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This paper examines newspaper cartels, a largely unoccupied field in media history, from the perspective of longevity. We analyse Finnish newspaper industry from the 1910s to 1970s and show that newspapers sought to regulate various aspects of competition, such as subscription prices, advertisement tariffs, and newsprint prices. Data indicates that political rivalry shaped the newspaper cartel collaboration until late 1950s: the cartel was set up by right-wing and centrist papers and, unlike in other Nordic countries, the Social Democratic press remained outside of the association until 1958. Political shocks of the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and the Second World War also changed the composition of the cartel. The era of private cartels in the newspaper industry gradually started to fade away as a result of anti-cartel laws in the 1960s and governmental anti-inflation measures in the 1970s. We conclude that the economics of newspaper industry and the cartelisation of the wider business environment, newsprint suppliers in particular, encouraged newspapers to co-operate with each other. The results of this article increase the understanding on the collaborative and competitive environment of newspaper companies, but also contributes to broader questions on cartels and their inner dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using in-depth interviews, newsroom observation, and internal documents, this case study presents and analyses changes that have taken place at Finnish financial daily Taloussanomat since it stopped printing on 28 December 2007 to focus exclusively on digital delivery via the Web, email, and mobile. It reveals the savings that can be achieved when a newspaper no longer prints and distributes a physical product; but also the revenue lost from subscriptions and print advertising. The consequences of a newspaper's decision to go online-only are examined as they relate to its business model, website traffic, and editorial practice. The findings illustrate the extent to which the medium rather than the content it carries determines news consumption patterns, show the differing attention a newspaper and its online substitute command, and reveal the changes to working patterns journalists can expect in the online-only environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to determine the sources of original information on earthquakes among newspapers published in Russia in 1809–1819. It is revealed that the information presented in periodicals was not used to the full extent in compiling the main historical catalogs of earthquakes in Russia. Paradoxically, instead of the original reports from Russian newspapers, often greatly abridged and distorted information was cited from translated versions and European newspapers, as well as from descriptive catalogs of earthquakes compiled in Paris and London. It is shown that in Russia there were several communication channels for transmitting messages from distant localities to the center. Not all incoming information was published; some of it ended up in the archives, usually as reports to the authorities. Some information remained in personal correspondence. Therefore, research on historical seismicity cannot be limited to searching for information in newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of specific characteristics of newspaper output and publishing trends in Latvia, aiming to assess whether the newspaper output in Latvia plays the roles theoretically ascribed to newspapers, namely, the roles related to democracy and community building. It is argued that media pluralism is crucial for executing these roles. The assessment of pluralism is based on an exploratory analysis of quantitative data on newspaper output in Latvia. The analysis is accompanied by a discussion of challenges experienced in the newspaper publishing field in Latvia and elsewhere that can potentially hinder the ability of newspapers to execute the roles theoretically ascribed to them. Finally, insights gained during the research process are shared regarding research required to further the analysis of newspaper output in terms of plurality in the sense of access to different news sources and, by extension, perspectives and public representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The goal of the paper is to identify, investigate and present the official ways of controlling the press in Australia in the 1930s and the ways in which editors and publishers of Croatian newspapers in Australia avoided censorship. This was the time when publications in foreign languages were checked before granting permission to publish, and within the Australian Croatian community the primary language of communication was Croatian. Based on the research, a list of all Croatian newspapers that were published in Australia in the early 1930s is compiled. Approach/methodology/design. The methods used in the research are the method of structured search of online public institutions' catalogues (primarily libraries and archives in Australia), content analysis of archival sources and publications, and the method of involving the Croatian community in Australia. Results. The research resulted in new findings about publications and their editing in the observed period. The social framework for publishing newspapers was researched and presented, and ways to avoid censorship were identified. Each way to avoid censorship is documented and described on the basis of archival sources or a few preserved publications. The research has identified publications that were published in the observed timeframe; the basic data on their publication and editing practices have been investigated. Originality/value. Two publications discovered during the research are described in the paper (Oganj and Iskra). In addition, one publication (one issue of Borba) was found, which was mentioned in the literature, but the bibliographic elements and technical characteristics have never been analysed and the place of storage was not known. All three publications have been digitized and are freely accessible at the links provided in the paper. Furthermore, the research has shown that one publication, which has so far been cited as the publication of Croats in Australia, was not actually published in Australia (Proleter). A list of publications published by Croats in Australia in the early 1930s was compiled on the basis of archival documents, and the ways of conducting and avoiding censorship were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the impact of the contents about Banksy in the four main Spanish newspapers. The aim is to detect the treatment that the press makes about this figure and determine if these newspapers publish content in the same proportion, which is the main theme, what are the graphic resources they use, if there are evaluative connotations, etc. Methodology: Some of the hypotheses suggest that Banksy manages to put the media focus on the cause that his actions vindicate and that the more conservative newspapers are more critical and limit the space dedicated to him. All the publications that contain the word Banksy have been analyzed with a sheet elaborated ad hoc for this study. A total of 2248 items have been recorded, out of 221 pieces analyzed. Results: The ABC newspaper is where the negative evaluative connotations emerges to a greater extent, but also the one that offers the most space to Banksy or his work, followed by El País. The case claimed by Banksy is barely covered by all the newspapers, being null in the case of El Mundo. Conclusions: It is verified that a conservative newspaper such as ABC does not necessarily limit its space to this type of content. In general, the figure of Banksy and his actions, highly adjectived in all the newspapers, take center stage against the cause that he vindicates. The iconic nature of the Banksy concept, used often by newspapers as a brand, can be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how leading provincial newspapers in Edwardian Liverpool incorporated innovations popularised by the daily mass press into their reporting of election-time politics. Drawn from coverage of four general elections, this paper charts how changes in these Liverpudlian newspapers' political coverage showcased a provincial press that was inspired by powerful national competitors, and utilised some of their innovations to the language and formatting of political reporting to attempt to speak more directly to local readerships. This evolution in content both 'localised' and 'sensationalised' these newspapers' approaches to political reporting, and contributed to a broader, positive recalibration of their purpose as provincial newspapers and their connection to their localities. Through this case study, this paper also challenges historical understandings of the national New Journalism's impact on the provincial newspaper industry, as well as the nature of its political content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newspaper globally known as the Guardian began its life in Manchester as the Manchester Guardian. This paper examines the reactions of readers of the newspaper in the context of the decision to remove the word 'Manchester' from the its title in 1959. It uses 251 letters on the subject sent to the newspaper to assess the usefulness of Anthony Cohen's idea of readers as a symbolic community. This approach defines community in terms of a shared symbol whose meaning may be interpreted differently by individuals. The study concludes that there were two aspects to the readers' relationship with the newspaper – they were attached to ideas about the symbolic nature of Manchester and the north of England more generally but the meaning they ascribed to being part of a community of readers differed in a nuanced way and according to individual interpretations. The newspaper's determination to re-brand as a national rather than a provincial paper caused its readers to try to redefine their identities as members of the symbolic community of the Manchester Guardian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses a group of metaphors conceptualising the welfare state as a participant in the ATTACK scenario, as well as several related metaphors involving the use of force, in a corpus of British newspaper articles published between 2008 and April 2015. The analysis draws on a point of convergence between Discourse-Historical Approach and Conceptual Metaphor Theory, focusing on the argumentative functions of these metaphors. The paper finds that these particular metaphors are attested predominantly in the left-leaning newspapers. As a predication strategy with a coercive effect, they typically work to axiologically and emotionally undermine the austerity policies of the Coalition government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes texts from Serbian and German newspapers published in Yugoslavia and Banat during the 1930s and 1940s concerning renewalists, the Nazi element in the German minority. This paper examines the newspapers published in Serbian, as well as the papers published by the German minority organization Kulturbund. The writing of the pro-Nazi newspapers from Banat about the organization which imitated German Nazis and their propaganda methods has been analyzed separately. The religious component has also been analyzed, as well as the relation of the Catholic and Protestant German churches in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with the renewalists, that is, Nazis. This paper states that the renewalists had a great influence on the German minority in Banat and Yugoslavia, directing it ideologically towards German national-socialism. It can be concluded that the media had a significant role in the Nazi propaganda, as well as in the attempts to suppress Nazism and show the deadly consequences of that totalitarian ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the role of newspaper reports by the New York Times and Washington Post on the anti-palm oil campaign on Malaysia-U.S trade relations concerning anti-palm oil campaign. The campaign was initiated by the American Soybean Association (ASA), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and the National Heart Savers Association (NHSA), with the support of newspaper reports mainly from the New York Times and Washington Post. This paper posits that the campaign published by the newspapers affected the Malaysia-U.S trading relationship, in particular, in relation to palm oil imports and exports. The historical research method was employed for this study analyses both primary and secondary data. In addition, interviews were conducted to validate the findings. This study is crucial in filling the gap in the literature on the anti-palm oil campaign published in newspapers and its impact on Malaysia-U.S. relations. At present, the anti-palm oil campaign remains on the agenda of developed countries and other international green peace groups. The Malaysian government has remained as an active player in promoting the palm oil industry in the U.S. and European countries. This research demonstrates that newspaper reports influenced members of the U.S. Congress to propose a bill on the labeling of tropical oils. Palm oil is seen as a source of saturated fats, which poses a health risk. Newspaper reports were also used as evidence to garner support for the bill in Congress. This anti-oil palm campaign led to a decline in Malaysian palm oil exports to the U.S. These newspaper reports led to tensions in Malaysia, and the anti-palm oil campaign is perceived as an "act of war in a foreign country". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Sorush newspaper published in Istanbul as a case of Iranian journalism in exile, this paper seeks to shed light on one aspect of Persian journalism in the constitutional period. On the eve of the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, Persian journalism entered into a critical phase that flourished outside the country. Istanbul, Calcutta, Cairo and London were the centres where Iranian intellectuals developed their critical ideas through this modern media. Inspired by these ideas, the Constitutional Revolution prepared an unprecedented situation for Iranian journalists to develop their flourishing career inside the country. It was in this period that a distinguished constitutionalist and intellectual Ali Akbar Dehkhoda began his journalistic career. Together with Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi, he began to publish Sur-e Esrafil, which presented a straightforwardly critical voice against Qajar despotism. Yet the passing flame of political freedom died out by the restoration of despotism and forced Dehkhoda and some of his colleagues to leave their homeland. He first went to Switzerland and then to Istanbul, where he continued his career in exile and published a new Persian-language newspaper by the name of Sorush. An analysis of this short-lived newspaper allows us to identify three pivotal concerns in its pages: advocacy of constitutionalism, opposition to imperialism and defending Iran's independence and territorial integrity, and the last but not the least, reflecting on Iran's first experience in constitutionalism. Indeed, for Dehkhoda and his colleagues in Sorush of İstanbul, securing an independent and well-integrated Iran was the most critical issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1917, after the United States joined the war in Europe and was no longer politically neutral, on the American front, the German ethnic press became a target for censors and critics. The general assumption was that German language papers bred disloyalty among German immigrant communities and posed a threat to the United States' war efforts. This study explores the editorial and political views of the German-language press during the summer of 1917 by assessing the tone of a sample of German language mainstream newspapers during July 1, 1917 through September 30, 1917. The findings show that the overall coverage was less loyal to Imperial Germany than had been argued by U.S. officials and censors. In an effort to assimilate, German immigrant newspapers widely published the U.S. government's official position, showed support for the American war effort, and focused on cultural affairs of the immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News about drugs is important for health professionals, businesses, and the general public. However, studies examining news articles about drugs are lacking. This paper uses content analysis to examine articles about drugs in 17 Spanish newspapers (13 general, two business, and two professional) from 2008 through 2017. On average, general and business newspapers published three articles about drugs every week, and professional newspapers published 14 every week. Overall, the number of articles about drugs decreased by 10%. The most covered drug-related topics in 2017 were cancer and generics; the least covered was preclinical research. Four times more articles were published on clinical than on preclinical research. Business newspapers published more about clinical and preclinical research than other types of newspapers. Articles about drugs accounted for 0.5% (n=838/178,926) of all articles in the general newspapers, 0.8% (n=468/55,800) in the business newspapers, 8.5% (n=415/4,856) in the medical newspapers, and 1.2% (n=19/1,645) in the science news agency SINC. This study used a new strategy to search and identify newspaper articles through content analysis of large volumes of information and offered relevant data to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the way in which leading Yorkshire newspapers, the Leeds Intelligencer and the Leeds Mercury, portrayed mental illness during the late Georgian era. In this period, newspapers were a central forum of public debate, yet a comprehensive analysis of the way they represented mental illness is lacking from the scholarship. Through the textual analysis of the newspaper miscellanies, this paper locates the subject of insanity within the middle-class Northern readership during the years of 1800 to 1840. The press content provides a fascinating glimpse of the opinions of the newly emerging psychiatric practitioners and the peculiarly middle-class fears and concerns about mental illness and its supposed increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twentieth century, American newspapers enjoyed high circulations while presenting readers with diverse and plentiful content. After 1920, radio broadcasting made even more information available for public consumption, giving audience members an abundant range of media choices. During a time of plenty for readers and listeners, companies in the business of media struggled with the opposite problem: scarcity. As the amount of media content proliferated, the practical ability to disseminate it was determined by the access to scarce resources, and this was true for both radio broadcasting and newspaper publishing. In many respects, the history of the American mass media in the early twentieth century might best be told as a tale of two scarcities, one—the electromagnetic spectrum—defined by absolute limits and the other—the newsprint—defined by access to markets for a particular material, the supply of which often fluctuated in availability and price. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article deals with the relations between the readers or "customers" and the Anatoli newspaper which forms the most important representative of the periodical press in Karamanlidika and also is one of the oldest and long lived newspapers of the Ottoman Empire. Topics like the number of the subscribers, the "freeloaders", those customers who paid late or incomplete their subscription fees, the representatives in the country were not discussed only as sources that caused financial distress to the paper threatening to hamper its development but also as elements enabling us to understand the experience itself of publishing a newspaper and reading it in the second half of the nineteenth century late Ottoman context. Also these elements enable us to better evaluate the ideological impact of the newspaper concerning the Turkish speaking Anatolian Orthodox. These reveal many things about the nature, ideological content and limitations of Karamanlidhika journalism and most importantly that this literary production was seen by the contemporaries themselves as a transitory phase that will cease to exist when the Turkish speaking Anatolian Orthodox will "regain" completely their "lost" language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death is one of the most prominent news values, especially when combined with another characteristic of newsworthiness: the notoriety of the individual. Based on the combination of death and prominence of the personality, this paper proposes an approach to media discourses on the death of the political Portuguese leader, António de Oliveira Salazar, former President of the Council during the dictatorial regime, known as Estado Novo (New State). Considering the newspapers published at the time of his death, July, 1970, and taking into account the existence of the censorship, this study analyzes the coverage of the event, as well as the apologetical discourse used by the journalists and the newsworthiness of the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article expands on the themes of choice and diversity within a national, competitive news market in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. It is often suggested that early newspapers largely copied one another. But that did not mean that these newspaper publishers all made the same choices, or that they adopted the same tone. Rather, they embraced and copied what they liked, and ignored what they did not. The newspaper trade in the Dutch Republic was driven by competition, innovation and diversity. The standards of what made a "good" newspaper were constantly refined during the seventeenth century. Publishers made conscious choices concerning the style, format, price and content of their papers in order to maximise their commercial potential. The diversity of titles was vital to the stimulation and later sustenance of the growing market for periodical news. News readers in the Dutch Republic were offered the greatest range of titles, complementing one another in content and style. If we look close enough at the titles available to us, we can come to a refined understanding of the early burgeoning business of news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the analytical framework of the socio-economic, political and cultural development, based on the Political Economy of Communication, this paper describes, discusses and identifies tendencies of the Brazilian market besides presenting the efforts that newspaper companies are doing in order to find a new business plan that allows the survival and sustainability of journalism on the print platform. Based on empirical data is also looking to establish connections and analogies which justify what is happening with the Brazilian journalism in the print platform because both popular papers and the free newspapers are growing across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with other cultural organizations, newspapers, through waves of digital disruption, have become subject to a dominant narrative of crisis. But newspapers have long participated in change. A constructivist approach, qualified by consideration of media materiality, draws attention to diverse but essential processes of innovation around them. We see a contraflow of migration from digital to print, opening up a shared media space; bonding strategies are bringing multimedia to ink on paper, while bridging via boundary objects such as QR (Quick Response) codes are connecting the two. Among other initiatives, development of automation of news production and experiments with transparency are further evidence of an active embrace of change by newspapers that calls into question the discourse on their demise. This analysis inductively develops a nuanced account of the role of the newspaper as an object and as an institution. It suggests a hybrid, multifaceted, enduring presence of print in the complex media ecology of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Spy, a weekly newspaper published by Joseph Carpenter, first appeared in Cincinnati in 1799, four years before Ohio became a state. This article examines the Spy's coverage of Northwest Territory politics and the statehood movement from May 1799 through the Ohio General Assembly's first meeting in March 1803. The study found: the paper's political coverage largely consisted of the publication of raw data without an editorial narrative; the isolation of the Northwest Territory caused delays in the reporting of news, which influenced the Spy's news-gathering, sourcing, and publication schedule; and the paper's reliance on official documents for news often caused it to overlook underlying stories. But most importantly, the Spy exercised the power of the press in an impartial manner, making Carpenter a journalistic pioneer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The former head of Pearson Education, McGraw-Hill Book Publishing, and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich presents an assessment of the state of publishing during this recession. The paper analyses actions taken by publishers in previous downturns, recommends approaches to dealing with recessions that maintain long-term health of the business. Recessions can mask more profound problems, such as happened in the newspaper industry and as is occurring in trade publishing. The paper also analyzes outlook for college and school publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that according to three-quarters of editors in small newspapers in the U.S., with circulations of fewer than 25,000, accuracy of news was a serious problem. An unintended or a careless error in a published news story can cause severe repercussions, whether inside a community served by a small paper or throughout a country that reads a national edition. The American Society of Newspaper Editors conducted a major survey examining credibility in newspapers and found that accuracy was at the top of both journalists' and readers' concerns. Research have found that, over time, high quality news content positively affects circulation and small papers that put money back into their newsrooms to improve the quality of their news product end up realizing higher revenues. The study found that less than half of the editors thought accuracy had gotten worse over time at their own newspaper, but nearly two-thirds thought that accuracy had indeed declined over time in the print news media overall.

News writing is organized in accordance with a norm usually visualized as an inverted pyramid. The purpose is to support a focus to tell the reader, which information is the most actual, important and relevant. News is also stories about selected factual events narrated and re-narrated by sources and journalists. The involved communication acts of journalism are important tools in the hands of the writer by means of which news is made understandable, credible and interesting. The tools are used differently in papers and genres, and they are still influenced by the continuous competition among the daily papers in the market. The purpose of this article is to explore, punctually demonstrate and explain the narrative norms that govern the writing of news. It defends the point of view that the contextual conditions of this journalistic activity is developing narrative modes and voices that fit into the ongoing fight for the attention of a treacherous public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the manner through which the International Hockey League (IHL) and its operations were portrayed in newspaper coverage in the larger urban centers of eastern Canada, where hockey had its developmental and organizational roots within the middle- and upper-middle-class community, and compares it to coverage that appeared in newspapers in the communities that hosted IHL teams, which were communities driven by industry and had large working-class populations. To do so, a comparison of newspaper coverage of the IHL in local IHL newspapers with reports published in newspapers in major Canadian cities strongly associated with the origins, development, and organizational control of ice hockey, is undertaken. The development of the sport of ice hockey in both Canada and the USA, and newspaper coverage generally, and hockey specifically, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is reviewed. Representative examples of the coverage of IHL games and operations over the course of its three-year operations are then provided. Having compared the coverage of games and operations of the IHL between IHL and Canadian-based newspapers, the paper concludes with a discussion of how business competition, competing ideologies toward high-level sport, and class-based perceptions regarding violence, aggression, and masculinity can affect the newspaper coverage of sporting events.

This article discusses how the British Labour Party's leadership opposed and then reluctantly welcomed the takeover in 1984 of the "Daily Mirror" newspaper and its sister papers by Robert Maxwell. It considers the significance of this decision by detailing the history of the Mirror's ownership and the particular importance of the paper not having a single proprietor for 50 years. It briefly outlines the position of Neil Kinnock and Labour on journalistic autonomy in the press prior to the Maxwell takeover. By outlining evidence from Neil Kinnock's private papers, it details the secret negotiations held between Kinnock and the Mirror staff in their bid to oppose Maxwell. It also considers how Maxwell intervened and why Kinnock had limited choice but to welcome this "monster," in order to maintain newspaper support for the Labour Party.