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2. Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World: by Meredith Broussard, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2019, 248 pp., $15.95T/£12.99 (paper).
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Schweizer, Karl W.
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COMPUTERS , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *HUMAN behavior , *COMPUTER engineering , *COMPUTER interfaces , *INTELLECT - Abstract
Though a computer professional, Meredith Broussard feels "that the way people talk about technology is out of touch with what digital technology can actually do", and that seeing the latter as a panacea has "resulted in a tremendous amount of poorly designed technology" (6), which needlessly complicates instead of improving or making life easier. Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World: by Meredith Broussard, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2019, 248 pp., $15.95T/£12.99 (paper) Supported by extensive research, I Artificial Unintelligence i cogently challenges the prevailing technophile hype extolling the unlimited ways in which technology supposedly can "change the world for the better" and create a digital utopia with infinite benefits in every area of life. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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3. Being-Moved: Rhetoric as the Art of Listening: by Daniel M. Gross, Oakland, University of California Press, 2020, viii + 250 pp., $85.00/₤66.00 (cloth), $34.95/₤27.00 (paper), $34.95/₤27.00 (ebook).
- Author
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Lauer, A. Robert
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ELECTRONIC books , *RHETORIC , *LISTENING , *VOICE (Grammar) , *PERSUASION (Psychology) , *HUMAN behavior , *NATURAL law , *PASSIVE voice - Abstract
Daniel M. Gross's assessment of Martin Heidegger's Marburg lectures on Aristotle, as well as Philip Melanchthon's reflections on rhetoric are substantial and original. Being-Moved: Rhetoric as the Art of Listening: by Daniel M. Gross, Oakland, University of California Press, 2020, viii + 250 pp., $85.00/ 66.00 (cloth), $34.95/ 27.00 (paper), $34.95/ 27.00 (ebook) To demonstrate this point, Daniel M. Gross, in the first chapter, begins his discussion with a re-evaluation of German phenomenologist Martin Heidegger's I Basic Concepts of Aristotelian Philosophy i ( I Grundbegriffe der aristotelischen Philosophie i ), a lecture course given at the University of Marburg in 1924. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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4. Against Nature: by Lorraine Daston, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2019, 104 pp., $13.95T/£10.99 (paper).
- Author
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Rindisbacher, Hans J.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ethics , *SENSORY perception , *HUMAN behavior , *PERCEPTUAL disorders , *VALUES (Ethics) - Abstract
This short book by Lorraine Daston is a classic essay: she identifies an intellectual conundrum - why do humans across cultures and history look to nature for models for cultural norms and orders? What we are referring to when appealing to a "natural order", then, is the existence not of I one i particular natural order but of normativity as such. The text is an outtake and deepening of central ideas Daston developed in her I Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750 i (with Katharine Park; Zone Books, 1998). [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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5. Meeting on Paper: Dramaturgy as a practice of lateral movement.
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Protopapa, Efrosini and Georgelou, Konstantina
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DRAMATIC structure , *HUMAN behavior , *ATTENTION span - Abstract
9 Kunst, Bojana (2015) Artist at Work: Proximity of art and capitalism, Winchester: Zero Books. What you will experience in the next few pages arises from our desire to partly document and partly revisit, share and continue a dialogue that we began as part of our performative presentation "Meeting Again: Dramaturgy as a practice of lateral movement" for the UniArts Futures Lecture Series (2020). 10 Manchev, Boyan (2015) ' The new arachne: Towards a poetics of dynamic forms ', Performance Research 20 (1): 18 - 26. doi: 10.1080/13528165.2015.991590 11 Morrison, Harun (2020) ' When and where to become a spider?. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2021
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6. Research Paper: Investigating the Role of Brain Lateralization and Gender in Paranormal Beliefs.
- Author
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Narmashiri, Abdolvahed, Sohrabi, Ahmad, Hatami, Javad, Amirfakhraei, Azita, and Haghighat, Shaniya
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CEREBRAL dominance , *BELIEF & doubt , *HUMAN behavior , *GENDER , *PARAPSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Introduction: Brain lateralization is associated with human behavior. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effects of brain lateralization on the scores of paranormal beliefs. Methods: The study population included 180 students of Sanandaj universities, Sanandaj City, Iran who were selected with convenience sampling method (100 left-brained males, 6 left-brained females, 56 both left- and right-brained males and 22 both left- and right-brained females). The research tools were the paranormal belief scale developed by Blackmore (1994), as well as the brain lateralization questionnaire (1985). Results: The obtained findings suggested a significant difference between the left-brain and right-brained people in terms of paranormal beliefs. A significant difference was also found between the left-brained males and both left- and right-brained females in terms of paranormal beliefs. Conclusion: The paranormal beliefs of the left-brained cases were different from both left- and right-brained subjects, which can be seen between the left-brained males and both left- and right-brained females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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7. Abstracts.
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SOCIAL scientists , *WAR (International law) , *PUBLIC opinion , *PUBLIC administration , *HUMAN behavior , *PATRONAGE , *KINSHIP - Abstract
This document is a collection of abstracts from articles published in the journal International Affairs. The articles cover a range of topics related to the impact of smartphones and digital connectivity on global crises. Some of the topics include information warfare in eastern Congo, the role of smartphones in shaping political dynamics in Mali, and the use of digital platforms in the Somali Horn of Africa. The articles provide insights into the ways in which smartphones and digital technologies are shaping various aspects of global affairs. Additionally, the document includes policy paper executive summaries on topics such as the failures of western foreign policy and the potential of circular economy solutions for European Union strategic autonomy. These summaries offer a brief overview of each paper's main arguments and findings, providing library patrons with a starting point for further exploration of these topics. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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8. Path to modeling dynamic performance shaping factors in nuclear power plants operation – A review.
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Xu, Zhihui, Yang, Gaoguang, Lu, Yi, Xue, Jiaxin, Wu, Guanyin, Ren, Bingxuan, and Fu, Shan
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NUCLEAR shapes , *NUCLEAR power plants , *HUMAN behavior , *DYNAMIC models , *ERROR probability , *HUMAN error - Abstract
The evolution of the mechanism of human behavior formation analysis has significantly influenced the development of human reliability analysis (HRA), which aims to calculate human error probability (HEP) with performance shaping factors (PSFs). This paper reviews the typical HRA methods in different generations, the role of PSFs, and their interrelation‐ships in human risk modeling, with the background of nuclear power plants (NPPs). In a retrospective of typical HRA methods, PSF plays a fundamental role in assessing human performance during task operation. However, the subjectivity in defining and evaluating PSFs often leads to a partial representation of human behavior characteristics and human risk evolution, resulting in the neglect of PSF inter‐relationships and conservative HEP estimation. Recent studies have emphasized employing simulation platforms to simulate the task process and obtain data relevant to PSFs that can enable the exploration of the mutual effects to support the calculation of HEP more accurately. Compared to certain previous methods involving over‐simplification and inappropriate assumptions resulting in inaccurate results, current HRA methods are prone to the construction of HEP models based on objective data acquisition and dynamic calculations with process models. This shift enables a better illustration of the intricate relationships among PSFs. Reflecting on the current trend of HRA methodology, this paper proposes a possible PSF quantification based on physiological measurement providing accessible and objective data. It improves the shortcomings in data scarcity and time‐invariance of HEP calculation, thus more accurately and realistically responds to the accumulation and fluctuation of human risks throughout a task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. The Role of Identity in Human Behavior Research: A Systematic Scoping Review.
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Alfrey, Kristie-Lee, Waters, Kim M., Condie, Matthew, and Rebar, Amanda L.
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HUMAN behavior , *BEHAVIORAL research , *BEHAVIORISM (Psychology) , *CONTROL (Psychology) , *HUMAN experimentation , *PLANNED behavior theory , *GROUP identity - Abstract
Many theories of motivation recognize a person's identity adds value to the prediction of behavior; albeit indirectly, through constructs such as social norms, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and values. Recently, behavioral research has more directly assessed the influence of identity on behavior; however, it is unclear whether such research aligns with the theoretical establishments of identity. This review investigated the identity theory alignment of existing behavior research by systematically searching, screening, and reviewing identity-behavior relevant papers, across three behavioral psychology databases. Twenty-three papers meet the inclusion criteria for review (original research with a primary focus on identity and behavior, within healthy adult population), and data relating to identity-behavior theoretical viewpoints, research methods, and study findings were extracted and synthesized to provide a scoping overview of current research. Most reviewed papers presented identity as a loosely defined construct; commonly operationalized as social identity, omitting the theorized multiplicity of social and self-identities. Overall outcomes suggested that identity influences behavior indirectly through intention strength, rather than directly as a post-intention mechanism. While existing research has been crucial in illuminating potential influences of identity on behavior, there is a need to strengthen current understandings and theoretical alignments within future research relating to identity and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Fracture‐Induced Mechanoelectrical Sensitivities of Paper‐Based Nanocomposites.
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Zhang, Jinyuan, Lee, Gil‐Yong, Cerwyn, Chiew, Yang, Jinkyu, Fondjo, Fabrice, Kim, Jong‐Hoon, Taya, Minoru, Gao, Dayong, and Chung, Jae‐Hyun
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NANOCOMPOSITE materials , *FLEXIBLE electronics , *CELLULOSE fibers , *CARBON nanotubes , *CARBON fibers , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
Nanostructured composites built with microporous cellulose fibers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have potential impacts in the fields of energy storage, sensors, and flexible electronics. Few results have been shown for high mechanoelectrical sensitivity of CNT‐paper composite because of numerous current paths in the network. Here, CNT‐paper‐based nanostructured composite sensors whose sensitivities are generated by controlled tensile fracture of the composite are presented. Under uniaxial load, the cellulose fibers in the paper experience straightening, stiffening, and fracture. The cellulose fibers originally parallel to the tension are fractured while those inclined and perpendicular to the tension are reorganized to form crossbar junctions in the vicinity of a crack. The cross junctions exhibit resistive and capacitive sensitivity to the out‐of‐plane force by the compression of the junctions. Such piezoresistive and piezocapacitive sensitivities are characterized and evaluated for human behavior monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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11. Research Paper: The Study of Affecting Factors on Attitude Toward Hearing Loss in Hearing Aid Users and Hearing Aid Non-Users.
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Heidari, Parisa, Fatahi, Farzaneh, Hoseinabadi, Reza, and Rouhbakhsh, Nematollah
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HEARING disorders , *HEARING aids , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *HUMAN behavior , *DEMOGRAPHIC surveys - Abstract
Introduction: Attitudes and aptitudes play an important role in the acceptance of hearing aids. We can objectively and subjectively examine the attitude of individuals toward hearing loss and hearing aids, using Attitudes towards Loss of Hearing Questionnaire (ALHQ). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of demographic factors on the responses of individuals to ALHQ and to compare the scores of the questionnaire between hearing aid users and hearing aid non-users. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 100 hearing-impaired participants. They were divided into hearing aid users and non-users groups. After hearing assessments, the participants were asked to complete the questionnaire; then, the responses of the two groups were compared and the effects of demographic factors on the responses were examined. Results: The questionnaire scores in the hearing aid non-users were higher than the hearing aid users. The results showed a reverse correlation between the history of hearing aid usage and the scores of the questionnaire. There was also a reverse correlation between the mean score of pure tone thresholds in the left ear with the scores of the questionnaire in the hearing aid users. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the type of hearing aid and the scores of the questionnaire. Conclusion: Hearing aid non-users have a more negative attitude toward hearing aids and are more likely to deny their hearing loss compared to hearing aid users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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12. The limits of compromise.
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Wendt, Fabian
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PHILOSOPHICAL literature , *COMPROMISE (Ethics) , *HUMAN behavior , *LEGITIMACY of governments , *RACIAL inequality - Abstract
This paper defends the view that the limits of compromise are identical with the moral principles that set limits to human action more generally. Moral principles that prohibit lying, stealing, or killing, for example, sometimes make it morally impermissible to accept a compromise proposal, for the simple reason that the proposal involves an act of lying, killing, or stealing. The same holds for any other moral principle that sets limits to human action. This may sound straightforward and, perhaps, trivial. Yet in the philosophical literature, discussions of the limits of compromise have singled out more specific principles: Avishai Margalit proposes that the limits of compromise are set by the value of humanity, Simon May points at racial equality and more generally democratic legitimacy, Alexander Ruser and Amanda Machin appeal to the value of integrity, and a fourth at least initially plausible account invokes the idea of public justifiability. After discussing in greater detail what an account of the limits of compromise may be expected to do, the paper will show that none of these accounts is convincing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Elizabeth Hamilton on Race, Religion, and Human Nature.
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Boyle, Deborah
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SCIENTIFIC racism , *HUMAN behavior , *RACE , *EIGHTEENTH century , *RACISM - Abstract
Elizabeth Hamilton (1758–1816) has a strikingly egalitarian account of gender in her novels and philosophical writings, where she professes to be offering an account of human nature in general. This paper examines whether she has a similarly egalitarian account of race, and shows that she does not. Hamilton distinguishes between what she calls 'the Christian nations of Europe' and non-Christian groups; she clearly assigns different character and mental traits to members of different groups; and she ranks these groups hierarchically. Yet whether or not Hamilton's views should be described as 'racist' requires some attention to the historical context in order to avoid presentism. The paper argues that, although Hamilton's hierarchical distinctions are not based on a belief about inherent biological differences between groups of people, they nonetheless do fit conceptions of race that were found earlier in the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. What it Means to Reject Monogamy.
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Biondi, Zachary
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HUMAN sexuality & society , *HUMAN behavior , *GENDER , *SEXUAL ethics , *CULTURE - Abstract
As various forms of nonmonogamy have grown in social visibility, the subject has received academic treatment across a range of literatures, including philosophy. To aid in philosophical treatment, the paper addresses the narrow but fundamental topic of the meaning of nonmonogamy. By engaging with recent literature, it examines nonmonogamy as the rejection of or opposition to monogamy. After exploring the nature of opposition in this case, the paper develops the beginnings of a more detailed theory of nonmonogamy. How do monogamy and nonmonogamy relate? If nonmonogamy is a rejection, what content does the concept of nonmonogamy have? The paper does not criticize monogamy or defend nonmonogamy, but it aims to take part in building the conceptual foundations for nonmonogamy as a political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Rates of Male Sexual Coercion: Comparison with Female Rates, and Comparison Between Sexual Orientations.
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DiMarco, David, McDonough, Colleen, and Savitz, Ryan
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HUMAN sexuality & society , *HUMAN behavior , *GENDER , *SEXUAL ethics , *CULTURE - Abstract
This paper examines the proportion of males who have sexually coerced someone. In this survey, we extracted data from 60 published papers with a cumulative sample size of 26,717 men. From these data, we calculated the weighted mean proportion of males who reported having sexually coerced someone. While we did find studies that contained non-heterosexual data, the dearth of such data reveals the need for more research on male non-heterosexual coercion. Our results show that 29.8% of heterosexual males have sexually coerced a woman some time in their lives, which is consistent with previous estimates of male heterosexual coercion. We also found that 27.3% of non-heterosexual males have coerced someone, a number close to the perpetration rate for non-heterosexual females. When compared with previously reported rates of heterosexual female perpetration of sexual coercion, the heterosexual male rate of 29.8% will be shown to be consistent with known rape data, such as results from the Online College Social Life Survey, which show that 85–90% of raped men are raped by women. The concurrence with previous research on American and Canadian college students suggests that the proportion of sexually coercive heterosexual men is the same for these countries as the overall rate internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. Nuha: A study of the conduct of everyday life of a British Yemeni young person.
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Ahmed, Huda Kamel
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YOUNG adults , *CONDUCT of life , *PERSONALITY (Theory of knowledge) , *HUMAN behavior , *EVERYDAY life , *YOUNG women - Abstract
There is a lack of research that focuses on the lived experiences of British Yemeni young people in the UK as they pertain to their learning and development. This paper aims to bridge the gap by exploring the case of Nuha, an 18-year-old British Yemeni young woman, as she navigates the conduct of her everyday life. The paper presents a developed conceptual model and associated methodological approach for exploring Nuha. It does so by first reviewing what might be viewed as dominant approaches to the study of ethnic young people's experiences that advocate a social identity theory. A critique of such thinking is developed that takes issue with much of this writing that has the potential for an essentialised abstracted approach. The paper instead advocates the use of a subjectively focused, practice orientated and yet culturally sensitive approach to exploring human behaviour in the context of the conduct of everyday life. Based on an analytical matrix that is developed from such thinking, I examine Nuha's life experiences using Dreier's theory of a person. In doing so, I recognise the additional importance of personhood in practice that provide a reference point for exploring more deeply the learning and development of Nuha. The research is generated through a case study narrative that is analysed dialectically through theory, recognising how theory is simultaneously driven by the data. The paper concludes with arguments made about the centrality of an extended and developed sense of the conduct of everyday life to get at the nuanced evolving sense of being and doing for British Yemeni young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. Multi-stream P&U adaptive graph convolutional networks for skeleton-based action recognition.
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Chen, Minglong, Liang, Jiuzhen, and Liu, Hao
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JOINTS (Anatomy) , *RECOGNITION (Psychology) , *HUMAN behavior , *HUMAN body , *RANGE of motion of joints - Abstract
In recent years, action recognition has been an essential branch of video understanding and a hot research direction. Among them, the graph convolutional network (GCN) is widely used in skeleton-based action recognition and has achieved remarkable performance. However, in practical situations, recognizing human action often depends on the movement of a part of the joints. In the existing GCN-based methods, the size of a single frame of the skeleton graph is fixed, and all joints of the human body will participate in the whole operation process, so the critical joints in the moving process cannot be flexibly selected. Therefore, this paper takes the adaptive graph convolutional network (AGCN) as the baseline and uses the graph-pooling method to select the critical joints in the human moving process. We design two new networks: Pooling-AGCN and U-AGCN and use them to form the multi-stream P&U AGCNs for action recognition. Extensive experiments show the complementarity between the two networks and that the method proposed in this paper outperforms the recent work on the three large-scale public datasets (NTU-RGB+D 60, NTU-RGB+D 120, Kinetics-Skeleton). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. Ego Depletion& Thirding-as-othering in Albert Camus’s The Stranger.
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Gomaa, Nermine
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EGO depletion (Psychology) , *SELF regulation , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
This paper deals with Edward Soja’s thirding-as-othering process that is part of the thirdspace experience proposed by Soja’s spatial theory of subjectivity. According to the paper, both the enlightening milieu of the thirdspace and the thirding-as-othering process can significantly function as therapeutic elements of rejuvenating man’s mental resources that are fatigued and exhausted by the psychological case of ego depletion. In this respect, keeping a link between the psychological theory of ego depletion and Soja’s thirdspace, the paper suggests an interdisciplinary therapeutic approach that is both philosophical and psychological. Therefore, tracing the potential specifications and implications of rejuvenating man’s depleted mental resources, the study proposes a self-regulation plan according to which the individual can gain insight in different patterns of human behavior that are used as suggestive rejuvenating role models. The patterns provided by the thirding-as-othering process together with the motivation and willpower created there can help the individual to shrug off the state of ego-depletion and recharge his worn-out mental powers in light of the insight and enlightenment he can acquire within the framework of his discovered thirdspace. Accordingly, the Third Space is recommended as a human enhancing area of self-discovery and a therapeutic and rejuvenating one as well that could be regarded as a replication of what Aldo Leopard calls the “land of ethics” . To further establish its argument, the paper applies its proposed hybrid approach to Albert Camus’s The Stranger. This is critically done with some questions in mind concerning manifestations of ego depletion, the way the novel portrays its ego depleted characters, their thirdspaces and the relevant emergent suggestive alternatives and manifestations of the rejuvenation of their depleted mental resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Ibn Khaldūn's Method of History and Aristotelian Natural Philosophy.
- Author
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Adamson, Peter
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ARISTOTELIANISM (Philosophy) , *PHILOSOPHY of science , *PHILOSOPHY of nature , *ISLAMIC philosophy , *POLITICAL philosophy , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
The historian Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406) is most often treated by historians of philosophy as part of the story of political philosophy in the Islamic world. While this is perfectly legitimate, it may be misleading when it comes to the question of the method he proposes for the historian. This paper argues that that method is in fact based on a different branch of (Aristotelian) science: natural philosophy. After rendering this proposition initially plausible by noting frequent references to "nature" in the Muqaddima , the paper discusses a number of parallels between natural philosophy and history as Ibn Khaldūn conceives it. Ultimately it is suggested that this method is legitimated insofar as history is for Ibn Khaldūn a study of human nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Interpreting Likert-type Scales, Summated Scales, Unidimensional Scales, and Attitudinal Scales: I neither Agree nor Disagree, Likert or Not.
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Lindner, J. R. and Lindner, N. J.
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HUMAN behavior , *HUMAN experimentation , *BEHAVIORAL research , *PSYCHOLOGICAL research , *EDUCATION research - Abstract
This paper provides a rationale and convention for discussing the true limits and interpretation of data collected using unidimensional, summated, Likert-type, and attitudinal scales used in research investigating human behavior, sociology, education, psychology, and other related fields of study. All vague quantifiers must be described in methods and findings. The true limits of the scale and of each vague quantifier should be described. This information should be placed in the methods section. A five-point summated scale, for example, can be interpreted as follows: Strongly Agree = 5 - 4.51, Agree = 4.5 - 3.51, Neither Agree nor Disagree = 3.5 - 2.51, Disagree = 2.5 - 1.51, Strongly Disagree = 1.5 - 1. This paper also provides a rationale and convention for the use of nonstandardized effect size (ES) estimates to describe the magnitude and strength of the effect. This is accomplished by subtracting one summated M from another summated M and interpreted using the following convention: Small (ES = .19 and lower); Medium (ES = .20 - .49); and Large (ES = .50 and higher). The rationale for this is based on the intuitiveness of the measure, true limits of the scale, and scale intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Scientific journals overly print papers by their own editors.
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Wilson, Clare
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HUMAN behavior , *SCIENCE publishing , *PERIODICAL publishing , *EDITORIAL boards - Published
- 2023
22. Failure: by Arjun Appadurai and Neta Alexander, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2019, viii + 145 pp., $49.95/£40 (cloth), $14.95/£12.99 (paper).
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Warner, Jonathan
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POLITICAL systems , *SCIENTIFIC method , *TEXTILES , *PRODUCT obsolescence , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
It is unfortunate that Appadurai and Alexander decided to limit the focus to the problems of "late capitalism", as they see it. I came to this book expecting not to like it, but with the hope that I would learn something of value about the nature of failure. Rather, Appadurai and Alexander instead use the phrase to mean a situation when a market system leads to an undesirable outcome. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
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23. Transwriting in Aleni's Xingxue cushu: communicating the philosophy of human nature between the West and late Ming China.
- Author
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Zhu, Hailin
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CHINESE philosophy , *PHILOSOPHY of nature , *HUMAN behavior , *CHINESE people , *CHINESE language - Abstract
Giulio Aleni's Xingxue cushu 性學觕述 (A Brief Introduction to the Study of Human Nature, 1623–1646) was a product of an ambitious project by the Jesuits in China to introduce Aristotle's natural philosophy to Chinese literati. The book, originally from the Cursus Conimbricensis (1592-1606), shows a good example of the interactions between transmitter and receptor in the encounter of Western culture with Chinese culture. This paper explores Aleni's linguistic strategy for placing Western concepts of human nature in dialogue with traditional Chinese thought. It argues that the work's favourable reception among Chinese scholars was due to Aleni's use of translation principles that anticipate transwriting. Namely, instead of direct translation Aleni adapted the text for his Chinese readers by rewriting partly, adding his own responses, borrowing Chinese classical terms and creatively interpreting these terms, quoting many Chinese classical allusions, and employing Chinesestyle arguments. These linguistic tools Aleni used facilitate the reader's understanding and acceptance of the Western philosophy of human nature. His linguistic success on communication between the two thoughts on human nature helps us redefine the concept of transwriting and find an in-between space for a rational philosophic and religious dialogue between China and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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24. Mate assessment based on physical characteristics: a review and reflection.
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Watkins, Christopher D.
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HUMAN behavior , *HUMAN sexuality , *PSYCHOLOGICAL research , *ROMANTICISM , *HUMAN biology - Abstract
ABSTRACT Mate choice, and sex differences in romantic behaviours, represented one of the first major applications of evolutionary biology to human behaviour. This paper reviews Darwinian approaches to heterosexual mate assessment based on physical characteristics, placing the literature in its historical context (1871–1979), before turning (predominantly) to psychological research on attractiveness judgements based on physical characteristics. Attractiveness is consistently inferred across multiple modalities, with biological theories explaining why we differentiate certain individuals, on average, from others. Simultaneously, it is a judgement that varies systematically in light of our own traits, environment, and experiences. Over 30 years of research has generated robust effects alongside reasons to be humble in our lack of understanding of the precise physiological mechanisms involved in mate assessment. This review concludes with three questions to focus attention in further research, and proposes that our romantic preferences still provide a critical window into the evolution of human sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Supporting and challenging hate in an online discussion of a controversial refugee policy.
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Goodman, Simon and Locke, Abigail
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REFUGEE policy , *ONLINE hate speech , *INTERNET , *DISCURSIVE psychology , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
Online hate is a serious problem affecting a range of minoritised people. Existing theories suggest that poor behaviour online is due to anonymity but fail to explore how such discussions unfold. This is where a discursive and rhetorical psychological approach is appropriate as it offers a micro-level analysis. In this research paper, a discursive/rhetorical approach is applied to an online debate about a controversial refugee policy in the UK containing 586 comments, to address the question: How are arguably hateful arguments, or those challenging hateful arguments, supported and challenged in the context of an internet discussion about a controversial refugee policy? Analysis demonstrated that support for posts is shown to come in the form of additional points to bolster existing ones. Opposition to posts took the form of simple rejections and counterpoints, sometimes taking a three-part structure of (a) simple rejection, (b) counterpoint and (c) upgrade, but also included insults, ridiculing and name calling. Discursive and rhetorical analyses have been shown to have potential to understand online behaviour offering more detail than relying on anonymity to explain controversial and hateful speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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26. The chemical basis of seawater therapies: a review.
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Costanzo, Michele, De Giglio, Maria Anna Rachele, Gilhen-Baker, Melinda, and Roviello, Giovanni Nicola
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HUMAN behavior , *SEAWATER , *MARINE ecology , *BIOACTIVE compounds , *CHEMICAL species - Abstract
The rising number of diseases and deaths caused by pollution and modern lifestyle habits is a growing societal concern. Marine ecosystems are both victim to this human behaviour as a recipient of human pollution as well as being a source of medicinal chemicals which can cure a variety of diseases. In this paper, we review the chemical basis of water-based treatments and their effects on human health, while focusing on the threats to marine ecosystems and the potential benefits of balneotherapy, thalassotherapy, and bioactive chemical species. We found that seawater has potential benefits for skin health, demonstrating emollient properties, protection against skin barrier disruption, and inhibition of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. We present the putative mechanisms by which minerals, salts, and marine organic matter can slow down disease progression, through their numerous activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing properties. Water-living organisms also have an impact on such mechanisms by producing biologically active compounds with beneficial effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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27. Multivariate Hawkes processes with spatial covariates for spatiotemporal event data analysis.
- Author
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Li, Chenlong and Cui, Kaiyan
- Subjects
- *
POISSON regression , *TRANSFER functions , *HUMAN behavior , *REGRESSION analysis , *SEISMOLOGY , *CRIME statistics - Abstract
Spatiotemporal events occur in many disciplines, including economics, sociology, criminology, and seismology, with different patterns in space and time related to environmental characteristics, policing, and human behavior. In this paper, we propose a class of multivariate Hawkes processes with spatial covariates to consider the influence structure of spatial features in spatiotemporal events and the spatiotemporal patterns such as clustering. Baseline intensities are assumed to be a spatial Poisson regression model to explain spatial feature influence. The transfer functions are considered unknown but smooth and decreasing to explain the clustering phenomena. A semiparametric estimation method based on time discretization and local constant approximation is introduced. Transfer function estimators are shown to be consistent, and baseline intensity estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. We examine the numerical performance of the proposed estimators with extensive simulation and illustrate the application of the proposed model to crime data obtained from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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28. Lexical variation of woods and bush in Ontario English.
- Author
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Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Jankowski, Bridget L.
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN behavior , *LINGUISTICS , *SIXTEENTH century , *SEVENTEENTH century , *LANGUAGE contact , *PLAYS on words - Abstract
This paper examines ongoing lexical variability among words that describe areas with trees, such as
woods, bush andforest , among others. The historical perspective shows ongoing semantic evolution of these terms, fromwood(s) (c.825) to the emergence ofbush in the late 16th century or early 17th century. We assess regional, social and linguistic patterns of variation in 1849 tokens, from individuals born in the late 1800s to early 200s across 21 communities in Ontario, Canada. The most common word isbush ; use ofwoods is moderate whileforest is rare. Ancestry and migration play key roles in their distribution, demonstrating that ancestral roots, migration and language contact play into the selection of a word. We argue that lexical variation, when analysed in a comparative sociolinguistic perspective in the context of social typology, history and geographic location, offers important insights into language use and human behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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29. A Panoramic View of Socio-Cultural Sensitivity in Digital Technologies: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions.
- Author
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Chan, Gerry, Banire, Bilikis, Ataguba, Grace, Frempong, Geroge, and Orji, Rita
- Subjects
- *
DIGITAL technology , *HUMAN behavior , *RESEARCH personnel , *INFORMATION technology , *SOCIAL networks , *HUMAN-computer interaction - Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing research interest in aligning technological designs with users’ lived experiences. The goal of this work is to review existing work on the current state-of-the-art on incorporating individual and community values and beliefs into various kinds of interactive computerized technologies, emphasizing socio-cultural sensitivity. After screening 235 records, 45 papers were included in this review. Our research reveals that researchers are at the forefront of developing advanced socio-cultural digital tools and interactive educational platforms. They frequently employ techniques like collaborative dialogue facilitation, personalized linguistic support, and the integration of culturally significant design principles, such as cultural narratives and symbols. This commitment to technology’s transformative potential extends beyond education, making its mark in healthcare, social networks, finance, and other domains. We conclude by providing an overview of the questions that other researchers can investigate in the future for designing technologies that are socio-culturally sensitive. Future studies would benefit from a wider use of theories to account for the complexity of human behavior while designing socio-culturally sensitive technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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30. Can Leading by Example Alone Improve Cooperation?
- Author
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Zhang, Ziying, Elvis, Nguepi Tsafack, Wang, Jiawei, and Hou, Gonglin
- Subjects
- *
INTRINSIC motivation , *HUMAN behavior , *INCENTIVE (Psychology) , *FREE-rider problem , *PUBLIC goods - Abstract
Cooperation is essential for the survival of human society. Understanding the nature of cooperation and its underlying mechanisms is crucial for studying human behavior. This paper investigates the impact of leadership on public cooperation by employing repeated sequential public goods games, as well as by examining whether leading by example (through rewards and punishments) can promote cooperation and organizational success. The leaders were assigned randomly and were given the authority to reward or punish. As a result, (1) the leaders showed a strong tendency toward reciprocity by punishing free riders and rewarding cooperators at their own expense, which enhanced the intrinsic motivation for others to follow their example; and (2) both rewards and punishments were effective in promoting cooperation, but punishment was more effective in sustaining a high level of collaboration. Additionally, leaders preferred using rewards and were more reluctant to use punishments. These findings are crucial for creating organizational structures that foster cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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31. Risk assessment of man‐machine systems under safety‐critical multitasking situations.
- Author
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Che, Haiyang, Li, Kehui, Zeng, Shengkui, Yv, Changbo, and Guo, Jianbin
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN-machine systems , *RISK assessment , *FAULT trees (Reliability engineering) , *HELICOPTER accidents , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
Multitasking is increasingly common in highly complex and safety‐critical systems, especially under abnormal situations. Mental overload (MOL) may occur and result in forgetting/mistaking tasks uncertainly. Such probabilistic errors could have catastrophic consequences and contribute greatly to the multitasking risk of man‐machine systems. In this paper, to better identify the risks of safety‐critical multitasking situations, MOL mechanism is investigated and a risk analysis method considering MOL is proposed. MOL occurs when the demand for resources estimated by Multiple Resources Model exceeds an operator's ability. Then, the operator's performance degrades, and s/he tends to mistake or abandon parts of tasks. Based on the MOL mechanism, a MOL‐performance dependency (MOL‐PDEP) gate is proposed to incorporate MOL into risk analysis. Its inputs are concurrent tasks, and it triggers the related hazardous human behavior events with certain probabilities if MOL occurs. Through this gate, the dependence among these events and their nondeterministic cause relationships to MOL are added to traditional fault tree (FT), which presents a challenge issue to FT analysis. An implicit method is proposed to analyze the FT with MOL‐PDEP gate and calculate the accident probability. A case study on a helicopter crash accident demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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32. Beyond an anthropocentric view of praxis: towards education for planetary well-being.
- Author
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Heikkinen, Hannu L. T., Huttunen, Rauno, Mahon, Kathleen, and Kemmis, Stephen
- Subjects
- *
PHILOSOPHY , *HUMAN behavior , *COLLECTIVE action , *CAPITALISM , *SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
A number of philosophical perspectives, such as deep ecology, posthumanism, and new materialisms, to name a few, have challenged the deep-rooted anthropocentric assumptions about human exceptionalism. Yet these non-anthropocentric perspectives must still find a place for human action; they require clear conceptualisations of human action and agency. It is generally acknowledged that human beings have a weighty moral responsibility for correcting the current global ecological crisis. For more than two millennia, theories of praxis supplied conceptualisations of action for the good of humankind. In this paper, we argue that the non-anthropocentric perspectives can be substantially extended and enhanced by a new theory of transformative praxis that breaks through the anthropocentric limit imposed by the notion of 'the good for humankind' to embrace collective human action for planetary well-being. We call this approach a praxis orientation to environmental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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33. TIME WILL TELL: THE CASE FOR AN IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO BEHAVIORAL CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH.
- Author
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Cram, W. Alec, D'Arcy, John, and Benlian, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
BEHAVIORAL research , *INTERNET security , *NEUTRALIZATION theory , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
Many of the theories used in behavioral cybersecurity research have been applied with a nomothetic approach, which is characterized by cross-sectional data (e.g., one-time surveys) that identify patterns across a population of individuals. Although this can provide valuable between-person, point-in-time insights (e.g., employees who use neutralization techniques, such as denying responsibility for cybersecurity policy violations, tend to comply less), it is unable to reveal within-person patterns that account for varying experiences and situations over time. This paper articulates why an idiographic approach, which undertakes a within-person analysis of longitudinal data, can: (1) help validate widely used theories in behavioral cybersecurity research that imply patterns of behavior within a given person over time and (2) provide distinct theoretical insights on behavioral cybersecurity phenomena by accounting for such within-person patterns. To these ends, we apply an idiographic approach to an established theory in behavioral cybersecurity research--neutralization theory--and empirically test a within-person variant of this theory using a four-week experience sampling study. Our results support a more granular application of neutralization theory in the cybersecurity context that considers the behavior of a given person over time. We conclude the paper by highlighting the contexts and theories that provide the most promising opportunities for future behavioral cybersecurity research using an idiographic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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34. A Review of Tunnel Fire Evacuation Strategies and State-of-the-Art Research in China.
- Author
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Zhang, Yuxin and Huang, Xinyan
- Subjects
- *
CIVILIAN evacuation , *TUNNELS , *TRAFFIC flow , *FIRE testing , *FIRE prevention , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
After over 30 years of fast economic development and massive construction of infrastructures, China now owns the largest total length of tunnels in the world. However, many tunnels are overloaded with a large traffic volume and vulnerable to fire accidents in operation. Once a fire occurs in the tunnel, the occupants face a dangerous and confined environment and need to evacuate before reaching untenable conditions. Failure in fire evacuation will cause severe injuries and casualties under high-temperature and toxic fire smoke, and many past fire accidents have taught us lessons. Driven by the need for tunnel fire safety in China, many new researches are conducted related to fire evacuation in tunnel environments including full-scale experiments, and new evacuation strategies are carried out with sophisticated tunnel designs and regulations. Hence, this work aims to review these latest developments and studies in China towards better and safer evacuation in tunnel fires. In specific, the paper summarized the evacuation issues in tunnel fires generally and pointed out the unique issues in China. Aiming these issues, the paper then introduced recent evacuation strategies and evacuation research in China respectively. Typical tunnel fire accidents and full-scale tunnel fire evacuation tests in China were discussed in detail as case studies. Detailed evacuation strategies and the exposed issues were analyzed in those tunnel fire accidents emphatically, while evacuation findings of human behavior such as evacuation choices and trajectories were presented according to several field tunnel fire evacuations conducted by the authors. Finally, we highlight the research advances and challenges of fire evacuation in tunnels, as well as the need and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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35. Convolutional Neural Network for Head Segmentation and Counting in Crowded Retail Environment Using Top-view Depth Images.
- Author
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Abed, Almustafa, Akrout, Belhassen, and Amous, Ikram
- Subjects
- *
DEEP learning , *CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *BEHAVIORAL assessment , *RETAIL stores , *HUMAN behavior , *COUNTING - Abstract
Since the emergence of big data, the popularity of deep learning models has increased and they are being implemented in a wide range of applications, including people detection and counting in congested environments. Detecting and counting people for human behavior analysis in retail stores is a challenging research problem due to the congested and crowded environment. This paper proposes a deep learning approach for detecting and counting people in the presence of occlusions and illuminance variation in a crowded retail environment, utilizing deep CNNs (DCNNs) for semantic segmentation of top-view depth visual data. Semantic segmentation has been implemented using (DCNNs) in recent years since it is a powerful approach. The objective of this paper is to design a novel architecture that consists of an encoder–decoder architecture. We were motivated to use transfer learning to solve the problem of insufficient training data. We used ResNet50 for the encoder, and we built the decoder part as a novel contribution. Our model was trained and evaluated on the TVHeads dataset and the people counting dataset (PCDS) that are available for research purposes. It consists of depth data of people captured from a top-view RGB-D sensor. The segmentation results indicate high accuracy and demonstrate that the proposed model is robust and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. 'Good farmers' and 'real vets': social identities, behaviour change and the future of bovine tuberculosis eradication.
- Author
-
Enticott, Gareth
- Subjects
- *
TUBERCULOSIS in cattle , *GROUP identity , *HUMAN behavior , *NUDGE theory , *SOCIAL science research , *FARMERS , *CATTLE herding - Abstract
This paper considers the role of social research and human behaviour in attempts to eradicate bTB. Future attempts to eradicate bTB are likely to involve an increasing range of sophisticated technologies. However, the acceptance and use of these technologies is likely to depend on a range of behavioural incentives. The use of appropriate behavioural nudges may facilitate bTB eradication, but the paper contends that of more value are socio-cultural approaches to understanding behaviour. Specifically, the concepts of the 'good farmer' and 'real vets' are discussed to show how bTB eradication is dependent on social identities. In conclusion, the paper outlines four key roles for social research in assisting with future bTB eradication policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
37. Technology, the latent conqueror: an experimental study on the perception and awareness of technological determinism featuring select sci-fi films and AI literature.
- Author
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Kumar, Ardra P and Rukmini, S.
- Subjects
- *
SCIENCE fiction films , *HUMAN behavior , *ENGINEERING students , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *AWARENESS - Abstract
In today's age, we see the increasing influence of technology on people, which begs to raise the question: "Is society determined by technology?" Rising up within the constraints of each society, technology had its limitations, as it catered to the needs and interests of the masses. As society evolved, so did its requirements. We are at a stage where dependence on technology has gone through the roof with new innovations coming up in the sector, the rise of artificial intelligence, for instance. Technology has replaced the concept of being a mere tool and is creating/demanding space of its own. With advancements in various fields like robotics which churn out machines that can mimic human behaviour and are equipped with anthropomorphic features, it has become rather difficult to view them as mere commodities waiting for one's (human master's) command. Keeping this in view, the paper primarily focuses on the relationship between society and technology, with special emphasis on artificial intelligence, through an analysis of the films Ra One (Bollywood), Android Kunjappan (Mollywood), and Ironman 3 (Hollywood). Secondarily, an experimental study was carried out to know the perception of the Engineering students, the future technologists, who are the stakeholders of the 21st-century technological world, with an aim to know their perception of technology and bring an awareness of the limitations of technology and its role in the creation of utopian and dystopian world. Finally, the paper examines the consequence of technological determinism and autonomy from a colonial perspective and intends to bring preparedness among the students to perceive technology conscious of its limitation and bring harmony between society and technology that leads towards building a utopian world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. THE MASS MEDIA AND ITS MANIFOLD SOCIAL ROLES. THE US MEDIA – A CASE STUDY.
- Author
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CIOCOI-POP VECSEI, Maria-Miruna
- Subjects
- *
MASS media , *SOCIAL role , *YOUNG adults , *MASS media influence , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
The present paper aims to trace both the development of the main media channels throughout the centuries, and their often hard to pin down and define influence upon their consumers. From newspapers to the radio, the TV and nowadays the internet, the media has always directly or indirectly shaped the way people think, feel and act. This is nowhere more visible than in the USA, where especially political life and discourse is inextricably linked to the media and its manifold propagandistic and sometimes manipulative strategies and tendencies. Media has moved in recent decades more and more overtly from delivering a message i.e., information, to creating incentives for purchasing goods (via advertising) or for following a certain political ideology. Last but not least, the present paper addresses the complex issue of the media’s influence on human behavior, especially in the case of young people, with critical voices stating that certain types of media may negatively influence behavior and lead to aggression, violence or obsessive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
39. Human action recognition using multi-stream attention-based deep networks with heterogeneous data from overlapping sub-actions.
- Author
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M, Rashmi and Guddeti, Ram Mohana Reddy
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN activity recognition , *DEEP learning , *HUMAN body , *MULTISENSOR data fusion , *HUMAN behavior , *RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
Vision-based Human Action Recognition is difficult owing to the variations in the same action performed by various people, the temporal variations in actions, and the difference in viewing angles. Researchers have recently adopted multi-modal visual data fusion strategies to address the limitations of single-modality methodologies. Many researchers strive to produce more discriminative features because most existing techniques' success relies on feature representation in the data modality under consideration. Human action consists of several sub-actions whose duration vary between individuals. This paper proposes a multifarious learning framework employing action data in depth and skeleton formats. Firstly, a novel action representation named Multiple Sub-action Enhanced Depth Motion Map (MS-EDMM), integrating depth features from overlapping sub-actions, is proposed. Secondly, an efficient method is introduced for extracting spatio-temporal features from skeleton data. This is achieved by dividing the skeleton sequence into sub-actions and summarizing skeleton joint information for five distinct human body regions. Next, a multi-stream deep learning model with Attention-guided CNN and residual LSTM is proposed for classification, followed by several score fusion operations to reap the benefits of streams trained with multiple data types. The proposed method demonstrated a superior performance of 1.62% over an existing method that utilized skeleton and depth data, achieving an accuracy 89.76% on a single-view UTD-MHAD dataset. Furthermore, on the multi-view NTU RGB+D dataset demonstrated encouraging performance with an accuracy of 89.75% in cross-view and 83.8% in cross-subject evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Influence of the Effective Reproduction Number on the SIR Model with a Dynamic Transmission Rate.
- Author
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Córdova-Lepe, Fernando, Gutiérrez-Jara, Juan Pablo, and Chowell, Gerardo
- Subjects
- *
DYNAMIC models , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission , *REPRODUCTION , *EPIDEMIOLOGICAL models , *DIFFERENTIAL equations , *HUMAN behavior - Abstract
In this paper, we examine the epidemiological model B-SIR, focusing on the dynamic law that governs the transmission rate B. We define this dynamic law by the differential equation B ′ / B = F ⊕ − F ⊖ , where F ⊖ represents a reaction factor reflecting the stress proportional to the active group's percentage variation. Conversely, F ⊕ is a factor proportional to the deviation of B from its intrinsic value. We introduce the notion of contagion impulse f and explore its role within the model. Specifically, for the case where F ⊕ = 0 , we derive an autonomous differential system linking the effective reproductive number with f and subsequently analyze its dynamics. This analysis provides new insights into the model's behavior and its implications for understanding disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. New Natural Law, Derivationist Natural Law, and Evolutionary Debunking.
- Author
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Hannegan, William
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL law , *HUMAN behavior , *ARGUMENT - Abstract
Evolutionary debunking arguments attempt to show from the fact of evolution either that there are no evaluative truths existing independently of our evaluative judgments or that we lack knowledge of such truths. In this paper, I consider whether Sharon Street's influential evolutionary debunking argument threatens natural law theory. I argue that new natural law theory is vulnerable to her argument but that derivationist versions of natural law theory (sometimes referred to as "traditional" or "old" natural law) have the resources to mount a defense. I show that new natural law theory's account of how we know the precepts of natural law leaves the theory open to Street's attack. I also show that derivationist natural law theory's account--on which the precepts of natural law can be derived from facts about human nature and human fulfillment--gives deriviationists what they need for a defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Hume on Race and Slavery.
- Author
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Bailey, Alan
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN behavior , *PEOPLE of color , *RACE , *SEX (Biology) , *HUMAN beings - Abstract
The views on race expressed by Hume in a footnote appended to his essay 'Of National Characters' seem so egregiously misguided that the suspicion has developed among some commentators that his fundamental philosophical outlook may be inextricably intertwined with a host of deeply pejorative racist assumptions that serve to encourage a pervasive pattern of exploitative and oppressive actions directed against people of colour. This paper, in contrast, argues that predominant thrust of Hume's account of human nature is towards emphasizing the psychological similarities manifest by all healthy human beings, irrespective of biological sex or alleged racial affiliations: from Hume's perspective, white Europeans and people of colour are separated by much less than they have in common. It is, moreover, Hume's acknowledgement of the characteristics that all human beings have in common that motivates his forceful criticisms of the practice of chattel slavery. Basing his judgement on his appreciation of our shared humanity, Hume condemns slavery as a practice that cannot be reconciled with any legitimate set of moral sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The Politics of Gift-Giving and Diplomatic Gifts in Traditional Korea.
- Author
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Dong No KIM
- Subjects
- *
GIFT giving , *GENEROSITY , *HUMAN behavior , *POLITICAL culture , *POLITICAL elites , *CHOSON dynasty, Korea, 1392-1910 , *PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
This article explores the significance of gift-giving in human relationships, with a particular focus on traditional Korea. It discusses how gift exchanges create value and satisfaction for both parties involved, and examines the principles of gift exchange as outlined by anthropologists Marcel Mauss and Karl Polanyi. The article also explores the practical and symbolic functions of diplomatic gifts in establishing and fortifying international relationships and political order. It provides examples of diplomatic gift exchanges between China and neighboring countries, as well as between European countries and China. The article concludes by mentioning three papers that will further examine the practice of diplomatic gifts in East Asia, with a focus on Korea. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Federated learning inspired privacy sensitive emotion recognition based on multi-modal physiological sensors.
- Author
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Gahlan, Neha and Sethia, Divyashikha
- Subjects
- *
FEDERATED learning , *EMOTION recognition , *HUMAN behavior , *EMOTIONS , *DETECTORS , *MULTILAYER perceptrons , *MACHINE learning - Abstract
Traditional machine learning classifiers can automatically evaluate human behaviour and emotion recognition tasks. However, prior research work does not secure users' privacy and personal information because they need complete access to sensitive physiological data. The recently introduced Federated Learning (FL) paradigm can address this problem. FL allows the local model updates to be sent to a central server, combining them to create a global model. It does not allow the global model to access the raw data used to train it. Motivated by the core concept of FL, this paper proposes a novel FL-based Multi-modal Emotion Recognition System (F-MERS) framework combining EEG, GSR, ECG, and RESP physiological sensors data. It uses Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) as a base model for classifying complex emotions in three dimensions: Valence, Arousal, and Dominance (VAD). The work validates the F-MERS framework with three emotion benchmark datasets, DEAP, AMIGOS, and DREAMER, achieving accuracies of 87.90%, 89.02%, and 79.02%, respectively. It is the first FL-enabled framework for recognizing complex emotions in three dimensions (VAD) with multi-modal physiological sensors. The proposed study assesses the F-MERS framework in two scenarios: (1). Subject dependent and (2). Subject independent, making the framework more generalized and robust. The experimental outcomes indicate that the F-MERS framework is scalable, efficient in communication, and offers privacy preservation over the baseline Non-FL MLP model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The Nexus of Sex Trading, Psychological Distress, and Suicidal Ideation Among Transgender Adults: Results from a Large National Study.
- Author
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Klein, Hugh and Washington, Thomas A.
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN sexuality & society , *HUMAN behavior , *GENDER , *SEXUAL ethics , *CULTURE - Abstract
Very little research has been undertaken to examine the prevalence of sex-trading behaviors among transgender adults, and even less is known about how engaging in this behavior affects sex-trading individuals. This paper examines the nexus of sex trading and psychological distress and suicidal ideation. Data from the 2015 U.S. National Transgender Survey were used to examine the factors associated with sex trading in a sample of 27,715 transgender Americans aged 18 or older. The Kessler-6 scale was used to measure psychological distress and a dichotomous measure of suicidal ideation during the past year was the other main outcome measure. Covariates in the multivariate analysis included sociodemographic measures, numerous measures of anti-transgender harassment, discrimination, and violence, and several transition milestones. Approximately one person in six had engaged in sex-trading behaviors. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex trading was related to psychological distress and to an increased risk of suicidal ideation. Structural equation analysis showed that sex trading had both a direct impact upon suicidal ideation and an indirect effect through its influence on psychological distress, which was the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation. Although sex trading is relatively uncommon among transgender persons, it is much more common in this population than it is in the population-at-large. Among persons who engage in this practice, though, there is a greatly elevated risk for suffering from psychological distress and suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Breaking the Taboo: Determinants of Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Among Egyptian Women.
- Author
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Shousha, Nayera Mohamed
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN sexuality & society , *HUMAN behavior , *GENDER , *SEXUAL ethics , *CULTURE - Abstract
Drawing on 32 semi structured in-depth interviews with Egyptian women, this paper discusses determinants of sexual knowledge and attitudes among premarital and married women and women's agency in presenting sexual desires and gaining sexual knowledge in Egypt. Three main themes emerged as follows: (1) Attitudes toward being sexually educated; the findings show that most women have a positive attitude toward sexual knowledge and being sexually educated. However, there is still some embarrassment and shame associated with expressing their sexual needs or seeking more information about them. (2) Gender inequity in sexual knowledge: respondents have reported that they face social oppression and challenges when expressing their sexual desires, and there is gender inequity in obtaining knowledge about sex. Additionally, women agreed that men have the right to obtain knowledge about sex and that Egyptian society supports men in acquiring such knowledge. (3) General knowledge about sex; the internet is the most common source of information about sex. There is agreement that intimate relationships should be an enjoyable experience for both partners. Furthermore, women have stated that there are some indicators of successful sexual relationships. The current research contributes by filling a gap in the knowledge about women's sexual education in Egypt, where empirical literature on women's sexual knowledge in such conservative culture is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Maritime decision-makers and cyber security: deck officers' perception of cyber risks towards IT and OT systems.
- Author
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Haugli-Sandvik, Marie, Lund, Mass Soldal, and Bjørneseth, Frøy Birte
- Subjects
- *
RISK perception , *INTERNET security , *SECURITY personnel , *HUMAN behavior , *WILCOXON signed-rank test , *PERCEIVED benefit - Abstract
Through a quantitative study of deck officers' cyber risk perceptions towards information (IT) and operational (OT) systems, this paper contributes to substantiate the importance of considering human behaviour within maritime cyber security. Using survey data from 293 deck officers working on offshore vessels, statistical analyses were conducted to measure and predict the participants cyber risk perceptions towards IT and OT systems. Performing a Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant discrepancy in the levels of cyber risk perception between the system categories. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to develop statistical models, considering multiple independent variables, including perceived benefit, cyber security training, experience with cyber-attacks, and trust towards various stakeholders. Key findings revealed distinct results for IT and OT systems, and the regression models varied in both predictive power and significance of the independent variables. Perceived benefit positively predicts deck officers cyber risk perception for both IT and OT systems, while trust, which included measures of social trust and confidence, was not found to be significant. Cyber security training and experience with cyber-attacks only influence deck officers' perception of cyber risks related to operational technology. Practical implications of this work provide actionable recommendations for the maritime industry, including tailored risk communication tools, training programs, reporting systems, and holistic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The structure of Hume's historical thought before the History of England.
- Author
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Faria, Pedro
- Subjects
- *
CLASSICAL antiquities , *HISTORIOGRAPHY , *HUMAN behavior , *JUSTICE ,BRITISH history - Abstract
David Hume's historical thought was shaped before he even began writing the History of Great Britain in 1752. This article shows how Hume developed his historical thought in an attempt to combine two historical structures: the natural-jurisprudential conjectural history of the Treatise of Human Nature and the early eighteenthcentury historical narratives of modern Europe that featured in his Essays. The Treatise's conjectural history used the developmental categories "rude" and "civilised" to explain the origins of justice, government and the moral sentiment. The narratives of modern Europe, in contrast, revolved around the historical categories "ancient" and "modern." Hume's historical thought was shaped by the attempt to merge those two structures into a single, coherent structure. The critical question concerned the relation between the ancient and the modern: was modern Europe merely a "revival" of classical antiquity? Or did it have new, "post-ancient" dimensions? The article shows how Hume gradually distanced classical antiquity from modern Europe, thereby creating space for exclusively modern concepts such as "civilised monarchies" and the narrative of modern civilisation that structured his History of England (1754-1762). The paper concludes by suggesting that this structure defined Enlightenment philosophical history, not just Hume's version of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. POLITICAL EXTREMISM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS: AN INQUIRY INTO VIOLENCE, STRUGGLE, AND SELF-SACRIFICE.
- Author
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YULIEV, YULIY
- Subjects
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RADICALISM , *HUMAN behavior , *POLITICAL systems , *SELF-sacrifice , *RIGHT-wing extremists - Abstract
This research paper draws upon English novelist George Orwell's observations on human proclivities toward struggle and self- sacrifice, as seen in his criticism of "Mein Kampf", and uses them to explore the complex nature of political extremism. By analyzing the evolution of the political narrative since the 1970s, from economic to cultural is- sues, it investigates the foundations of extreme nationalism within contemporary liberal democracies. In order to show the features and motives of this phenomenon, the study observes several European far-right groups through the lens of extreme nationalism, uncovering similar themes of anti- globalization, immigration, and European Union views. It delves further in- to the examination of human beings by taking a closer look at the way culture shaped our development as a species and the fundamental urge for identification and belonging, providing insights into the psychological underpinnings of extreme beliefs and behavior. It also looks at the foundations of group violence, discussing it as a morally motivated behavior meant to maintain and preserve social ties and the concept of struggle as behavioral mechanisms exploited by extreme nationalists. To thoroughly assess the validity of Orwell's ideas, the research combines the theoretical framework with a case study of the contemporary tendencies towards extremism in the U.S. political system. The analysis leads to the conclusion that George Orwell's findings that the attractiveness of political extremism has its roots in basic features of human nature are still applicable in modern democratic societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Defences, Human Nature, and Spiritual Awakening: A Christian Counselling Perspective.
- Author
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Lam, Angel Suet Man
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HUMAN behavior , *COUNSELING , *CHRISTIAN spirituality , *CRYSTALLINE lens , *VALUES (Ethics) , *RELIGIOUS psychology - Abstract
This article delves into the intricacies of human defences in various domains, including the biological and psychological responses to protect oneself, and the abstract concept of sacrificing one's life to uphold ethical, moral, religious, and spiritual values. While physical, psychological, and moral values have been attended to in counselling, regard for the religious and spiritual aspects is still developing. As the author writes from a Christian perspective, Christian faith and values are considered. It is posited that a study of human nature, as presented in the Christian Bible, can facilitate a profound comprehension of human defences. The paper scrutinizes the correlation between "human defences" and "Christian spirituality" through a Christian lens on human nature. Furthermore, it introduces the idea of "spiritual defence" and how it is related to a spiritual awakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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