Entman's framing theory (and his 'cascading activation' model for analysis of framing contests) with a dramatistic approach to rhetoric (the Burkean concepts of the pentad and ratios) to see whether connections can be made that help provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of interactions between politicians' words and media reactions to those words. Speeches given by the Spanish Prime Minister and the official opposition in reaction to a terrorist attack in Madrid are analysed. Our empirical analysis shows a highly fragmented capacity for cultural resonance, and a 'two sided context' with two very different interpretations of the situation. Our findings demonstrate that an appreciation of the dramatistic approach to rhetoric enhances our comprehension of people's motives for adopting or rejecting the different frames used by leaders (politicians and the media) as they seek to frame issues for a range of purposes. They also suggest that combining approaches from the humanities and the social sciences by emphasizing motives as a key variable for the dynamics of framing contests might open up interesting avenues for research on framing as also on the relations between symbols and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the level of coherence perceived by future primary teachers in Spain that participated in TEDS-M study between the learning acquired at University and those applied during the Prácticum, this paper analyzes from a multilevel analytical approach differences in this perception depending on aspects related to the planning, development and evaluation of Prácticum. Results show that variables associated with the development of Prácticum help to explain these differences. Especially, it is emphasized the role of the tutor, so this suggests the need for further research around this fi gure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]