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AbstractAn important step in implementing geospatial digital twins is to enhance the expressiveness of virtual geographical scenes for the physical world. However, the existing virtual geographical scenes cannot quickly express the dynamically changing geographic environment for remote users due to the inefficient handling of modeling processes, user perception, and remote sharing. The research analysed the concept and characteristics of geospatial digital twins, and constructed the virtual geographical scene ontology, based on which we developed geographical spatiotemporal semantic rules and designed a dynamic annotation algorithm to enhance the representation of virtual geographical scenes. Finally, we investigated a real-time transmission method of panoramic video based on 5 G and used immersive virtual reality (IVR) to realize the user experience of remote immersion in geographical scenes. We selected a specific geographic environment containing multiple typical geographic entities to develop three prototype systems for experimental analyses. The results showed that the proposed method enabled users to view the virtual geographical scene on a VR device. The average latency for this process was 14.72 seconds. Compared with the virtual geographical scenes constructed by traditional methods, the experiments showed the proposed method advantageous in comprehensiveness, timeliness, and photorealism and abilities to enhance the user’s geographical scene perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public's rational flood mitigation behaviors depend on accurate perception of flood risks. The use of natural language for flood risk perception is an effective approach, and it is critical to ensure the accuracy and comprehensibility of the flood information provided by the system in natural language dialogues. This study presents a framework for large language model (LLM) that is constrained by flood knowledge and can interact with geographic information system (GIS), aimed at enhancing the public's perception of flood risks. We tested the performance of LLM within this framework and the results demonstrate that LLM can generate accurate information about floods under the constraints of entities and relationships in the knowledge graph, and interact with GIS to produce personalized knowledge through real-time coding. Furthermore, we conducted flood risk perception experiments on users with different cognitive levels. The results indicate that using natural language dialogue can narrow the differences brought about by cognitive levels, allowing the public to equally access knowledge related to flood events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important application of virtual geographic environments (VGEs), virtual disaster scenes are essential in enhancing the public's risk awareness. However, existing virtual disaster scene visualization methods lack expert guidance and fail to meet the public's requirements, resulting in an ineffective public understanding. Therefore, this paper proposes a knowledge-guided disaster scene 3D visualization framework. First, the public's demand for disaster scene visualization is analyzed, and a geographic knowledge graph of disaster scenes is constructed. Second, through the guidance of the knowledge graph, the virtual disaster scenes are fusion modeled and suitability represented. Third, a diverse organization and adaptive scheduling method of disaster scene data for multi-computing devices is established. Finally, we developed a prototype system for disaster scene visualization, selected a typical disaster, and conducted cognitive experiments with eye-tracking technology. The results show that the proposed method can effectively support the adaptive visualization of virtual disaster scenes for four computing devices and maintain an efficient frame rate. In addition, compared with other disaster scene visualization methods, our framework incorporates semantic knowledge of scene, user, demand, and space. It can effectively convey disaster information and help the public cognize disaster risks and has significant advantages in modeling standardization, personalization, and adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient geovisualization is beneficial for understanding geospatial phenomena, an important research direction for GISers and Cartographers. However, the current research on geovisualization overemphasizes the visual effects while neglecting the prominent representation of crucial information and failing to consider the user's cognitive workload of information processing. Following the laws of visual perception of the human eyes, this article proposes a visual attention-guided augmented representation approach of geographic scenes that involves area of interest computation, background simplification, and compound graphic variables. Finally, we select bridge stress visualization as a case study for experimental analysis. The experimental results of eye-tracking show that augmented representation could draw the participants' attention to areas of interest in a short time, increasing their duration of fixations and the accuracy of completing given tasks. These findings suggest that our approach can enhance geographic scenes' cognitive efficiency, offers a new idea for the theoretical studies of geovisualization, and holds promising potential for broader application in various geographical phenomena visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detail and representation of a spatial layout varies with scale. This affects an individual's learning effectiveness and understanding, in turn directly influencing their behavior in a fire evacuation. However, the impact of layout learning methods with different spatial scales on fire evacuation behavior, and the relationship between spatial cognition and evacuation effects, remains unclear. We conducted spatial layout learning across three scales with 81 participants and simulated a fire evacuation scenario in a mobile virtual reality for groups. We collected evacuation decision-making and user experience questionnaires as . The results demonstrate that small-scale learning objects are the easiest for participants to understand in terms of spatial layout and relationships, but their performance in fire evacuation is poor. Large-scale learning objects significantly improve participants' evacuation efficiency. Spatial layout learning plays a crucial role in fire evacuation outcomes, but traditional spatial knowledge acquisition measurement methods cannot predict fire evacuation performance. This study sheds light on how spatial cognition influences fire evacuation behavior and provides a more reliable fire evacuation simulation method based on mobile virtual reality (MVR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a fast and accurate semantic segmentation of road crack video in a complex dynamic environment. First, a fast key frame selection algorithm is designed by combining the interframe dissimilarity constrained video frame difference method (FDM) and shot interval sampling method (SISM). Second, the complex and dynamic characteristics of application scenarios are studied, and a high-precision crack semantic segmentation DBPNet containing a densely diverse branch module (DDBM) and diverse branch pyramid module (DBPM) is proposed, which can not only focus on the local aggregation of the same scale feature but also fuse and reconstruct long-distance related semantic features. Finally, a dynamic video data set of cracks in complex environments, including multiple types of interference, different weather and lighting is established, and experimental analysis is carried out. The results show that the proposed method can improve the efficiency of video crack detection by 5–7 times compared to the method without using key frames, and the detection accuracy can reach 72.85%, which can adapt to dynamic video changes in a variety of complex scenes. The proposed network, DBPNet, outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in road crack semantic segmentation on challenging data sets in terms of both Dice and MIOU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a fast and accurate semantic segmentation of road crack video in a complex dynamic environment. First, a fast key frame selection algorithm is designed by combining the interframe dissimilarity constrained video frame difference method (FDM) and shot interval sampling method (SISM). Second, the complex and dynamic characteristics of application scenarios are studied, and a high-precision crack semantic segmentation DBPNet containing a densely diverse branch module (DDBM) and diverse branch pyramid module (DBPM) is proposed, which can not only focus on the local aggregation of the same scale feature but also fuse and reconstruct long-distance related semantic features. Finally, a dynamic video data set of cracks in complex environments, including multiple types of interference, different weather and lighting is established, and experimental analysis is carried out. The results show that the proposed method can improve the efficiency of video crack detection by 5–7 times compared to the method without using key frames, and the detection accuracy can reach 72.85%, which can adapt to dynamic video changes in a variety of complex scenes. The proposed network, DBPNet, outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in road crack semantic segmentation on challenging data sets in terms of both Dice and MIOU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In emergency situations such as fire evacuation, indoor wayfinding is a complex and challenging task that is closely related to spatial cognition and spatial ability. This study discusses the indoor wayfinding ability of evacuees from the perspective of spatial cognitive style. Spatial cognitive style can be divided into: landmark, route, survey (ordered from low to high). We measured the spatial cognitive style of participants, created a realistic virtual scene with a LiDAR scanner, and finally captured real behavior data using mobile virtual reality. The results show that people with a survey style can better extract information from an evacuation map and use it correctly, and they have a stronger sense of direction and cognition of the evacuation scene. People with a route or landmark style rely more on evacuation signs and following others to find their way and are more likely to lose their way in an emergency. These findings are helpful to explain the differences in wayfinding strategies and escape results of people in a fire evacuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and intuitive representation of floods can improve people's perception, which is useful for flood emergency management and decision making. However, the current methods of visualizing flood disaster scenes have the shortcomings of data redundancy and low-efficiency. The interference of the complex background can be avoided through region of interest (ROI) extraction, because the attention will be quickly attracted by a few salient visual objects. First, the characteristics of the flood disaster scene object are analysed, and the method for scene division and data organization is established. Second, the region of interest is extracted according to the time series data of the flood evolution process simulated using cellular automata, and the dynamic identification model of the objects of interest is established. Then, a dynamic scheduling queue model with service interruption is designed to optimize the rendering efficiency of flood scenes and improve the perception efficiency. Finally, a prototype visualization system was developed and the experimental results show that approximately 30% of the redundant data are reduced, and the scene rendering efficiency is increased by approximately 15%. The non-ROI visualization is weakened by using the rules of human visual cognition, which improves the perception efficiency of flood scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holographic projection technology can provide a more intuitive and efficient visualization effect for a digital twin bridge construction scene. However, pre-rendering methods in the existing research work are usually used to implement holographic visualization, which is static display. The above-mentioned methods for static display have many shortcomings, such as poor adaptability, low rendering efficiency and lack of real-time. A dynamic holographic modelling approach is proposed for the augmented visualization of digital twin scenes for bridge construction. Firstly, a dynamic segmentation algorithm with adaptive screen size was designed to high-efficiently generate holographic scenes. Secondly, a motion blur control method was designed to improve the rendering efficiency of holographic scenes according to human visual characteristics. Finally, a prototype system was developed, and the corresponding experimental analysis was completed. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this article can support adaptive screen size image segmentation and real-time generation of holographic scenes for bridge construction. The amount of scene data can be reduced to more than 30%, which significantly improves rendering efficiency and reduces glare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowd evacuation simulation using virtual reality (VR) is significant for digital emergency response construction. However, existing evacuation simulation studies suffer from poor adaptation to complex environments, inefficient evacuations, and poor simulation effects and do not fully consider the impacts of specific disaster environments on crowd evacuation. To more realistically express the crowd evacuation results obtained under the influence of fire environments and the subjective consciousness of pedestrians in subway stations, we designed a dynamic pedestrian evacuation path planning method under multiple constraints, analysed the influences of an 'environmental role' and a 'subjective initiative' on crowd evacuation, established an improved social force model (ISFM)-based crowd evacuation simulation method in VR, developed a prototype system and conducted experimental analyses. The experimental results show that the crowd evacuation time of the ISFM is affected by the disaster severity. In simulation experiments without disaster scenarios, the improved model's crowd evacuation efficiency improved by averages of 12.53% and 15.37% over the commercial Pathfinder software and the original social force model, respectively. The method described herein can effectively support real-time VR crowd evacuation simulation under multiexit and multifloor conditions and can provide technical support for emergency evacuation learning and management decision analyses involving subway fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new iridoid glycosides, named productasperulosidic acid butyl ester (1) and E-6-O-3-hydroxy-p-methoxycinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester (2), along with nine known ones (3–11), were isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. The structures of them were elucidated by extensive 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral data. Compounds 1–11 showed no significant cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refrigeration technology of electronic devices has faced severe challenges with the increasing demand for miniaturization and high frequency, and the research on the electrocaloric effect (ECE) of ferroelectric nanomaterials has made it possible to solve such problems. Due to the symmetry breaking on surfaces of a ferroelectric crystal, the polarizations on surfaces are different from those inside the crystal, which can significantly affect the electrocaloric properties of the materials. In addition, considering the electromechanical coupling between the spontaneous polarization and stress field, the applied stress has a drastic influence on the ECE of the material. In this paper, the extrapolation length is incorporated in the phase-field method based on the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation to investigate the effects of different stress and surface polarization on the ECE of PbTiO3 (PTO) nanocylinders. The stress–adiabatic temperature change (ATC) curves with different extrapolation lengths are obtained through the simulations, which reveal the effect of extrapolation length and stress on the PTO nanocylinders. The results of this paper can provide theoretical guidance for the design of next-generation solid-state cooling devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperoside (HP), as a natural product, can promote proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and presents a protective effect on ovariectomized (OVX) mice. However, the inhibitory effect of HP on osteoclasts (OCs) and the potential mechanism remain to be elucidated. In this study, it was found that HP could effectively inhibit the differentiation and bone resorption of OCs, and its intrinsic molecular mechanism was related to the inhibition of TRAF6/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, HP could be a promising natural compound for lytic bone diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the predictive values of the HAS-BLED, ORBIT, ATRIA, REACH, PARIS, and PRECISE-DAPT scores in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who received both anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. 930 patients were consecutively recruited and followed up for 1 year. The primary endpoints were BARC class ≥3 bleeding and BARC class ≥2 bleeding. BARC class ≥3 bleeding occurred in 36 patients(3.9%), while BARC class ≥2 bleeding was seen in 134 patients (14.4%). The predictive performance of the HAS-BLED score for BARC class ≥3 bleeding was unsatisfactory (c-statistic = 0.575). The discrimination of the ATRIA, ORBIT, PARIS, and PRECISE-DAPT scores was also low-to-moderate. The REACH score was useless in bleeding risk stratification for this population. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that previous bleeding events and hemoglobin were two independent predictors of BARC class ≥3 bleeding. Compared to the HAS-BLED score, the model constructed by previous bleeding events and hemoglobin displayed a significant improvement in bleeding risk prediction [c-statistics: 0.704 vs. 0.575 (p =.008), NRI = 0.662,IDI = 0.049]. In patients with AF and ACS or undergoing PCI who received anticoagulant+antiplatelet therapy, the HAS-BLED, ORBIT, ATRIA, REACH, PARIS, and PRECISE-DAPT scores displayed only low-to-moderate performance in predicting BARC class≥3 bleeding. Future studies are required to develop more reliable scoring systems for bleeding risk evaluation in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development and applications of nano-electro-mechanical systems, academic interest in the mechanical behavior of piezoelectric structures at nanoscale is increasing. Interesting unconventional phenomena have been observed either experimentally or through molecular dynamics simulation. The most common and also important one is the size-dependent characteristics. Classical continuum mechanics with necessary modifications has been proven to be very powerful in explaining these particular characteristics in a relatively simple theoretical framework. This article reviews the recent advances in understanding the size-dependent dynamic responses of piezoelectric nanostructures from the viewpoint of modified continuum mechanics. Particular attentions are paid to three advanced theories of piezoelectricity (e.g. gradient piezoelectricity, surface piezoelectricity, and nonlocal piezoelectricity) and their abilities to predict unconventional vibration and wave characteristics in piezoelectric structures and devices at the nanoscale. The article could serve as a useful reference for the future research on or design of nanostructures with multifield couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a well-known chronic degenerative joint disease, with multiple changes in the phenotype of chondrocytes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to be involved in various human diseases, including OA. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of circ_0020093 in OA pathological changes in vitro. C28/I2 cells were treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to mimic OA pathological conditions. The expression levels of circ_0020093, miR-181a-5p and ETS-related gene (ERG) mRNA were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). For functional analyses, cell proliferative capacity was detected using EdU assay and CCK-8 assay. Inflammatory response was assessed by determining the release of pro-inflammatory factors using ELISA kits. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry assay. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins were assessed by Western blot. The binding relationship between miR-181a-5p and circ_0020093 or ERG was confirmed by RNA pull-down assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay or RIP assay. The expression level of circ_0020093 was decreased in IL-1β-treated C28/I2 cells. Circ_0020093 overexpression relieved inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis and ECM degradation in IL-1β-induced C28/I2 cells. Circ_0020093 directly targeted miR-181a-5p, and miR-181a-5p bound to the 3ʹ -untranslated region (3ʹUTR) of ERG to regulate ERG expression. Circ_0020093 overexpression promoted the expression of ERG by sponging miR-181a-5p. Rescue experiments showed that miR-181a-5p overexpression or ERG knockdown could reverse the inhibitory effects of circ_0020093 overexpression on the pathological changes in IL-1β-induced C28/I2 cells. Circ_0020093 overexpression alleviated IL-1β-induced human chondrocyte inflammatory injury, apoptosis and ECM degradation by targeting miR-181a-5p/ERG pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of implicit professional identity (IPI) and its relationship with explicit professional identity (EPI) and well-being of pre-service teachers. A total of 81 Chinese female pre-service teacher volunteers participated in the study, in which their IPI, EPI, and well-being were measured using the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), the professional identification scale for pre-service teachers, and the short depression-happiness scale, respectively. The results indicated that (a) pre-service teachers had positive IPI; (b) the correlation between the measures of pre-service teachers' EPI and IPI was not significant; (c) IPI significantly predicted well-being negatively, while EPI positively predicted well-being; and (d) IPI moderated the relationship between EPI and well-being. In the weak IPI group, EPI did not significantly predict well-being; however, in the strong IPI group, EPI significantly predicted well-being positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of the REACH, PARIS, BleeMACS, and PRECISE-DAPT scores in Chinese patients undergoing coronary drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. A total of 1911 patients undergoing coronary DES implantation were consecutively recruited and followed up for 1 year. The primary endpoints were BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding and BARC type 2,3, or 5 bleeding. The BleeMACS score and the PRECISE-DAPT score were significantly associated with 1-year incidence of BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding, but not BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding. The discrimination of the PRECISE-DAPT score was moderate for BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding (c-statistic = 0.633), while those of the REACH (c-statistic = 0.533), PARIS (c-statistic = 0.553), and BleeMACS scores (c-statistic = 0.613) were relatively low. However, the analysis of c-statistic, NRI, and IDI detected no significant discrimination improvement of the PRECISE-DAPT score for BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding compared to the other three scores. The calibrations of the PRECISE-DAPT and BleeMACS scores were modest (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p >.05). Decision curve analysis indicated net benefit of the PRECISE-DAPT score in bleeding risk evaluation. In conclusion, the PRECISE-DAPT score performed moderately in predicting BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding, while the discriminative capacities of the REACH, PARIS, BleeMACS scores were relatively low in patients undergoing DES implantation. But no significant discrimination improvement of the PRECISE-DAPT score compared to the other scores could be detected. Further studies are required to develop standardized bleeding risk scores for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a parametric investigation on the effects of viscous coupling on the seismic responses of subway stations in a saturated poroelastic half-space which is modeled as a two-phase medium by the Biot's theory. Moreover, an equivalent single-phase model for the saturated poroelastic half-space is introduced, and comparisons between the single-phase solutions and the two-phase solutions are made. The results are obtained by a finite element-indirect boundary element coupling method. The study shows that the viscous coupling has significant influences on the seismic internal forces and deformation of the subway stations, and the single-phase approximation can cause large errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of disaster scenes is to share location-based risk information to a large audience in an effective and intuitive way. However, current studies on three-dimensional (3D) representation for dam-break floods have the following limitations: (1) they are lacking a reasonable logic to organize the whole process of dam-break floods, (2) they present information in a way that cannot be easily understood by laypersons. Geospatial storytelling helps to create exciting experiences and to explain complex relationships of geospatial phenomena. This article proposes a three-dimensional virtual representation method for the whole process of dam-break floods from a geospatial storytelling perspective. The creation of a storyline and a storytelling-oriented representation of dam-break floods are discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype system based on WebGL is developed to conduct an experiment analysis. The results of the experiment show that the proposed method can effectively support 3D representation of the spatiotemporal process of dam-break floods. Furthermore, the statistical results indicate that the storytelling is useful for assisting participants in understanding the occurrence and development of dam-break floods, and is applicable to the popularization of disaster science for the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important technology of digital construction, real 3D models can improve the immersion and realism of virtual reality (VR) scenes. The large amount of data for real 3D scenes requires more effective rendering methods, but the current rendering optimization methods have some defects and cannot render real 3D scenes in virtual reality. In this study, the location of the viewing frustum is predicted by a Kalman filter, and eye-tracking equipment is used to recognize the region of interest (ROI) in the scene. Finally, the real 3D model of interest in the predicted frustum is rendered first. The experimental results show that the method of this study can predict the frustrum location approximately 200 ms in advance, the prediction accuracy is approximately 87%, the scene rendering efficiency is improved by 8.3%, and the motion sickness is reduced by approximately 54.5%. These studies help promote the use of real 3D models in virtual reality and ROI recognition methods. In future work, we will further improve the prediction accuracy of viewing frustums in virtual reality and the application of eye tracking in virtual geographic scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To report four cases of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess, and discuss their clinic features and outcomes. Clinical data were collected by reviewing the medical records of four patients diagnosed with endogenous Klebsiella Pneumoniae endophthalmitis (EKPE) secondary to liver abscess. Four patients were diagnosed with EE. Two males and two females, with ages ranging from 33 to 63 years old. All patients presented with ocular symptoms initially. Liver abscesses were diagnosed during hospitalization. All cases were caused by Klebsiella Pneumoniae confirmed by blood or tissue cultures. All patients were treated with intravitreal antibiotic injection, and two of the patients had vitrectomy. At the end, all affected eyes underwent evisceration. One patient died of septic shock with multiple organ failures. EE secondary to liver abscess with metastatic spread is a severe sight-threatening condition. The delayed discovery of liver abscess may hinder the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, which may be related to poor prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the visualisation of floods is essential for users to understand disaster information. However, existing flood visualisation methods have some deficiencies like scarce scene content expression and difficulty obtaining disaster information quickly and lacked a semantic description of the disaster scenes. This study presents constraint rules of flood disaster scene modelling guided by disaster information to determine the disaster's content and correlation. We created a disaster fusion expression model to obtain the complete flood disaster scene which integrated basic geography scene, flood space-time process and disaster object models. Finally, we proposed a dynamic suitability visualisation method for the flood scene to increase the readability of disaster information. We applied the proposed model in the Danba County flood in Sichuan Province, China, to validate the model's performance effectiveness. The finding shows the variation range of flow velocity and flood depth at different monitoring points at a specific time, and also shows the disaster level of disaster objects in the study area. It indicates that the proposed method can effectively realise the fusion of 3D disaster scenes and the dynamic suitability visualisation of floods and help users understand floods quickly and get useful disaster information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of flexoelectricity on thickness-twist waves propagating in the nanoplates are analytically investigated. Detailed calculations are performed for nonpiezoelectric material using the method of reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM), by which the numerical instability usually encountered in the conventional methods can be successfully avoided. Based on the derived characteristic equation, the dispersion relations, phase velocity and group velocity of the structures with different geometry and material parameters are subsequently plotted and compared. The numerical results show that the flexoelectric effect is really essential and cannot be neglected to predict wave propagation behavior especially in the nanoscale structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAttractive cycling routes can effectively promote active mobility, thus reducing the twin pressures of the population boom and the greenhouse effect. However, the existing approaches for cycling route recommendation primarily concentrate on identifying the most efficient routes while ignoring the urban spatial context, which is essential to meet the user’s particular preferences. This article proposes a novel method for informed sampling and recommending cycling routes leveraging crowd-sourced trajectories with weighted-latent Dirichlet allocation (WLDA). Precisely, spatial context mapping, incorporating a weighting mechanism into LDA, latent topics mining, and cycling route recommendation based on informed sampling are introduced. We collected 1,016 cycling trajectories around Cologne, Germany, for experimental analysis. The experimental results show that the three latent topics within the trajectories, leisure, city, and green tours, are clearly presented in the line density analysis. The insightful recommendation for unfamiliar cyclists could also be actively sampled upon the WLDA model. These findings suggest that our approach could shift the route recommendation paradigm from GIS analysis to a semantic mining perspective, yielding highly interpretable results and offering novel research avenues for applying machine learning in route planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated Al-based coagulants for turbidity removal optimization in drinking water facility using Jar test and CCD/RSM analysis. The wide use of aluminum salts requires researching improved Al-based coagulants to reduce the treatment dosage. Eight polyaluminum chloride coagulants (PACl), i.e., Hyperlon 4064-PACl 2, Hyperlon 4393, 1757 X1, 1757 XL8- PACl 1, Ultrafloc 1406, Ultrafloc 3759, AlcoPAC 6, and AlcoPAC 1010 were first compared using a series of jar tests to determine the best candidate in removing the settled and filtered turbidity in water. The results showed that all PACls performed better than alum in removing water turbidity, but Hyperlon 4064 was the best. Then, the central composite design/response surface methodology (CCD/RSM) analysis was applied to Hyperlon 4064 to optimize dosage and pH to achieve the lowest final settled and filtered turbidity in the treated water, which were 21.7 mg/L, 7.53 and 27.95 mg/L, 7.91, respectively. Two quadratic models were generated by the CCD/RSM analysis with high correlations between the actual and predicted responses (R2 = 0.9881 and 0.9809 for final settled turbidity and final filtered turbidity). The results from this study can provide useful information to the operating water treatment plants that use Al-based coagulants to remove turbidity in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTo enhance the stability and light resistance of the yellow compounds in citrus pomace, our study successfully isolated and purified five compounds using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and column chromatography. The identified compounds include methyl linoleate, (2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate, 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol, 6,6-ditetradecyl-6,7-dihydroxazepin-2(3H)-one, and n-octadeca-17-enoic acid. The monomers extracted from fresh pomace, compounds 1 and 2, exhibit structural similarities to flavonoids and carotenoids. In contrast, the polymers isolated from fermented pomace, compounds 3, 4, and 5, share structural units with the fresh pomace compounds, indicating the transformation to stable polymeric forms. This suggests that the microbial fermentation process not only enhances the value of citrus pomace, but also provides a promising pathway for the synthesis of natural antioxidant yellow pigments with far-reaching theoretical and practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals (DDCLCs) with a homeotropic initial state are more practical due to their lower power consumption and higher security. However, achieving the homeotropic initial state necessitates the use of long-pitch DDCLCs. The conventional formula for determining the planar (P) state transmittance of DDCLCs is inadequate for calculating the P state transmittance of long-pitch DDCLCs with pronounced optical activity. Therefore, in the experimental calculations and fitting, optical activity was introduced to amend the conventional formula and expand the calculation range to include visible wavelengths (400 nm-800 nm). Following numerous validations, a modified formula for calculating the P-state transmittance of DDCLCs was derived, which yields results closer to the actual values when optical activity is significant. This modification is of great significance in the design of long-pitch DDCLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acalabrutinib studies have limited Asian participation. This phase 1/2 study (NCT03932331) assessed acalabrutinib in Chinese patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Primary endpoint was blinded independent central review (BICR)-assessed overall response rate (ORR). Overall, 34 patients were enrolled. Most patients were men (88%); median age was 63 years and 59% had ≥3 prior treatments. Median treatment duration was 14 months (range, 1–24). Any-grade adverse events (AEs) and grade ≥3 AEs occurred in 85.3% and 44.1% of patients, respectively. AEs causing treatment discontinuation were aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and gastrointestinal infection (n = 1 each). Fatal AEs occurred in 2 patients (aplastic anemia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [n = 1 each]). BICR-assessed ORR was 82.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 65.5, 93.2); 12 (35.3%) patients achieved complete response. Estimated 12-month OS was 84.5% (95% CI: 66.6, 93.3). Acalabrutinib yielded tolerable safety and high response rates in Chinese patients with R/R MCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimised approach is presented in this study for the fabrication of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) device with a low driving voltage and high contrast ratio (CR). This method involves a two-step process utilising Michael addition and radical polymerisation, employing a reaction-selective orthogonal photoinitiated system. The impact of incorporating low surface energy monomers on PDLC performance is thoroughly investigated, and the driving voltage is further reduced through selective reaction-induced interface modification. The polymer morphology can be finely tuned by adjusting the thiol content, leading to various PDLC properties. This paper introduces a novel surface modification technique within the polymer-liquid crystal system, presenting a fresh perspective on regulating PDLC performance. By choosing monomer structures, the sequence of reactions can be precisely controlled, allowing for the introduction of structural units with distinct functionalities at the polymer interface. This approach facilitates interfacial functionalization and enables the design of multi-layer structures for synthetic polymers, realising innovative functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical solution is presented for the axisymmetric static responses of thick functionally graded (FGM) cylindrical shells with general boundary conditions, which strictly satisfies the boundary conditions along the thickness. The illustrative examples show that the presented solution of thick cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions is of high precision and good convergence. The exact distributions of displacement and stress components along the radial and axial directions are revealed, and the influences of thickness-to-radius ratio, span-to-radius ratio and material gradient index on the static responses of the thick FGM cylindrical shell are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw (RS), biochar (BC) and lime (LM) have proved to be effective immobilizing agents in acidic contaminated soil. Up-to-date scientific data is lacking regarding residual effects of these amendments in acidic soils and wheat/rice cropping system. The objective was to analyze the efficacy of amendments to improve grain yields, nutritional quality, and reduce Ni bioavailability of wheat/rice rotation system. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the efficacy of RS, BC 10 and 20 g kg−1 and LM 10 g kg−1 application rates on plant growth, nutritional quality and Ni contents in wheat and rice tissues and grain. Amendments enhanced Ni immobilization, declined their uptake by plants and accumulation in the grains of both crops. Rice straw biochar reduced several factors like health risk assessment, Ni uptake and bioconcentration factor. BC 20 g kg−1 increased shoot, root and grain yields, while enhanced essential nutrients in the wheat/rice cropping system compared to untreated soil. Soil amendments significantly decreased toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) extractable Ni by 42.25% and 42.62% and simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) by 42.1% and 45.25% in post- wheat/rice crops. This process enhanced the safety of wheat/rice rotation cropping system to be consumed and mitigated security risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pretilt angles of LC molecules can be controlled by tetrafluoromethane (CF4) plasma treatment. For conventional polyimide layers, the homogeneous alignment turns homeotropic owing to the invasion of fluoride atoms, which leads to the wettability transition from being hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The different treatment times generate variable pretilt angles such that the values of pretilt angles can be changed from 7.21ο to 79.53ο, and the polar anchoring energy can be tuned continuously. This technique can provide a reversible alignment layer that can be controlled by applying different plasmas of CF4 and O2. Moreover, a hybrid-aligned LC cell with patterned displays based on different pretilt angles, was proposed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, an electrically controllable reflection bandwidth and zero-field bandwidth stable PSCLC is judiciously designed and prepared through integrating dynamic covalent boronic ester bonds into the main-chain polymer network. The modulating effect of dynamic covalent bonding on polymer networks can transform the polymer networks from an elastically deformed network to a plastically deformed network by changing the parameters, such as specific wavelengths of light or temperature. Based on the plastic deformation of the network, the zero-field broadband reflection stable and multiple adjustable reflection bandgaps are realised. This work provides new insights into smart and energy-efficient windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have led to Cu and Cd contaminated of surrounding agricultural soil. To decrease the Cu and Cd accumulation in crops, the Ricinus communis L. (castor) has been used for phytoremediation. A pot experiment was served to investigate the effect of phosphate fertilizer (Ca(H2PO4)2) on the growth and Cu/Cd uptake of castor in contaminated soil. The results showed that the application of P fertilizer improved the leaf cell morphology, decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) content of castor leaves, and increased the plant biomass (28.2–34.2%). Besides, phosphate fertilizer still facilitated accumulation Cu and Cd by castor. The addition of phosphate fertilizer increased the contents of Cu in the root of castor, improved the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cu, and observably enhanced the accumulation of Cu (up to 201 μg/plant) in castor. Applying phosphorus increased the percentage of residual Cd, diminished the percentage of acid extractable Cd in soil, and the accumulation of Cd in castor was not significantly increased. These results suggest that phosphorus alleviated the stress of heavy metals on castor leaves and enhanced the accumulation of Cu and Cd in castor by promoting the growth of castor. Applying phosphate fertilizer effectively alleviated the stress of heavy metals on castor and significantly increased the biomass of castor. The reason of applying phosphorus enhanced the castor uptake Cu and Cd was that phosphorus promoted the growth of castor. Applying phosphorus markedly increased the percentage of residual Cd but diminished the percentage of acid extractable Cd in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diastereomers 10-N-[2-fluoro-6-chloro-9H-9-purinyl]-(9R, 10R)-dihydroartemisinin(A) and10-N-[2-fluoro-6-chloro-9H-9-purinyl]-(9S, 10S)-dihydroartemisinin(B) were obtained via a trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed procedure simultaneously. Their structures were characterized by HRMS, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR(COSY) and IR spectroscopy, and the configurations were further confirmed by X-Ray diffraction and Density functional theory (DFT). Then, the intermolecular interactions were studied mainly through Hershfield surface (HS), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) methods. Finally, preliminary anticancer evaluations of A and B were conducted in human breast tumor cell lines (MDA-MB-436, T47D) and a normal mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). The GI50 of A and B were better or comparable to the positive drug mercaptopurine (6-MP), and both of novel compounds did not display significant cytotoxicity toward MCF-10A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cycling process of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) elements plays a crucial role in ecosystem functions of karst forests. The leaf stoichiometry characteristics in four successional stages are studied in a karst area, southwest China. The N and P contents in each successional stage are generally higher in the growth phase (May–June 2016) than in the senescence phase (October–November 2015) but there are lower N: P ratios in the growth phase than in the senescence phase, showing a clear seasonal controls and coinciding with the Growth Rate Hypothesis. In the growth phase, the phytocommunity is mainly limited by the N content. In the senescence phase, all communities from the early successional stage to the mid successional stage are prone to N limitation but they are significantly affected by a combination of N, P, and K from the late successional stage to the climax successional stage and the P limitation are stronger in the climax successional stage. The specific leaf area is the most important impact factor to leaf stoichiometric characteristics at each successional stage. These results indicate that nitrogen addition in growth stage may promote vegetation restoration and karst forest ecosystem stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual construction has become an important approach to the high-quality development of high-speed railways, but existing methods have problems such as low efficiency in generating virtual construction scenes and the inability to reuse construction knowledge. To support the rapid visual representation of multiple types of construction processes and construction methods, a template-based knowledge reuse method is proposed. The method includes using a component-based modeling mode to build body structure models of a high-speed railway project and generate a 3D scene; decomposing the construction process and building a construction process knowledge base; establishing joint linkage models of construction machinery and forming a construction method knowledge template; and fusing multiple types of information according to a time sequence to visualize the construction process. Based on the template-based knowledge reuse method, a prototype system was developed, and virtual construction experiments were carried out. The results show that this method achieves the reuse of construction knowledge at different levels including construction machinery level, construction method level, and work site level. Compared with animation software for virtual construction, this method improves the production efficiency by 87%. Moreover, this method can provide a multilevel knowledge reuse scheme for diversified virtual construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a risk factor for the occurrence of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Genetic susceptibility to PAHs metabolism may modify the exposure–risk relationship. The role of uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) genetic polymorphisms for modulating the impacts of prenatal PAHs exposure on the risk of CHDs remains to be discovered. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal UGT1A1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with fetal susceptibility to CHDs and to assess whether the risk is modified by maternal PAHs exposure. Maternal urinary biomarker of PAHs exposure was determined in 357 pregnant women with CHDs fetuses and 270 controls (pregnant women carrying fetuses without major congenital malformations). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG) concentration, a sensitive biomarker for PAHs exposure, was measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in UGT1A1, including rs3755319, rs887829, rs4148323, rs6742078, and rs6717546, were genotyped using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to determine the impacts of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on the risks of CHDs and their subtypes. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the gene–gene and gene–PAHs exposure interactions. None of the selected UGT1A1 polymorphisms was independently associated with the risk of CHDs. The interaction between SNP rs4148323 and PAHs exposure was observed to be associated with CHDs (p<.05). Pregnant women with high-level PAHs exposure and rs4148323 had an increased risk of carrying CHDs fetuses (GA-AA vs. GG: aOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.06–3.79). Moreover, the joint effect of rs4148323 and PAHs exposure was found to be significantly associated with risks of septal defects, conotruncal heart defects, and right-sided obstructive malformations. Maternal genetic variations of UGT1A1 rs4148323 may modify the association between prenatal PAHs exposure and CHDs risk. This finding needs to be further confirmed in a larger-scale study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transonic centrifugal compressor with a ruled-impeller (that is, impeller blades are generated by a set of points swept by a moving straight line) was used as the baseline, and the impeller blades were redesigned using non-ruled surfaces (referred to as the 'free-form impeller') in this study to reveal the potential of this design approach to improve the performance of high-pressure-ratio centrifugal compressors. By using the method of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, the performance characteristic and the flow field inside the impeller and diffuser of the baseline compressor and the free-form one were comparatively analyzed in detail. The results show that the free-form impeller design can improve the performance of the compressor in many aspects no matter at design or off-design speeds. The barreled-sweep inducer can reduce the losses from the shock wave at design speed and extend the compressor stable operating range at off-design speeds. The positive compound-lean impeller blades can suppress the reverse flow at impeller outlet. The flow downstream of the free-form impeller was also improved due to a more uniform outlet flow field provided by it at. This study aims to provide a valuable reference for applying free-form design methods to future advanced centrifugal compressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: A primary breast lymphomais a rare form of extranodal lymphoma type. We aimed to analyze prognosticriskfactors and explore relapse factors in primary breast diffuse large B cell lymphoma (PB-DLBCL). : From November 2003 to September 2020, sixty-three patients from two medical centers newly diagnosed with PB-DLBCL patients were analyzed retrospectively. : The median age was 52, and >50% of patients were post-menopausal. The international prognostics index (IPI) (0–1) was mainlyin the low-risk group (84%), and there were four patients with stage IV (6%) who had bilateral breast involvement. With a median follow-up time of 4.92 years (3.17–8.00), five-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 78.9% and 67.1%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and B symptoms were independent adverse prognostic risk factors for OS, whereas bilateral breast involvement was unfavorable for PFS. Disease recurrence and relapse occurred in 40% (25/63) patients, mainly in the breast, followed by the central nervous system (CNS) and skin/soft tissue. : This is the first study to explore the prognostic risk factors and relapse factorsof PB-DLBCL in a relatively large Chinese PBL cohort. Local breast and CNS recurrence after standard R-CHOP treatment were the main issues we are facing now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum is one of the most important economic algae in Phaeophyta. It has broad prospects for development and application in industry, agriculture, food, medicine and ecological restoration, and plays an important role in maintaining the marine ecosystem. In recent years, however, environmental degradation, offshore farming and overharvesting have changed the ecosystem structure and threatened the Sargassum resources. To understand the composition and characteristics of Sargassum in Hainan, we conducted an annual field survey of four bays around Hainan Island, including Haiwei, Qinglan, Lingshui and Sanya. Results indicated that 16 species of Sargassum were collected in the intertidal zone of Hainan Island, belonging to two subgenera, three sections, and S. polycystum was the dominant species at all stations throughout the year. Lingshui and Sanya had the highest biodiversity index, followed by Qinglan and Haiwei. The community similarity between Qinglan and Lingshui was the highest, followed by Haiwei and Sanya. The biodiversity index of Sargassum was the highest in summer, followed by late spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrically controllable reflection bandwidth polymer-stabilised cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) with low operating voltage is reported. This work focuses on the contribution of the crosslink density of the polymer network to broaden the bandwidth and the ability of the polymer network to trap ionic impurities under direct-current (DC) electric fields. Furthermore, it is shown that the appearance of nonideal optical properties in some samples, such as scatter and haze, is correlated to the polymer/LC compatibility and the soft segments motion under DC electric field. Based on these results, a model relating the motion of the polymer network with the broadening of the reflection bandwidth and the baseline optical properties is developed. This study provides useful guidelines for future PSCLCs production and performance optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a unique sub-type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). We aimed to evaluate treatment programs and prognostic factors of 121 newly diagnosed patients with AITL in China from January 2001 to December 2018. The median age was 58 years with male predominance. Bone marrow involvement appeared in only 8.3% of patients, which was different from the previously published literature. The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) were 29.7% and 44.0%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that involvement of >5 nodal areas, age and Beta-2 microglubulin were highly predictive of OS but only the involvement of fewer than five nodal areas was significant for PFS. We identified a novel prognostic model including the three factors that may be applied in clinical practice and offer an alternative to IPI and PIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, surface initiation was used to form dense and flat films in liquid crystal media. As a result, low-surface-energy components are thermodynamically forced to segregate on the liquid crystal-polymer interface already during the polymerization process. This finding is confirmed by ATR and XPS. In addition, more low-surface-energy components accumulate on the wall surface of the polymer upon decreasing the UV light intensity during polymerization. These components reduce both the anchoring energy of the polymer wall as well as the threshold voltage of any liquid crystal device that uses this polymer wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in classifying the cell origin of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been explored in the Chinese population. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of DLBCL based on both tumor and ctDNA sequencing and to assess the predictive value of ctDNA in DLBCL. A targeted sequencing panel of 413 genes was applied to tumor biopsies and paired plasma samples obtained from 30 patients with DLBCL before therapeutic intervention (pretreatment). The concordance between plasma genotyping classification and traditional cell-of-origin classification using tumor tissue was 80.0% (20/25). Patients with higher baseline plasma ctDNA levels had poorer survival compared to those with lower ctDNA levels (2-year progression survival rate: 40.0% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.011; 5-year overall survival rate: 30.5% vs. 70.0%, p = 0.004). Collectively, our results demonstrated that pretreatment ctDNA analysis could assist origin determination and prognosis prediction clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chlordimeform is a chemical pesticide that is highly carcinogenic and toxic. The purpose of this study was to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the detection of chlordimeform in aquaculture and fish farming. Methods: Chlordimeform was coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) as carrier proteins. A chlordimeform-BSA conjugate was used as an immunogen, and chlordimeform-OVA was used as a coating antigen. Chlordimeform-BSA was used to immunize rabbits, and a polyclonal antibody was prepared. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) was established to detect chlordimeform. Results: The working range of the established IC-ELISA method for chlordimeform detection was 1–20 ng/mL. The IC50 was 3.126 ng/mL, and the lower limit of detection (LOD) of chlordimeform was 0.637 ng/mL. The recovery of chlordimeform from spiked water samples ranged from 81% to 107%. Conclusion: An anti-chlordimeform polyclonal antibody was successfully developed, and a novel IC-ELISA was established to detect chlordimeform in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]