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This paper discusses humanitarian compassion within the Derridean notion of hospitality. Reflecting on the age of Imperial Humanitarianism where Evangelists formed administrative missions to save the souls of the slaves in the colonial provinces of Europe, it aims to address the link of compassion with Christianity and colonialism. Setting the Christian scene of humanitarianism, hospitality as a Derridean concept is introduced to depict that compassion and aid work in-between certain 'guest and host' territories. The impossibility of hospitality under these circumstances highlight the play of power relations in which the other is produced. While Derrida argues that hospitality cannot be power-balanced unless the language of the host is deconstructed, psychology in the humanitarian sector performs an 'emotional hospitality' which seeks to extract a story of confession. Ψ as method works to open a discussion on suffering, Christianity, and colonialism as a modern form of conversion: the confession of truth in a psychological discourse. Challenging compassion and aid as constituted in psychological discourse, this paper invites therapists to rethink the contextualisation under which these ideals emerged while introducing a discussion on what the language of psychology 'does' to refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of loneliness that was caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. As this is a very broad issue, it was just limited locally to the Polish society, and thematically to the religious aspect. Pandemic loneliness was mainly the result of social isolation to contain the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 coronavirus, causing the Covid-19 disease. In terms of religion, loneliness was caused by separation from public religious practices and the feeling of a lack of Providence. This paper presents three faces of religious loneliness caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: liturgical loneliness, doctrinal loneliness and loneliness related to the feeling of lack of full religious freedom. Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen "pandemischer Einsamkeit" auf christlich-religiöses Leben in Polen. Er unterscheidet drei Aspekte des Phänomens: liturgische und doktrinäre Einsamkeit sowie eine Einsamkeit, die aus einem Mangel an religiöser Freiheit entsteht. Der Aufsatz führt diese Formen nicht nur auf die Notwendigkeit zum Social Distancing zurück, sondern auch auf eine Erschütterung des Vorsehungsglaubens durch die Covid-19-Pandemie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current wargaming techniques are effective training and research instruments for military scenarios with fixed tools and boundaries on the problem. Control cells composed of officiants adjudicating and evaluating moves enforce these boundaries. Real-world crises, however, unfold in several dimensions in a chaotic context, a condition requiring decision-making under deep uncertainty. In this article, we assess how pedagogical exercises can be designed to effectively capture this level of complexity and describe a new framework for developing deeply immersive exercises. We propose a method for designing crisis environments that are dynamic, deep, and decentralized (3D). These obviate the need for a control cell and enhance the usefulness of exercises in preparing military and policy practitioners by better replicating real-world decision-making dynamics. This paper presents the application of this 3D method, which integrates findings from wargame and negotiation simulation design into immersive crisis exercises. We share observations from the research, design, and execution of "Red Horizon," an immersive crisis exercise held three times at Harvard University with senior civilian and military participants from multiple countries. It further explores connections to contemporary trends in international relations scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on recent discussions about the definition of behavior and the selection by consequences approach conducted by Brazilian researchers, this essay discusses the need for greater participation of the contributions from experimental behavior analysis this debate and more interaction of the field with other systems in Psychology. The paper criticizes its isolation with respect to knowledge production in other areas and the adoption of authority figures from which novelties in the field can be evaluated. Hence, Skinner's model of selection by consequences must be analyzed in context for a clear understanding of its most important contributions to Psychology. The essay argues that discussions on the operant-responder distinction and about metacontingencies are examples of conceptual revision based on data and articulation between areas of research with different epistemologies and methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image, cinema and psychology - this article weaves a dialogue between these three extensive and complex topics to develop theoretical-conceptual approaches between art and science. From the cinematic art, some of its technical resources and concepts developed by this language, the article seeks to provide a bridge between the field of aesthetics and reflections on the process of subjectivation. The paper finds grounds on Deleuze's philosophy of image and time and Benjamin's understanding of the image as a substance shapes thought and time as an eternal instant that never ceases to update itself. Both theories are approached in a dialogical way to establish intersections with other cinema and cultural thinkers, as well as with some film works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le concept de schéma corporel (SC) est porteur d'une histoire très complexe. Proposé par Bonnier en tant que « sens des attitudes » et par Head et Holmes comme « schéma postural », il a donné lieu à des débats confus jusque dans les années 1980. Il fut clarifié en France par Dolto et dans le monde anglo-saxon par Gallagher. Ces deux auteurs proposent de cantonner le SC à un « équipement physiologique ». Dès lors, la conceptualisation deviendra plus claire mais devra attendre l'essor considérable des neurosciences – et des techniques d'imagerie modernes – pour identifier les structures neuro-anatomiques et les systèmes sensoriels impliqués et trouver une définition stabilisée. L'image du corps, en France, intéressera d'abord plutôt les psychanalystes. Ce texte est le premier de deux. Il raconte les vicissitudes presque séculaires du concept de SC. Le deuxième fera état des données les plus récentes et en proposera une nouvelle définition. The history of the body schema concept derives from a long and complex story. First proposed by Bonnier as "the sense of attitudes" and by Head and Holmes as "postural schemata", it gave rise to several confusing debates until the 1980's. Dolto in France and Gallagher in the Anglo-Saxon world, cleared that notion by letting it go to the physiological equipment. Since then, conceptualization has become clearer but yet needed the neurosciences and the imagery technologies to become modern enough. Thus, neuro-anatomical structures and sensorial systems involved have been identified. The definition of the body schema is now much more stable than near a century ago. Body image, as far as it is concerned, has been a very attractive field for psychoanalysts in France. This paper is the first of two and concerns the complex history of the body schema. The second one will give rise to the most recent data in neurosciences. It will propose a new definition of the body schema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Within days, the corona crisis has forced the "Lernzentrum", as well as all other places of training and further education, to discontinue classroom teaching at German universities and vocational schools. In order to start teaching online, tutors had to face the challenge to develop new digital learning formats (virtual classrooms) for the peer teaching of practical skills within a short time. This paper aims at outlining the project of developing e-tutorials with regard to the teaching of practical skills. Methodology: After analyzing the classroom lessons (n=30), some of the tutorials were transformed into digital formats. These so-called "e-tutorials" were held via a digital platform. They have been evaluated continuously with a standardized online questionnaire. The results of this evaluation have been analyzed descriptively. Results: From 27/04/2020 to 17/07/2020 eleven different e-tutorial formats were offered on 246 dates. The evaluation revealed a high degree of acceptance with these course offers as well as with the implementation by the tutors. Interpretation: During the pandemic crisis the substitution of peer teaching into forms of e-tutorials was considered valuable; however, these learning formats present challenges, especially with regard to the interaction between teachers and students. They cannot therefore fully replace the peer teaching of practical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vielen Bereichen ist die Leistung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) der Leistung von Menschen mittlerweile ebenbürtig oder überlegen. Dies gilt vor allem in Bereichen, in denen Regeln angewendet oder erkannt werden müssen. Dennoch sollten diese Fortschritte nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass es noch immer gravierende Defizite in der Leistungsfähigkeit von KI gibt. In diesem Beitrag werden sechs solcher Defizite identifiziert. Forschung aus der Psychologie legt allerdings umgekehrt den Schluss nahe, dass eine KI nicht besonders intelligent sein muss, um von Menschen als menschenähnlich wahrgenommen zu werden. Auf der Basis der Literatur zum Thema Anthropomorphismus werden drei Bausteine der Vermenschlichung von Technologien diskutiert. In many areas, the performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now equal to or superior to that of humans. This is especially true in areas where rules need to be applied or regularities need to be detected. Nevertheless, these advances should not obscure the fact that there are still serious deficits in the performance of AI. This paper identifies six such deficits. Conversely, research from psychology suggests that an AI does not have to be particularly intelligent in order to be perceived by humans as human-like. Based on the literature on anthropomorphism, three building blocks of the humanization of technologies are discussed. .LAN-FR Résumée : Dans de nombreux domaines, la performance de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) est maintenant égale ou supérieure à celle des humains. C'est particulièrement vrai dans les domaines où des règles doivent être appliquées ou quand des régularités doivent être reconnues. Néanmoins, ces progrès ne doivent pas occulter le fait qu'il existe encore de graves déficits dans la performance de l'IA. Cet article identifie six de ces déficits. Inversement, la recherche en psychologie suggère qu'il n'est pas nécessaire qu'une IA soit particulièrement intelligente pour être perçue par l'être humain comme un être humain. Sur la base de la littérature sur l'anthropomorphisme, trois éléments constitutifs de l'humanisation des technologies sont discutés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Le cerveau et l’esprit sont très souvent objet de controverses dans les psychiatries du monde. L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine est instructive à ce sujet, les États-Unis ayant accueilli très tôt la psychanalyse, inventé le béhaviorisme, promu la psychiatrie biologique, utilisé la biométrie et fabriqué la classification des maladies mentales qui a eu le plus grand succès. L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier cette histoire. Méthodes L’article propose une étude détaillée des théories, des pratiques et des débats d’idées dans le champ de cette psychiatrie américaine depuis le XVIII e siècle et des politiques fédérales de santé mentale. Résultats La psychiatrie des États-Unis a des particularités liées au concept de destinée manifeste, au protestantisme et au pragmatisme, à la manière dont la nation s’est construite (esclavagisme, conquête de l’Ouest, libéralisme économique) et aux guerres qui n’ont pas cessé de sa naissance à ce jour, de la guerre d’indépendance aux guerres du Moyen-Orient, en passant par la guerre civile et les deux guerres mondiales. Comme elle a su assimiler ses immigrés, elle a assimilé et véhiculé leurs cultures et leurs découvertes en matière de psychiatrie. Elle a elle-même donné naissance à de nombreuses théories et pratiques portées par la mondialisation, entre autres les DSM qui s’inscrivent dans l’évolution culturelle, scientifique, économique et politique de la nation. Les profanes ont été très tôt acteurs des changements, des conflits et de l’antipsychiatrie. Discussion Cet article s’interroge sur le succès croissant de la psychanalyse dans les années 1950 et sur les causes de sa perte d’influence dans les années 1970 qu’il n’impute pas au DSM-III, mais aux psychanalystes américains eux-mêmes. Il tente de démontrer que le DSM-III et les DSM suivants n’ont pas entraîné de changement de paradigme, au sens que lui donne Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine montre qu’il y a peu de chance pour que s’éteignent les conflits entre les tenants d’un cerveau, encore très mal connu, et ceux d’un esprit, souvent bien mal défini, tant que nos connaissances dans le domaine des troubles mentaux seront aussi minces qu’elles le sont aujourd’hui. Objective Very often, the brain and the mind are objects of controversy in the world of psychiatry. The history of American psychiatry is instructive in this respect. From an early date, the United States embraced psychoanalysis, invented behaviorism, promoted biological psychiatry, used biometry and produced a highly successful classification of mental disorders. The objective of this paper is the study of this history. Method The paper proposes a detailed study of the theories, practices and ideological debates in the field of American psychiatry since the 18th century, and of federal mental health policies. Results Psychiatry in the United States has distinctive features linked to the concept of manifest destiny, Protestantism and pragmatism, to the manner in which the nation was constructed (slavery, conquest of the West, economic liberalism) and to the ceaseless wars, from the War of Independence to the Middle Eastern wars, not forgetting the Civil War and two World Wars. As the nation succeeded in integrating its immigrants, it also assimilated their different cultures and their discoveries in the field psychiatry. Many theories and practices that later diffused by globalization were instigated by the nation, among others the DSMs, part of the cultural, scientific, economic and political development of the nation. Lay people were early protagonists in the constructive shifts, conflicts and anti-psychiatry tendencies. Discussion This paper examines the growing success of psychoanalysis in the 1950s and the causes behind its loss of influence in the 1970s. It does not attribute this loss to the DSM-III, but to the psychoanalysts themselves. It sets out to demonstrate that the DSM-III and later DSMs did not result in a paradigm shift in the meaning of Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion The history of American psychiatry proves that there is little chance of seeing an end to the conflicts between advocates of the brain, still poorly understood, and upholders of the mind, often poorly defined, as long as our knowledge in the field of mental disorders remains as slim as it is today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the thesis made by the author himself and defended in 2015. It focuses on fairy tale movies and their socializing role in the transfer of values. Fairy tales often contain values and learn children to distinguish different ways of behavior and relating to the world. Film as a medium is very popular and fairy tale movies are therefore highly watched; their importance for the children development and the adoption of basic values should therefore be explored. The empirical research consists of a content analysis of six selected Czech (and Czechoslovak) fairy tales and the coding of situations that are worthwhile in terms of values. Based on these data, it is possible to identify trends in the concept of values across different fairy tales. For example, older fairy tales are more distinctive in values and therefore more educational for children while the newer ones tend to focus on entertainment and fusion of genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to a recent call for dialogue between the different professional groups representing psychotherapy in Europe. At present, two core psychotherapy groups exist in Europe, namely the EAP, representing psychotherapy, and EFPA, representing psychologists specialising in psychotherapy. This article compares and contrasts two competency frameworks representative of these bodies, which capture the skills, knowledge, reasoning and values of the respective professions. The shared and divergent competencies are identified and discussed, followed by suggestions for potential changes in future European competency frameworks. By doing this, we not only respond to the recent call for dialogue but also promote collaboration and discussion between the professional groups representing psychotherapeutic practice both in Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper opens up a dialogue between mindfulness and the discipline of geography. As a meditative practice that cultivates ‘present-centred non-judgmental awareness’, we claim that the practices and insights of mindfulness have important implications for various forms of geographical enquiry. This paper argues that mindfulness can inform geographical practices in relation to epistemology and methodology, and contribute towards geographically informed critical psychological theory and action. More specifically, we claim that mindfulness could offer a practice-based context to support the study of affects, extend the application of psychoanalytical geographical methods beyond the therapeutic, and contribute to emerging geographical studies of behavioural power and empowerment. This analysis explores these sites of interaction through a series of reflections on the Mindfulness, Behaviour Change and Engagement in Public Policy programme that was developed and delivered by the authors. This more-than-therapeutic mindfulness programme has been delivered to approximately 47 civil servants working in the UK Government. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Résumé Objectifs L’auteur examine l’expérience subjective de patients orientés vers la greffe ou l’implantation de prothèses cardiaques. Cet aspect devient pertinent dans un contexte marqué autant par le poids de la réalité technique de la procédure que par une certaine banalisation des processus d’adaptation de ceux qui y ont assujettis, banalisation issue de l’utilisation courante des procédures de greffe. L’étude ne visait pas l’identification de diagnostics psychiatriques. Méthode Diverses représentations mentales associées à l’expérience de patients suivis à différents moments de leur trajectoire ont été élicitées dans le cadre d’un suivi systématique pour ces procédures chirurgicales. Cet essai clinique synthétise divers scénarios psychiques issus de ces expériences de vie. Résultats Ces scénarios sont groupés en quatre secteurs selon la trajectoire des patients. Un premier secteur concerne les patients suivis lors de l’orientation vers la transplantation cardiaque ou pulmonaire ; un deuxième secteur appartient à ceux qui sont suivis durant la période immédiatement après la greffe ; un troisième secteur concerne les patients suivis au long cours. Un quatrième secteur est celui examinant l’expérience des patients avec des implants cardiaques. Ces scénarios reflètent l’expérience personnelle de certains patients et ne peuvent être identifiés précisément dans tous les cas. Discussion Ces scénarios sont des trames représentatives qui permettent au patient, au plan de l’imaginaire, d’intégrer la greffe ou l’implant dans sa trajectoire de vie et dans sa réalité psychique. Cette intégration est requise dans la mesure où la procédure devient une nouvelle maladie chronique. Conclusion Ce travail sur l’expérience subjective a surtout une visée heuristique pour distinguer deux registres différents de l’intégration de la greffe, l’accommodation et l’adaptation. Le pôle de l’adaptation concerne la réalité matérielle objective et les procédés pour y faire face ; le pôle de l’accommodation concerne la réalité psychique qui vise à infléchir la réalité extérieure vers l’émotion afin d’éviter l’angoisse. Ce sont des registres en tension dans des pôles opposés que le scénario cherche à amalgamer dans une recherche de sens personnel. Objectives The paper focuses on the subjective aspect of patients’ experiences when undergoing organ transplantation or implantation of cardiac prostheses (ICD, Heart Mate II). This issue has become relevant because the technical side of the procedure easily overshadows the personal process of integrating a new organ or device. The study was not intended to establish psychiatric diagnoses. Method The paper reviews various mental scenarios derived from clinical assessments of patients whose various mental representations associated with their experiences were elicited. Our protocol provides for each patient undergoing these surgical procedures to be systematically seen and followed according to their needs. Results The mental scenarios were assigned to four different groups identified according to various moments in patient itineraries. The first group concerns patients waiting for a transplant; the second concerns reactions during the immediate postoperative period; the third concerns long-term adjustment after surgery. The last group is related to reactions after the implantation of cardiac devices. The scenarios observed reflect the personal experience of some patients, but did not necessarily apply to all cases. Discussion These scenarios are distinct from immediate reactions occurring at very early stages in each phase. The psychic integration of a transplant develops alongside the impingements of external reality. Scenarios enable the patient to fit the surgical experience into his or her own thread of life and psychic reality. This integration is necessary because transplantation or implantation are a new form of chronic illness. Conclusion This paper has a heuristic aim, since psychic integration is subject to tension between two opposing forces. The first of these is the external pole of adaptation geared to managing material reality, where coping is a rational process; the second is the internal pole of accommodation, geared to manage psychic reality, where external reality is shaped to fit emotions so as to avoid anxiety. These scenarios attempt to integrate both forces in order to give meaning to the surgical experience and integrate it into the broader thread of the patient's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of psychotherapy as an independent discipline in many countries in Europe has stimulated debate within the field of psychology as to what constitutes psychotherapy as a specialism of psychology. The authors, both clinical psychologists who pursued further training in psychotherapy, offer a reflection in this paper on the historical battle between psychiatry and psychology for ‘ownership’ of psychotherapy, describe recent developments in Europe to clarify this specialism within psychology and discuss the distinctive contributions that psychologists offer in developing psychotherapy as a specialism within the discipline. The aim of the paper is to begin a dialogue both within the profession of psychology and outside the profession, with our psychotherapy colleagues, that can develop into an interdisciplinary discourse and a more mutually respectful professional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Le suicide est un enjeu majeur de santé publique et les jeunes y sont particulièrement exposés. Cette méta-synthèse explore le vécu de l’expérience du suicide chez l’adolescent et le jeune adulte afin de mettre en perspective l’expérience du jeune suicidant et les modalités de prises en charge. Méthode La méthode est une analyse thématique (Thematic Synthesis) de 30 articles qualitatifs interrogeant des adolescents et les jeunes adultes, obtenus par une recherche systématique sur les principaux moteurs de recherche en psychiatrie. La qualité des études a été évaluée à l’aide du Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Résultats L’analyse dégage six thèmes organisés autour de deux principaux axes d’expérience. La dimension interpersonnelle regroupe le sentiment de différence et de rejet, le vécu d’incompréhension et la relation à l’autre ; la dimension individuelle regroupe le vécu de dépressivité, le contrôle de soi et la perception de soi. Conclusion L’expérience du suicide est intimement liée au vécu de la relation à l’autre, et cette relation est au cœur du processus thérapeutique. Les prises en charges doivent d’avantage prendre en compte cette dimension du lien et de la nécessité de travailler avec l’entourage du jeune. Les recherches sur le sujet gagneraient à mieux prendre en compte les interactions entre les éléments socioculturels et l’expression de la souffrance conduisant au suicide. Aims Suicide is a major public health issue, one particularly affecting youth. This meta-synthesis of qualitative research studies the experience of adolescent and young adult suicide in order to suggest therapeutic propositions. Method Thematic analysis included 30 qualitative papers elicited by web searching on principal psychiatric databases. The papers questioned adolescents and young adults. Quality appraisal used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Results The results are organized around two main axes. The relational experience included three themes: feelings of difference and rejection; the experience of incomprehension; and the relation to others. The interpersonal experience included three themes: the experience of distress, self-control and self-perception. Conclusion The experience of suicide is bounded to the relation with others, and this relation is at the center of the therapeutic process. Therapists have to keep in mind this relational dimension and the necessity of the work with families and peers. Researchers have to take account of sociocultural impact on the expression of distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’intention de cet article est discuter le rapport entre perception et conscience, et de montrer l’intérêt de séparer ces deux notions. Méthode L’article exploite une série d’observations cliniques et de résultats expérimentaux, puis examine la manière dont la littérature moderne traite du rapport entre perception et conscience. Résultats Depuis plus d’un siècle, les sciences modernes (psychologie, psychologie expérimentale, neuropsychologie) ont prouvé qu’il existe chez l’homme une capacité à appréhender le monde extérieur en marge, et sans doute en avance, de toute conscience. Ainsi peut-on se référer, par ordre chronologique, aux travaux menés dès la fin du xix e siècle sur des sujets hystériques, aux expériences tachiscopiques à partir des années 1920, puis à l’étude du blindsight depuis les années 1970. Confrontée à ces faits, la littérature moderne a dû adopter progressivement la notion de perception inconsciente. Pourtant, et paradoxalement, elle n’a pas renoncé à l’usage classique définissant la perception comme un phénomène conscient. Discussion Tous ces travaux confirment en réalité l’ancienne conception de Leibniz, qui soutenait déjà l’existence de perceptions insensibles. Leibniz s’opposait alors au discours de Descartes pour qui rien de la vie d’âme ne peut échapper à la conscience et, par là même, il introduisait la possibilité d’une vie psychique inconsciente. Leibniz reste pourtant un auteur du passé et la surprise que suscitent encore ces différents phénomènes est à la mesure de l’oubli dans lequel est tombée sa pensée, alors que l’influence de Descartes reste intacte. Il existe encore ainsi un roc de cartésianisme qui sous-tend toujours notre pensée moderne et continue de défier notre croyance dans l’inconscient. En utilisant toujours la définition classique de la perception, la science nie en quelque sorte les manifestations inconscientes qu’elle continue d’étudier. Conclusion Il apparaît possible, et nécessaire, de se dégager de ce paradoxe en reconnaissant la nature fondamentalement inconsciente de la perception et, logiquement, la séparation stricte entre perception et conscience. Nous proposons une définition nouvelle de la perception, de référence leibnizienne : la perception est la réception au niveau des organes sensoriels d’un stimulus extérieur et la traduction immédiate de ce stimulus en un matériel psychique de nature inconsciente. Purposes This paper aims to discuss the relationship between perception and consciousness, and to show the interest of separating these two notions. Method The paper uses a series of clinical observations and experimental results, and then examines the way modern works deal with the relationship between perception and consciousness. Results For over a century, modern science (psychology, experimental psychology, neuropsychology) has proved that humans have the ability to apprehend the external world apart from, and certainly before, any consciousness. Chronologically, we can effectively refer to works on hysterical subjects in the late 19th century, tachistoscopic presentations from the 1920s, and blindsight studies from the 1970s. Facing these facts, modern works needed to gradually adopt the notion of unconscious perception. Paradoxically however, they have not relinquished the traditional practice of defining perception as a conscious phenomenon. Discussion In fact, these works corroborate the old view of Leibniz, who had already affirmed the existence of insensitive perceptions. Opposed to Descartes, who thought that nothing in mental life escapes consciousness, Leibniz introduced the possibility of an unconscious life. Although Leibniz belongs obviously to the past and the surprise generated by these different phenomena corresponds to a general oversight of his thinking, whereas Descartes’ theory remains intact. A Cartesian rock remains that underlies our modern thinking and defies our conviction in the unconscious. Still using the traditional definition of perception, science somehow denies the manifestations of the unconscious and continues to study them. Conclusion It seems possible, and necessary, to free ourselves from this paradox, admitting the inherently unconscious nature of perception and, logically, the strict separation between perception and consciousness. We conclude with a new definition, referring to Leibniz, of what is perception: the reception of an external stimulus by sensory organs and the direct translation of this stimulus into a mental material, which is by nature unconscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le thème de la santé mentale a considérablement élargi le champ d’intervention de la psychiatrie et de la psychologie, en invitant ces disciplines à considérer non seulement la maladie mais, dans l’accomplissement personnel, l’accès au bien-être. Cette vision de la santé a fortement essaimé au cours des années 1960, notamment dans l’antipsychiatrie. Il n’y est donc pas seulement question d’une perspective thérapeutique mais bien d’une véritable philosophie politique et morale dont on peut tenter de retracer les origines et les fondements. À ce titre, l’article, revenant sur les écrits fondateurs de William James, cherche d’abord à montrer combien la notion de santé mentale est indubitablement liée aux principes d’une psychologie du soi. Partant de ce premier éclairage, il entend ensuite indiquer de quelle manière cette pensée a cherché à mêler un parti épistémologique et méthodologique au projet d’une clinique susceptible d’aiguiller le changement social. Psychology and psychiatry have significantly extended their scope of action by addressing the topic of mental health and by focusing, beyond the study of disabilities, on well-being through personal development. This approach was already widely popular in the 1960's, especially in the field of anti-psychiatry. As a result, mental health, as a therapeutic perspective, went on to become a major concern for moral and political philosophy. This paper aims to trace back the origins of this shift and delineate its foundations. To this end, the pioneering work of William James serves as a basis for showing how the notion of mental health relates to the tenets of the psychology of the self. Then, this paper uses this analysis to demonstrate how this approach combined epistemological and methodological principles to support a new clinical project that was supposed to contribute to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes actions taken by a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS, type II) in 2015, in a municipality of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive-exploratory study based on secondary data source accessed by means of Tab for Windows (TabWin), which led to the conclusion that the CAPS is fully able to develop intersectoral, multidisciplinary actions that aim to promote mental health, prevent aggravation and support people to tackle crisis situations. We also highlight how essential studies are that provide discussions on how to increase the participation of users in the mental health sector and to promote participatory spaces in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes actions taken by a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS, type II) in 2015, in a municipality of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive-exploratory study based on secondary data source accessed by means of Tab for Windows (TabWin), which led to the conclusion that the CAPS is fully able to develop intersectoral, multidisciplinary actions that aim to promote mental health, prevent aggravation and support people to tackle crisis situations. We also highlight how essential studies are that provide discussions on how to increase the participation of users in the mental health sector and to promote participatory spaces in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using attachment and mentalisation theories as a framework, the present paper aims to explore the impact of the current socio-economic crisis on the micro-processes and interpersonal dynamics that emerge between client and therapist as well as the ethical dilemmas that surface within the context of the therapeutic relationship. The first part of the paper focuses on the intrapsychic level and the subjective appraisal and experience of the crisis, as this may differ from individual to individual as well as the unique meaning-making processes that take place for clients and therapists alike. It is argued that the socio-economic crisis itself cannot be seen as an entity that is entirely independent and external to the individual but as a phenomenon that interacts in unique ways with the individual's inner current and past experience. The second part focuses on the exploration of intersubjective processes that emerge between client and therapist, in particular the transference-countertransference dynamic, as this develops within conditions of increased arousal and anxiety. The role and responsibility of counselling psychologists in preserving reflexivity, empathy and a mentalising stance (through supervision and personal therapy) are highlighted in order to safeguard the ethical and competent practice of counselling psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents the Master Academy of Love (MAL), a project conducted by Catholics in Warsaw, Poland. The initiative is shown as typical of emotional capitalism: it resonates with the therapeutic emotional style, bolsters the social impact of psychology by combining the psychological discourse with the language of belief, employs the narrative of self-help and the narrative of suffering, and focuses on increasing the emotional competence of its audience. At the same time, the paper demonstrates MAL’s dualistic nature, that is, its innovative and conservative components. MAL is thus a project that uses the power of the therapeutic discourse to reinforce traditionalist tendencies in the Church. Eva Illouz’s (2007) considerations on the role of psychology in contemporary Western culture underpin the paper’s theoretical framework, while its empirical component is based on participant observations conducted at MAL meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Authors present the history of psychotherapy in Slovakia. The first section refers to the social requirements for psychology and psychotherapy development. The history of psychotherapy alone is analysed in three stages of development. The first stage includes the years 1918-1945, where, related to the activities of the Clinic of Psychiatry and Neurology of the Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, we come across the first attempts at applying psychotherapeutic approaches in medical practice and in the training of physicians. The second developmental stage (1945-1989) introduces individuals that significantly influenced the development of psychotherapeutic theories and their application in individual fields of clinical practice. They simultaneously show the contribution of the training school SUR to the development of psychotherapy in Slovakia. The most significant changes in the aspect of domestication and development of psychotherapy in Slovakia happened in the last characterised stage, in the period following the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The previously almost unavailable psychotherapeutic literature became available and psychotherapy was gradually introduced into the undergraduate and postgraduate education of physicians and other professionals. The first Slovak Society of Psychotherapy was founded and became a common ground for professionals in this field. In the final section of this paper, the authors present current questions and problems of the development, research and application of psychotherapy in Slovakia and briefly characterise the influence of legislation changes and reforms in healthcare on the position of psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the academic production on the theme of race and theme developed at the Institute of Psychology at USP (IPUSP). Therefore, we analised theses and dissertations produced at IPUSP between 1970 and 2012 that made use of these categories to understand subjective, social, and political phenomena. Among other aspects, we found that the studies analyzed are divided mainly into three main areas, namely: denouncing racism, ways of subjectivation of racism, and strategies to overcome it. However, it is arguable that there are few studies that deal systematically with the deconstruction of racism, as well as with methodologies and techniques through which psychologists could contribute for the anti-racist struggle in Brazilian society. So to speak, there is still a gap in knowledge of psychology and race relations that should be looked deeper into by psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of the basic principles of motivation of human behaviour from a multidisciplinary perspective. It particularly highlights the overlapping fields of psychology and physiology. The authors try to systematize insights into the prevailing theory of motivation in psychological disciplines and provide some possible explanation of recent complicated situation in this area. The paper further attempts to facilitate orientation in this complex issue. However, due to the complexity of the issue of motivation theory, it primarily focuses on finding a unified approach but does not aspire to offer a complete review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) refers to a set of symptoms manifested by the child during and after the process of parents divorcing. The syndrome demonstrates the family suffering and the psychic blows suffered by the child when entangled in feelings of revenge, hatred and rejection. The child is disrespected and used as a tool to punish and cause pain in the alienated parent. As in Medea's myth, in which a mother kills her children, in parental alienation, the alienating parents suffocate and kill their children's ability to perceive, feel, and judge freely. The children become an extension of the alienator, prevented from thinking, discriminate and choose for themselves. By adopting Medea's tragedy and the Jungian theoretical framework, this paper analyzes the references to children in the myth and its relation with PAS and presents the consequences of parental alienation to the psychological development of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks and Massively Multiplayer Online Worlds offer new ways of interacting. Hence, the advent of new technologies brings questions as to what determines the use of these virtual environments. How is communication impacted when it is mediated by a screen? The aim of the present paper is to examine how psychology may highlight and help to better understand what influences the use of these new media. According to one's past, representations, and personality, there are many ways of benefitting from or of developing problematic use of these media. The Internet can provide what one is looking for and may perhaps also reflect who one is. This latter hypothesis was tested in a study on the use of Facebook among a sample of adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a pre-study on completing the cataloguing of the exile library of Charlotte and Karl Bühler. The value of a bequest library like the one in question lies in the unique traces of use and perusal. Consequently, the project focused on securing and indexing the specific features of the items as well as making them accessible. As there is no accorded procedure for cataloguing item-related characteristics in the Austrian Library Network (OBV) the core issue of the project was the development of a solution that fitted the specific requirements of the Bühler's bequest library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses drivers' psycho-physiological condition under the influence of various freeway section types and elapsed driving times. The authors analyzed the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals ( α, β, and θ) of 51 drivers on a freeway in Korea. The findings show that the driver's workload increases in tunnels and on left-curved sections, and that his or her concentration and response ability decrease after 60 min of elapsed driving time. The β/α ratios of EEG signals were found to be most effective in detecting differences in psycho-physiological responses. The results can help to promote safety on freeways by encouraging drivers to take rests every hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a Blended Learning course for scholarly information literacy tailored to the domain of psychology and related disciplines. Two evaluation studies with 67 and 64 psychology students employing standardized information literacy tests and questionnaires corroborate the effectiveness of the training and its acceptance among participants. To ensure re-usability of the course, all online-materials and a training manual are available free of charge at www.zpid.de/blink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le harcèlement est un phénomène complexe et mondial. De 100 à 600 millions d'adolescents seraient concernés dans le monde. De nombreuses études se sont penchées sur ce phénomène ces vingt dernières années, mais les publications portant sur des recherches françaises restent relativement rares. Un des objectifs de cet article est d'apporter des précisions concernant la définition du harcèlement afin de circonscrire le cadre de notre recherche. Outre les cinq facteurs habituellement cités dans les études, la fréquence, la durée, l'intensité, la répétition et l'asymétrie, nous avons postulé que la définition du harcèlement à l'adolescence ne pouvait se départir d'autres éléments tels que l'adolescence et le groupe. Quant à son repérage clinique, des signes de souffrance psychique aiguë ayant trait au traumatisme et aux traces d'une relation d'emprise, retrouvés dans toute violence, peuvent être relevés. L'autre objectif de cet article, est de présenter la méthodologie d'une recherche clinique internationale à méthodologie mixte (outils qualitatifs entretiens, épreuves projectives et outils à méthodologie quantitative : questionnaires) actuellement en cours. À l'appui d'une revue de la littérature internationale, de notre pratique clinique et des premières données analysées (non encore publiées), nous en avons déduit que la complexité du harcèlement tenait en la superposition de vulnérabilités psychologiques et familiales. Pour conclure, nous avons proposé un dispositif de prise en charge spécifique de prévention secondaire (théâtre-forum et groupe multifamilles). Bullying is a complex and global phenomenon. It is estimated that 100 to 600 million adolescents are affected worldwide. Many studies have examined bullying over the past twenty years, but French publications remain rare. The objectives of this article are to clarify the definition of bullying in order to circumscribe the framework of our qualitative research, and to present the methodology of an international research currently underway. Our sample consists of 40 ou 50 French, Brazilian and Turkish adolescents. These patients have the following characteristics: they are aged 12 to 18 years; they are consultants in specialized centers; they are interviewed at least three months after bullying has stopped, for ethical reasons and in order to evaluate the PTSD according to international classifications; finally, they show clinical signs related of psychological suffering to the trauma and traces of a controlling relationship. The criteria for non-inclusion are as follows: severe psychiatric disorders (active delusional pathologies), bullying still ongoing. In order to test our first hypothesis regarding the study of psychological and family vulnerabilities, we chose several tools: the non-directive research interview and the projective tests Rorschach, TAT, family drawing and house drawing. In order to test our second hypothesis regarding the consequences of bullying, namely the study of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, we chose three tools: the non-directive research interview, the TraumaQ and the SCL-90. Following a review of the literature and in support of our clinical practice and the initial data from this research, we discussed complementary criteria for defining bullying, in addition to those usually mentioned, in other words: repetition, intensity, frequency and the power of imbalance. Bullying, as a violent relational process, includes clinical signs of acute psychological suffering that often reveal the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress and traces of control mechanisms in the victim that are found in any emotional abuse. We have also focused our definition on two essential dimensions: adolescence and the group, and more particularly on taking into account adolescence as a time of narcissistic fragility and the reactivation of psychological problems, which often make it necessary to support a group of peers. This support appears all the more "vital" as these young people move away from their family group at the same time. In these circumstances, some adolescents, who are identified as having family and psychological vulnerabilities and who have difficulty positioning themselves in a group, may become "easy" prey and be subjected to violence. Without considering a typical bullied profile, the question of psychological vulnerabilities and in particular trauma, i.e. the appetite for repeated trauma and overexposure to potentially traumatic situations, is an interesting avenue. The complexity of bullying lies in the superposition of family and individual factors. Like any violence, it has long-term effects, and it seems essential to offer specific care that makes it possible, in addition to alleviating suffering by providing support, to carry out a thorough analysis of the psychological issues underlying the establishment of a controlling relationship and its sustainability. The secondary prevention component, which includes specific care beyond primary prevention programs in schools, therefore seems important to us to develop. At the end of this article, we will detail the care support which combines the forum theatre method and a multi-family group that we suggest to the victims of bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reconstruct the intellectual itinerary of Louis Althusser’s work regarding its relationship to psychoanalysis and psychology. According to our more general hypothesis, Althusser resorted to psychoanalysis in order to use it in a particular way: to disprove both the psychological sciences and the bourgeois notion of subject. Hence, psychoanalysis would have been useful to the development of his well-known criticism of the category of subject. This would be presented as an alternative to the readings of the "ego" as domain of psychic instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and issue: Recent developments in educational programs introduced a new concept framework in education, that of the competence-based approach. The framework challenges the limits of the objective-based approach in pedagogy. This paper discusses integrating the emotional intelligence concept in the reasoning of the competence-based approach in health training curriculums. Objectives: 1) To critically assess a number of competency frameworks (CF) that claim to take into account the field of emotional intelligence and to develop a number of basic guidelines in order to more clearly and specifically reframe them in terms of emotional competence (EC) in accordance with recent developments in the psychology of emotions; 2) To verify if the analytic mapping of an emerging taxonomy of EC and a general framework of an integrated competence-based approach (ICBA) provides data that mutually consolidate the construct validity. Methods: An interpretative and comprehensive qualitative approach based on content analysis of preexisting data was used. Material was made up of four SRC stemming from a methodical and systematical planning of health professional training. The interpretative analysis and thematic categorization of the SRC content was based on an analytical grid that drew on relevant and specific scientific literature. Results: The fields and taxonomical levels of emotional competence are well documented in general, but they are sometimes over- or under-represented according to the various CF. In addition some statements are unclear. The temporary taxonomy of the EC provides an adequate categorization of EC detailed in the four CF. There is consistency between the temporary taxonomy of EC and the APCi, which mutually validate each other. Conclusion: The temporary taxonomy of the EC allows the adequate categorization of EC explicited in the four CF. There is a real concordance between the temporary taxonomy of EC and ICBA which trends to validate each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous authors have pointed out the importance of recuperating and giving its due worth to peasant and aboriginal knowledge when rural development initiatives emerge. Nevertheless the problem area related to the local knowledge concept continues presenting some dark points. Therefore, with the purpose of contributing to the topic, this paper analyzes local knowledge dynamics, particularly its value increase and reconfiguration based on the involvement of technical advancement and scientific knowledge. Keeping in mind the said purpose, this article presents the results of a research curried out in a peasant community of the Northeastern part of Argentina, where small producers' knowledge and lack of it were studied, as well as local knowledge invention, circulation, and consolidation processes from a historical perspective. Thus the dynamics involved are conceptualized with the support of frames of reference originated in social psychology, and a comprehensive model destined to describe and explain communal processes for inventing knowledge and the relationship between local knowledge and scientific knowledge has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The efficacy of pain management is subordinated to the efficacy of pain assessment. Children are particularly difficult-to-assess patients. In this area, child psychology can contribute to the development of tools and to improving pain assessment. This paper highlights the relevance of studies on dialog in pain assessment situations and the importance of the specificity of both the patient and his pain. Assessing pain and listening to the patient''s complaint means meeting the child in his own world. Nonetheless, it is necessary to use and develop assessment tools that are scientifically validated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]