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The linguistic diversity of France is a highly discussed topic, particularly in relation to the French state's (lack of) support for regional and minority languages (RMLs). There are approximately 200,000 speakers of the regional language Breton, while Arabic is the second-most widely spoken language in France with an estimated 3–4 million speakers. Recent studies have called for comparative analyses and this research seeks to fill this gap, focusing on individual speakers and their social experiences as they relate to language(s), diversity, and identity. This paper discusses findings of fieldwork conducted in Brittany with Breton and Arabic language users, examining how Breton and Arabic language users describe their language experiences, and how identity can be shaped by language practices. This research also explores how such language practices relate to diversity and multilingualism across France more broadly, and how individuals understand the multifaceted nature of identity using terms such as 'double culture' and 'mélange'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the narrative sources dealing with a unique phenomenon in early Islam: the passage of part of the Arabic-speaking Iyād group into Roman service. Abbasid-era authors (132/750-333/945) locate and date the defectors in the context of the conquests (futūḥ) of the Roman and Sassanian Middle East by earlier Arab-Muslims (c. 10/632-20/642). We highlight the contradictions, inconsistencies and anachronisms of the versions, and focus especially on their tendency to actually deal more with migration from Iraq to northern Syria than from northern Syria to Byzantine Anatolia. Thus, we propose an alternative scenario: the Iyād gradually settled in the northern military district (ǧund) of Homs, in ex-Roman Syria-Mesopotamia during the first/seventh century. Considering the similar events involving emigrant, defector and rallied units during the Umayyad period (40/661-132/750), as well as the frequent shifts of the frontier in the border zone (ṯuġūr), we suggest that the Iyād, like many groups driven out and conscripted into the region by both the Byzantines and the Umayyads empires, may have passed repeatedly into the service of both. Eventually, the rigidification of geographical, political and confessional borders transformed such opportunistic and/or forced movements, although still attested, into unnatural apostasies. However, this context prevailed in the writing of the narrative sources on their primordial flight to the "land of the Romans". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexities of Arabic phonology have been documented in detail in particular in the dialectological and theoretical phonological traditions. In this paper we argue for the incorporation of a third perspective into Arabic linguistics, an Arabic-internal typological perspective. Eleven geographically representative dialects are compared along a common parameter, the structure of simple CaCaC nouns and verbs, followed by the addition of first one, then two suffixes. The suffixes are either identical across the noun/verb categories or are closely parallel. These basic structures are treated descriptively, and in addition two quantified indices, a paradigm diversity index and a consistency index are developed to facilitate a comparative overview. The phonological parameters are fundamental to Arabic: the treatment of short stressed/unstressed vowels in open syllables, constraints on CCC sequences or trisyllabic syncope for instance. What emerges is a cline of increasing phonological complexity as one, then two suffixes are added. Most striking, however, is the role played by morphophonology in informing the ever increasing degree of variation among the eleven dialects. Arabic syllabic phonology and morphophonology emerges as paradoxically at one and the same time, parsimonious and complex. A very few phonological rules produce a very high degree of contrastive forms among the eleven dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey is an attempt to reconsider the origin of the Classical Arabic invariable proclitic particles sawfa and sa- marking the future tense with the imperfect form yaf'alu. Classical Arabic is the only Semitic language using two particles to indicate the future, with the exception of the Modern Arabic dialects and the Modern Neo-Aramaic varieties. Due to the historical linguistic contacts with other Semitic languages like Aramaic, Classical Arabic developed a new particle to express the future tense, as a linguistic innovation. The paper demonstrates that sa- is not a reduced form of sawfa, but a native Arabic abbreviated form to stress the future; by contrast, sawfa is a loan that entered Arabic and was juxtaposed with sa- as a borrowed particle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Standard Arabic (SA) complementizer known as 'inna poses a restriction on word order in the clause it introduces and induces accusative Case-marking on the otherwise nominative preverbal NPs.1 Following Chomsky's (2001) account of the morphosyntax of Case, this paper argues that 'inna is a Case assigner and thus it carries an uninterpretable Case feature that determines the value which it assigns to an unvalued Case feature concerning accessible goal within A-bar projection. The paper shows that this argument captures the restriction imposed on 'inna-clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the inaugural paper of a series on material attested in ancient North Arabia inscriptions that is of particular importance to the history of Arabic, its linguistic context, and its development and classification. The article edits eleven Safaitic inscriptions, inscribed on seven stones, discovered during the 2019 Badia Survey in Northeastern Jordan. Most of these texts attest new grammatical and lexical features that shed important light on this shadowy phase of Arabic's pre-Islamic history, including attestations of the subordinating particle ḥt (= ḥattV), the negator ls (= laysa), possible nūnation, and idioms that appear later in the Qurʾān, e.g. tmny h-mt 'he wished for death (in combat)' (cf. Qurʾān tamannūna l-mawta). Résumé: Cet article est le premier d'une série concernant les matériaux attestés dans les inscriptions en nord arabique ancien. Ces documents ont une importance particulière pour l'histoire de l'arabe, son contexte linguistique, son développement et sa classification. Dans cet article, nous publions onze inscriptions safaïtiques, gravées sur sept pierres, qui ont été découvertes pendant le Badia Survey de 2019, en Jordanie nord-occidentale. La plupart de ces textes témoignent de nouvelles caractéristiques grammaticales et lexicales qui jettent un éclairage important sur une phase obscure de l'histoire de l'arabe pré-islamique. En particulier, il s'agit, par exemple, de l'attestation de la particule de subordination ḥt (= ḥattV), de la négation ls (= laysa), de la nūnation, et de locutions idiomatiques qui sont attestées plus tard dans le Coran, comme tmny h-mt (il souhaita la mort [en bataille]), cf. Coran tamannūna l-mawta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the strategies that translators adopt when rendering English proper nouns into Arabic and, consequently, offer both qualitative and quantitative insights into this process. It is a case study of proper nouns in professional Arabic translation based on one English novel (The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga (2008); translated into Arabic by Taiba Sadeq (2011). Proper nouns are categorized and analyzed in terms of internal syntactic structure (Central, Converted and Extended proper nouns), as well as thematically (e.g. personal names, names of institutions, bodies of water, etc.), with an eye to establishing correlations between the type of proper noun and the translation strategy opted for. The results indicate that the translator's choice between different strategies is governed by two main factors. Firstly, the translator needs to check whether the proper noun individualizes entities by means of ordinary language predicates (e.g. common nouns), proper nouns proper, or a combination of both, as each type usually requires a different strategy. Secondly, the translator needs to pay attention to the degree of comprehensibility and naturalness of his/her rendering, which may necessitate consolidating the single strategies of transliteration and translation with addition in the form of a generic word or even substitution in the case of idiomatic proper nouns. The paper concludes that proper nouns cannot be treated uniformly in translation between English and Arabic because they belong to different categories and, consequently, they may require different translation strategies including transliteration, complete translation, partial translation, transliteration plus addition, and translation plus addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the language's identitary space within the migratory process of the arabs onto Chile through the journalistic and literary activities developed by the immigrant community in this country. Secondly, it points out the feeling of arabicity or arabism that promotes and recreates this litterary corpus, which profoundly marks the poetic production of various generations of arab and chilean writers of arab origin. To this end, it presents textual samples of articles from the newspaper al-Iṣlāḥ (La Reforma), later called Mundo Árabe, and various poetic samples from the literary figures: Mahfud Massis (1916-1990), Matías Rafide Batarce (1929) y Emilio Mohor Zummers (1920-2002), amongst other big exponents of the arabic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the feminine ending -at in the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text. It argues that from the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text, and various data of comparative linguistic evidence, it is likely that the language of the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text goes back to a variety of Arabic where the feminine ending was treated as a diptote. It is moreover argued, that this feminine ending was likely also diptotic in Proto-Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycling. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycling can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary guidelines are important tool for selection a healthy diet. There is no special dietary guidelines for Arab people. Health Institutes are mainly using the Western dietary guidelines, such as American Food Pyramid. The objective of this paper therefore, was to summarize the steps taken by Arab Centers for Nutrition to establish 'Food Dome', the dietary guidelines for the Arab countries. The development of Food Dome was done in eight steps as: 1) Identification of the current nutrition problems,2) Identification of current food consumption patterns, 3) Identification of food groups used in the region, 4) Identification of specific foods within each group, 5) Estimation of nutritional profile for each group, 6) Identification the serving sizes for each group, 7) Incorporating physical activity into the food guidelines, 8) Identification of the pictorial illustration for the food guidelines. This Food Dome provides dietary guidelines for the Arab people to prevent the risk of diet-related diseases. It is also a useful tool for nutrition education. However, more testing in the target population is needed to evaluate the understanding of messages delivered by this Food Dome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1958, Western Sahara became a Spanish province. Since Spanish was the only official language, translating into Arabic the legislation for the territory was quite unusual. There were, however, some exceptions, like the Statute of Autonomy (1974). This paper provides, first, a brief introduction to translation activities in the former Spanish colony and some information on the process of translating this important historical document; secondly, the Arabic version of the Statute of Autonomy is published for the first time and briefly commented upon. The Arabic text is accompanied by the Spanish sourcetext, which in turn is compared with the final official version of the Statute of Autonomy as sanctioned by General Franco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]