Search

This article addresses the issue of estimating Pom—the probability of misclassifying the chemical status confidence of a water body status assessment. The main concerns of the authors were chemical quality elements with concentrations in water bodies which are close to or even smaller than the limit of quantification (LOQ). Their values must be set to half of this limit to calculate the mean value. This procedure leads to very low standard deviation values and unrealistic values of Pom for chemical indicators. In turn, this may lead to the false conclusion that not only is the chemical status good but also that this status assessment is perfect. Therefore, for a more reliable calculation of Pom, the authors suggested a modified calculation in which the value of half the LOQ for calculating the mean value was kept, but zero as the concentration value for the standard deviation calculation was adopted. The proposed modification has been applied to the Hierarchical Approach procedure for Pom estimation of the chemical status of Polish rivers and lakes. The crucial finding is that current chemical status assessments may be incorrect in the case of approximately 25% of river water bodies and 30% of lake water bodies categorised as good, and 20% of both types of water bodies classified as below good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a spatial search and a three-level model-based approach for automatic extraction of surface water layers from Sentinel-1 C-band SAR images at 10 m spatial resolution. The technique incorporates a connected component spatial search for segmenting low backscatter regions and uses the segmented image object for characterizing the segments. The water body is described here as a collection of different spatially connected segments. A three-level model is used to describe the connected segments of a water body in SAR data. Noise tolerance is achieved in this method by incorporating a speckle noise level into the model. The segmentation process further calculates contextual information which includes shadow estimated from DEM, polarization angle of the segment, and a boundary co-occurrence in both polarization to qualify the detected segments as a water body. The proposed method is found to have an accuracy of 94% in terms of f1 score. The algorithm, estimation of different parameters, and the results obtained in selected regions are explained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water jet propulsion technology has broad application prospects in the field of ships, and water jet technology is a kind of high and new technology that is booming and has a wide range of applications. However, there are a few studies on the effect of the external jet on the performance of the water jet propulsion pump, and it is urgent to carry out this research. In this paper, the standard k-ε turbulence model is used to carry out the numerical simulation study of the influence of the external jet on the hydraulic performance and flow field characteristics of the water jet propulsion pump device. This paper discusses the selection of calculation models, the division of grids and the setting of turbulence models, and an in-depth analysis of the calculation results. The research results show that when a high-speed water jet enters a moving water body, it will cause turbulence in the moving water body. With the increase of jet flow, the turbulence phenomenon will be improved. The average velocity of the outlet section of the nozzle is consistent with the change of the total pressure. The average vortex gradually decreases, the turbulent kinetic energy changes little, the turbulence dissipation first decreases and then increases, and the nozzle axial force changes more and more. The axial force and thrust of the device will obviously increase when the two water streams merge and spray, and they will increase with the increase of the jet flow rate. By revealing the influence mechanism of the external jet on the water jet propulsion pump device, it can provide a theoretical basis and guiding direction for further optimizing the hydraulic performance of the entire device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality standards are instrumental in evaluating the status of water bodies, and in providing protective and restorative endpoints. To date, much of the infrastructure used to implement water quality standards has been directed towards remediating and managing pollution from point source discharges. However, pollution from diffuse sources is the leading cause of water quality impairment, especially by nutrients. Although the effects of nutrient enrichment on streams is well studied, and ecological thresholds identified, those thresholds have not been widely adopted as standards primarily because they are not attainable by point sources. Clearly, a framework for adopting and applying standards to manage pollution from diffuse sources needs to be decoupled from those intended for point sources. This paper argues for a relatively unstructured distributional approach to predict how ecological responses might shift in response to management of diffuse sources. The approach calls for first developing a deterministic model of stressor and response variables, followed by a reformulation as a Bayesian model. In the case here, a structural equation model was developed that linked nutrient enrichment, habitat quality, and chloride and manganese concentrations to an index of macroinvertebrate quality. Results from the Bayesian representation suggest that in landscapes where the drainage network has been highly modified for agricultural production, reduction in total phosphorus alone is expected to have a modest (but non-trivial) effect on macroinvertebrate condition, shifting the distribution of scores up by 1 point. The addition of habitat restoration is likely to shift the distribution upwards by 4 points, an effect size observed in Ohio, USA from other large-scale restoration efforts. [Display omitted] • Pollution from diffuse sources is now the leading cause of water quality impairment across the USA. • Water quality targets intended to manage diffuse pollution are likely to be more stringent than what is feasible for wastewater treatment plants. • This paper describes how Bayesian models can be used to assess water quality targets used in managing pollution from diffuse sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in inland waters plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and affects global climate change. There are three papers in this Special Issue that reported on the response of vegetation growth and agriculture production to climate change. With the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, climate change is now an indisputable fact and has strong impacts on various terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., cropland, forests, grassland, wetlands, lakes, and deserts) [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are industrial facilities, which are important for the protection of the environment, because they remove pollutants from wastewater, before it reaches natural bodies of water. WWTPs consist of complex physical, chemical, and biological energy-intensive processes, which are subject to significant disturbances and uncertainties, due to large variations in the load and quality of the influent. Rising energy prices and increasingly stringent effluent requirements have amplified the need of developing more efficient control schemes for WWTPs. In this paper a novel Economic Dynamic Matrix Control (EDMC) configuration is proposed for WWTPs, where the objective is to minimize the plant's operating costs in terms of energy savings, while maintaining the effluent quality within acceptable regulatory limits. The novelty of the proposed scheme lies in the combination of the standard Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) methodology, with economic oriented control strategies. The EDMC predictive models are derived from the application of step tests on the COST/IWA Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1). Based on the BSM1 model, the proposed method is compared to standard Multiple Input–Multiple Output (MIMO) DMC controllers, to the default BSM1 control strategy and to other economic control methods, which have been proposed in the literature. The results illustrate that the proposed EDMC scheme is superior to alternative control strategies in terms of minimizing the energy consumption while, the effluent quality of the plant is maintained at acceptable levels. • We propose a novel control method combining conventional DMC with concepts from Economic MPC. • The method is particularly tailored to the control of Waste Water Treatment Plants. • The method is based on data-driven models derived from step tests, so it can be applied easily in real-life scenarios. • Feasibility is tested on a benchmark model and compared to several other control methods proposed in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapping of water surfaces is important for water resource and flood monitoring. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to monitor water bodies and detect floods over large areas. To address the problem of low identification accuracy in different time phases and different scales of water area, a water surface mapping method based on Attention-UNet3+ with SAR images is proposed in this paper. In the model, full-scale skip connections are introduced for combining feature maps from different scales and improving the accuracy of narrow water identification; the spatial attention module is used to obtain the importance of each connected feature, which can reduce the number of false alarms caused by speckle noise and water shadows in SAR data; the deep supervision module is used to learn hierarchical representative features from comprehensive aggregated feature maps to provide the periodic output capability of the model and meet the needs of rapid and large-scale water identification. The effectiveness of Attention-UNet3+ is verified by experiments in the Poyang Lake region with Sentinel-1 SAR images. The results show that the proposed Attention-UNet3+ outperforms the conventional threshold segmentation and deep learning models such as UNet, Deepvlabv3+, and SegNet, with an average IOU/Kappa value of 0.9502/0.9698. Multitemporal Sentinel-1 images in 2021 covering Poyang Lake are used for time series water surface mapping with the proposed method, and it is found that the detected water area of Poyang Lake has a good correlation with the corresponding water level values at observation stations. The Pearson coefficients are about 0.96. The above results indicate that the proposed method achieves good water surface mapping performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban ecology is a promising research field in limnology, but we still need to evaluate how urban waterbodies can sustain biodiversity. In this paper, we present a comprehensive foodweb perspective of urban waterbodies in the city of Montréal (Québec, Canada). The research goals are to evaluate if biodiversity and community structure of foodweb components (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates) are valuable tools for assessing the ecological status of urban waterbodies and examine how they are controlled by multiple factors related to trophic status and habitat complexity (origin, water residence, macrophyte cover, fish, and management practices). Multiple factor analysis, correlations, and non-parametric tests were used to examine the relationships between the environmental factors and foodweb biological variables. Our case study confirms that urban waterbodies are important sources of biodiversity and reveals that foodweb-based biological indicators are reliable tools for the biomonitoring of urban waterbodies. Foodweb biodiversity and community structure were more influenced by habitat complexity than by trophic status. The key determinants of variation were the differences in water regime, management of temporary and permanent waterbodies, and contrasts in habitat complexity depending on pond origin (artificial or natural) and macrophyte cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of water resources has always been a threat to the human health as well as the environment. Selenium as a contaminant can enter water bodies through various anthropogenic causes such as mining and agricultural activities, fossil fuels combustion, as well as due to its application in industries such as glass, food, medical and etc. In this review paper, analytical techniques for measurement and identification of selenium in water have been reviewed. Also, different remediation methods for selenium removal from water have been investigated. Principally remediation methods are categorized in three groups: Physical, Biological and Chemical. Recent research advances in each group including Phytoremediation, Bioremediation, Electrocoagulation, Adsorption and etc. is discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Employing Nano materials in selenium removal from water is gaining a momentum due to higher removal efficiency, however, there is still research gap regarding synthetizing of long-lasting absorbents and improving removal efficiency of selenium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Taking Aksu region in Xinjiang as the research object, the paper aimed to discuss the land use change in Aksu region in the future 2030. 【Method】The plus model was used to simulate the land use in Aksu region under three different scenarios, namely natural development scenario, economic development scenario and ecological protection scenario, revealing the future land use situation in Aksu region in 2030. Then, under the extreme development conditions of the above three scenarios, the study tried to use the mop model to put forward the sustainable development scenario, and optimized the spatial structure of multiple scenarios on the regional scale. 【Result】In the natural development scenario of Aksu region in 2030, the increase of cultivated land and bare land will be the main way of land conversion. The conversion between cultivated land, grassland, artificial surface and bare land will be the main way of land conversion under the natural development scenario. Except for the stability of shrubland and glacier, the area of forest land, grassland, wetland, water body and artificial surface will decrease. The setting of economic development scenario was to make the rapid expansion of cultivated land and artificial surface reached the goal of optimal economic benefits. Cultivated land was mainly transformed from a large number of grasslands and bare land, while the increase of artificial surface was transformed from cultivated land, bare land, grassland, forest land and water. The added value of cultivated land and artificial surface under this scenario was the first in the three simulation scenarios. The purpose of the ecological protection scenario was to protect the ecological land in Aksu region. The ecological land under this scenario had the highest added value compared with the first two scenarios. The sustainable development scenario proposed on this basis was a trade-off between the above three scenarios, that was, an optimal land use allocation scheme. 【Conclusion】The future land use pattern can not be developed only by a single indicator, and sustainable land use can only be achieved by balancing economic, ecological and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMAP/Sentinel-1 soil moisture is the latest SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) product derived from synergistic utilization of the radiometry observations of SMAP and radar backscattering data of Sentinel-1. This product is the first and only global soil moisture (SM) map at 1 km and 3 km spatial resolutions. In this paper, we evaluated the SMAP/Sentinel-1 SM product from different viewpoints to better understand its quality, advantages, and likely limitations. A comparative analysis of this product and in situ measurements, for the time period March 2015 to January 2022, from 35 dense and sparse SM networks and 561 stations distributed around the world was carried out. We examined the effects of land cover, vegetation fraction, water bodies, urban areas, soil characteristics, and seasonal climatic conditions on the performance of active–passive SMAP/Sentinel-1 in estimating the SM. We also compared the performance metrics of enhanced SMAP (9 km) and SMAP/Sentinel-1 products (3 km) to analyze the effects of the active–passive disaggregation algorithm on various features of the SMAP SM maps. Results showed satisfactory agreement between SMAP/Sentinel-1 and in situ SM measurements for most sites (r values between 0.19 and 0.95 and ub-RMSE between 0.03 and 0.17), especially for dense sites without representativeness errors. Thanks to the vegetation effect correction applied in the active–passive algorithm, the SMAP/Sentinel-1 product had the highest correlation with the reference data in grasslands and croplands. Results also showed that the accuracy of the SMAP/Sentinel-1 SM product in different networks is independent of the presence of water bodies, urban areas, and soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freely available satellite imagery from the EU Copernicus program can record water surfaces precisely and at high temporal resolution. This paper provides the development status of the open-source demo software "WaterMaskAnalyzer" (WMA) for the determination of water body extents. The application allows simple to use on-demand monitoring of inland water dynamics by the Otsu-thresholding algorithm that automatically classifies water bodies. The tool can answer various hydrological issues related to disaster and water management, nature conservation, or water body monitoring. The first results from investigations of the Sentinel-1 time series in VH polarization show high accuracies with R2 = 0.824 compared to in situ measurements for the Quitzdorf reservoir in Saxony, Germany. Small or indented-shaped water bodies, as well as those with forested riparian zones, such as the Cranzahl (VH: R2 = 0.102 and VV: R2 = 0.251) and Klingenberg reservoirs (VH: R2 = 0.091 and VV: R2 = 0.146), only achieve a low R2 for VV and VH polarization but receive equally low RMSEs of 0.045 km2 (Cranzahl) and 0.077 km2 (Klingenberg). By separating out outliers and using correction factors, fast improvements in the accuracies can be expected. For future improvements, alternate classification methods and diverse new ground-truth data lead us to expect the next big step in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Body Extraction (WBE) is a challenging task in remote sensing, owing to the complexity of recognizing surface body objects with rich texture, spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric features. The use of spectral indices has shown to be successful in separating surface water from its surroundings at the cost of knowledge of appropriate threshold values. In the absence of knowledge on threshold values, extracting the water from remote sensing data is challenging, which is addressed by several Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. However, the effectiveness of both ML and DL classifications is witnessed from visual features to semantic categories at the cost of distinct recognition between the water body and non-water body features. In this paper, a novel Multi Scale Feature Extraction Network (MSFEN) for extracting the pixel-level features from medium resolution remote sensing images is proposed and used traditional ML classifiers to extract the surface water bodies using pixel-level features extracted by MSFEN. The proposed framework is trained and tested on Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor – III (LISS-III) multispectral satellite images over major water reservoirs in Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model MSFEN+SVM provides accurate extraction results by outperforming the existing state-of-the-art models (Fully Convolutional Network (FCN), Unet, SegNet, Multi Scale Convolutional Neural Network (MSCNN), Deepwater Map, Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (PSPNet), Improved PSPNet, Multi-scale Water Extraction Convolutional Neural Network (MWEN) and Multi-Scale Lake Water Extraction Network (MSLWENet) in terms of performance metrics considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal water desalination is one of the most important techniques to solve the water scarcity problem in many regions of the world. Out of around 7.8 billion people in the world, only about 6 billion of them have access to clean water; notably, climate change plays a major role in accelerating the evaporation rate of water from water bodies, which in turn increases the scarcity. Multi-stage flash, recognized to have a high rate of water production in comparison with other available technologies, accounts for 35% of water desalination facilities worldwide. This paper presents a detailed Excel model to evaluate the amount of energy required to drive 16 stages of multi-stage flash. This model aims to design and evaluate the amount of thermal energy required for such projects and optimize their performance by calibrating the governing parameters. Furthermore, the 16 stages were simulated via the Ebsilon 13.02 software package to match the results and evaluate the fulfillment of the plant requirements. The temperature drop of the brine stream was 2.34 °C/stage. The top brine temperature was 130 °C. The results show that 29.5 kg/s of superheated steam is required to desalinate 162 kg/s of 2500 kg/s influent mass flow of brine. The effect of water intake temperature was also examined by using Ebsilon. The performance ratio decreased from 5.49 to 2.66 when the water intake temperature decreased from 30 °C to 5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the adverse effects of growing water scarcity on the lives and livelihoods of poor people have become a major policy concern in India. This paper reviews the effectiveness of macro-level policies for rainwater conservation and critically examines micro-level local community institutions for the sustainable management of traditional water bodies. Using Ostrom's design principles and qualitative data from three different multipurpose tanks, the study finds that management decisions at the local level have benefited few influential members of local communities and deprived a large number of poor households from resource uses, making the local institutions ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Yuqiao Reservoir is taken as the research object. The total suspended matter (TSM) produced by the economic development in the upper reaches of the reservoir and its surrounding areas has brought great ecological harm to the safe operation of the reservoir. Satellite remote sensing technology provides a good way to obtain the temporal and spatial variation of TSM in the study area. Two field surveys were carried out in the Yuqiao Reservoir, a total of 44 sampling points collected in the two tests. The spectral data and concentration of TSM were obtained. We developed and validated a robust empirical model to estimate the concentration of TSM in the water of the Yuqiao Reservoir for the first time. The TSM distribution map of the Yuqiao Reservoir in 2013–2018 is retrieved based on Landsat 8 OLI images. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of TSM concentration in the Yuqiao Reservoir for several years, as well as the interannual, seasonal, and monthly variation laws and development trends. The results show that the spatial distribution of TSM in Yuqiao Reservoir shows a decreasing trend from the periphery to the center; the interannual changes are mainly as follows: The annual change trend of TSM in Yuqiao Reservoir is not obvious; the seasonal changes are significant: the highest in summer (higher than 40 mg/L), the second in autumn, and the lowest in spring and winter (lower than 15 mg/L); and the monthly changes show regular fluctuations: In a year cycle, the concentration of TSM generally shows an inverted V‐shaped trend; that is, TSM increases gradually from January to August and decreases gradually from August to December. The research results of this paper can be applied to other similar types of land water bodies, which will promote the wide application of Landsat 8 OLI images in the monitoring of TSM in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs in different regions across China, and provide data support for the scientific management of the safe operation of research areas. Practitioner points: The monitoring model of TSM in Yuqiao Reservoir was built for the first time.Temporal and spatial analysis of TSM concentration in Yuqiao Reservoir for the first time.The concentration of TSM is in Yuqiao Reservoir greatly affected by wind speed and precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the results of the assessment of the state of zooplankton communities are presented from different types of water bodies. For the study, water samples were collected and analyzed from three types of water basins: systematic pond (EC 1 lfov and EC 1 Cazaci - SCDP Nucet), semi-systematic pond (Iaz no. 7 Crevedia) and reservoir (Bunget 2). The research was carried out in 2023, and the results highlighted the fact that the composition of the zooplankton in the aquatic ecosystems studied was made up of species belonging to the taxonomic groups: Rotifera, Copepoda and Cladocera. Based on these aspects, the qualitative and quantitative structure of the zooplankton in the studied water basins was established. Were identified 24 taxa (16 taxa - Rotifera, 3 taxa - Copepoda and 5 taxa - Cladocera). The weight of each taxonomic group is different in the three types of ecosystems: in the systematic pond - type water basins, cladocerans predominate (38.7% in EC 1 Cazaci and 44.0% in EC 1 Ilfov), in semi-systematic pond Iaz no. 7 Crevedia rotifers predominate (69.5%) and in Bunget 2 reservoir copepods predominate (49.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been widely developed in various fields in recent years, resulting in an increasing occurrence of nanoparticles in the natural environment. However, the tiny substances have created unexpected confusion in environmental sample testing due to the negative nanoeffect of ENPs. In this paper, a novel technique of spectrophotometric determination of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was developed under the interfering impact of nano-Fe(OH)3, widely distributed in the natural environment as a typical example of ENPs. Because of the strong absorption at the two characteristic peaks of PNP, namely, 317 nm and 400 nm, nano-Fe(OH)3 interfered with the colorimetric determination of PNP. Thus, the developed testing method, with HCl acidification at 60°C and ascorbic acid (AA) masking FeCl3, was proposed and successfully realized the accurate determination of PNP in water samples by ultraviolet spectrophotometry with 317 nm as the absorption wavelength. The final colorimetric system of 5% HCl, 10% CH3OH, and 1% ascorbic acid was confirmed by optimized batch experiments, and the optimum condition of acidification pretreatment was heating at 60°C for 20 min. Further results demonstrated that the proposed novel method had good accuracy and reproducibility even in high-salinity natural water bodies such as groundwater and surface water. The testing technique presented in this paper provided an interesting and useful tool for problem solving of PNP surveys under ENPs' interference and practically supported water quality assessment for a better environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is among the commercially most important fish species in the world. Since sound plays such an important role in the lives of Atlantic cod and its related species, understanding of their bioacoustics is of great importance. Moreover, since cod are amenable to studies of hearing, especially in open bodies of water, they have the potential to become a “model species” for investigations of fish hearing. To serve as the basis for future studies, and to bring together what is now known about cod hearing, this paper reviews the literature to date. While there is some discussion of other species in the paper, the focus is upon what is already known about cod hearing, and what now needs to be known. An additional focus is on what knowledge of cod hearing tells about hearing in fishes in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface urban heat islands are widely focused on due to their close relationship with a series of environmental issues. Obtaining a precise footprint is an important prerequisite for heat island research. However, the land surface temperature curves used for calculating footprint are affected by factors such as the complexity of land-use types, thereby affecting the accuracy of footprint. Therefore, the rotational-scan exponential decay model is developed in this paper, which first takes the gravity center of an urban area as the origin of polar coordinates, specifies due north as the starting direction, and rotationally scans the suburbs that are within 20 km outside urban areas in a clockwise direction at an angle of 1°. The eligible suburbs are screened out according to the built-up area rate, water body rate, and merge tolerance. Then, exponential decay fitting of the temperature curve is performed to obtain the extension distance of the heat island and the background temperature, which are used to determine the final footprint. Based on the method, the footprints of 15 cities were calculated and compared with those of the traditional method. The results show that: (1) this method could effectively eliminate the influence of a large number of contiguous built-up areas and water bodies in the suburbs on the footprint calculation, thus greatly improving the accuracy of the temperature curve and footprint. (2) Three of four cities had the largest footprint boundary in spring. All four cities had the strongest heat island intensity in summer and the smallest footprint boundary and intensity in winter. (3) Coupling effect would aggravate the negative impact of heat islands in the suburbs and threaten the suburban environment. As a state-of-the-art method, it can enhance the calculation accuracy and precisely reflect the spatial pattern of footprint, which is of great significance for the sustainable development of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inland surface waters are abundant in the tundra and boreal forests of North America, essential to environments and human societies but vulnerable to climate changes. These high-latitude water bodies differ greatly in their morphological and topological characteristics related to the formation, type, and vulnerability. In this paper, we present a water body dataset for the North American high latitudes (WBD-NAHL). Nearly 6.5 million water bodies were identified, with approximately 6 million (∼90 %) of them smaller than 0.1 km2. The dataset provides area and morphological attributes for every water body. During this study, we developed an automated approach for detecting surface water extent and identifying water bodies in the 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite data to enhance the capability of delineating small water bodies and their morphological attributes. The approach was applied to the Sentinel-2 data acquired in 2019 to produce the water body dataset for the entire tundra and boreal forests in North America. The dataset provided a more complete representation of the region than existing regional datasets for North America, e.g., Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL). The total accuracy of the detected water extent by the WBD-NAHL dataset was 96.36 % through comparison to interpreted data for locations randomly sampled across the region. Compared to the 30 m or coarser-resolution water datasets, e.g., JRC GSW yearly water history, HydroLakes, and Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD), the WBD-NAHL provided an improved ability on delineating water bodies and reported higher accuracies in the size, number, and perimeter attributes of water body by comparing to PeRL and interpreted regional dataset. This dataset is available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (TPDC; http://data.tpdc.ac.cn , last access: 6 June 2022): 10.11888/Hydro.tpdc.271021 (Feng and Sui, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inland water is an important part of the Earth's water cycle. Mapping inland water is vital for understanding surface hydrology and climate change. Spaceborne global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been proven to be an effective technique to detect inland water bodies. This paper proposes a new method to map inland water bodies using the delay-Doppler map (DDM) measurements provided by the GNSS-R platform Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS). In this new method, we develop a refined power ratio to identify the coherence in DDM caused by the inland water. Processed with an image segmentation method, the refined power ratio is then applied to discriminate the permanent inland water bodies from the land. Using CYGNSS data over the Amazon Basin and the Congo Basin in 2020, we successfully generated water masks with a spatial resolution of 0.01°. Compared with the reference optical water masks, the overall detection accuracy in the Amazon Basin is 94.48% and the water detection accuracy is 92.23%, and the corresponding accuracies in the Congo Basin are 96.12% and 93.16%, respectively. Compared with the previous DDM power-spread detector (DPSD) method, the new method's false alarms and misses in the Amazon Basin are reduced by 17.1% and 9.1%, respectively, while the false alarms and misses in the Congo Basin are reduced by 10.2% and 22%, respectively. Moreover, our method is proven to be useful for detecting short-term flood inundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources is crucial for the continuity of life. Therefore, mapping water resources is required. Successful analysis of remotely sensed images can provide reliable information for water researches. However, it is very complex process to ensure that the maps created are not affected by shadows, cloud or other noise. In addition, it is necessary to successfully map all water types in various geographies. It is important that the method used is practical so that scientists who are not image analysts can use the large data pool provided by satellite images. In this paper, a novel algorithm for water body extraction from Landsat imagery is proposed. In this method, Corine data are used as auxiliary data to automatically generate training data. Four study areas with different characteristics, from different parts of the world, are used to test the proposed method. The results obtained are compared with other automatic classification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential trace element in plants and animals which is also very important for human health・ It is widely used in glass industry, electronics and medical industry・ However, environmental problems also occur when selenium concentration is too high ・ This paper introduced the source and current situation of selenium containing wastewater, as well as the relevant water quality characteristics of selenium-containing water bodies and the discharge standards・ The technologies of selenium containing wastewater treatment are summarized・ It also introduces the present research of selenium-reducing bacteria, as well as the influence of the environmental factors of pH, carbon source and coexisting pollutants ・ Finally, the process of microbial reduction of selenium and the stability of the product are prospected to recycle and utilize selenium resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the landscape development trends of Central Lika and to analyze their interrelation with observed demographic inter-census changes. For this purpose, Landsat multispectral images and census data of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics were used for both observed years, and appropriate methods of analysis were selected. In the analysis of the satellite images, an approach was used that involves the use of data sets that are related to spring and autumn. Using the ENVI 4.7 computer programme, five classes were defined for each analyzed year: Built land, Forest, Water bodies, Arable land, Grass and shrubs, while five landscape development trends and their surface shares were identified based on their interrelation in the observed period (1 991 –2011 ): Unchanged (87.7 %), Extensification and vegetation succession (7.6 %), Intensification (2.8 %), Upbuilding (1.5 %), Water bodies (0.4 %). The obtained results showed that Upbuilding and Intensification are more represented in the central area, which is in line with the least negative demographic indicators, and with the process of urbanisation of the Town of Gospic. Extensification and vegetation succession is more prevalent in peripheral areas, where the most negative demographic indicators are more pronounced, which was found to be in line with the process of deruralisation and deagrarisation. By analyzing landscape development trends and the processes of the Central Lika landscape from different perspectives and aspects, this study allows for their better understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has a strong impact on inland water bodies such as lakes. This means that the increase in lake temperature recorded in recent decades-in Europe as well-can change the evaporation regime of the lakes. This, together with the variation of the water cycle, in particular precipitation, implies that the water mass balance of lakes may vary due to climate change. Water mass balance modeling is therefore of paramount importance to monitor lakes in the context of global warming. Although many studies have focused on such a modeling, there is no shared approach that can be used for any lake across the globe, irrespective of the size. This becomes even more problematic for shallow and small lakes, for which few studies exist. For this reason, in this paper the use of reanalysis data, in particular ERA5-Land provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), is proposed for the mass balance modeling. In fact, ERA5-Land has a global coverage and it is the only data source comprising a specific model for lakes, the Fresh-water Lake model (FLake). The chosen case study is the Trasimeno lake, a small and shallow lake located in Central Italy. The use of the reanalysis was preceded by data validation by considering both ground-based and satellite observations. The results show that there is a good agreement between the observed monthly variation of the lake level, Δ H , and the corresponding values of the water storage, δ , computed by means of the ERA5-Land data (Pearson coefficient larger than 70%). Discrepancies between observations and the ERA5-Land data happen in periods characterized in Europe by an extreme climate anomaly. This promising result encourages the use of ERA5-Land for other lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is often one of environmental disasters replicated in Morocco. It is the result of climate variations and human activity that has affected different sectors (water resources, agriculture, ecology, and socio-economy, etc.). The normalized water differential index (NDWI) is a type of spectral water analysis based on one green band and one NIR-band representation. The NDWI was effectively used to gather information around water bodies from remote sensing data. The study area for this work is the Idriss 1st Dam in northeast Morocco, situated downstream from the drainage of the Inaouene River. This basin is mostly affected by drought risk, which will evaluate by calculating NDWI index of image time series, based on Sentinel-2 (2015 to 2020), Landsat-8 (2013 to 2020) and Google Earth Engine (2013 to 2020) as a data processing tool. For the study area drought monitoring, DrinC software is used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Stream-flow Drought Index (SDI).The result of this paper is mapping water bodies of Idriss 1st Dam, and evaluated drought risk severity and frequency with a high precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper deals with the evaluation of hydropower potential in a selected section of the Torysa river in the eastern part of the Slovak Republic. This part of the country was chosen based on the existence of a significant risk of increasing energy poverty in local marginalized communities. Small hydropower plants in the form of mini and micro installations are an ecological and economical way to secure electricity and suppress indicators of energy poverty. The essential part of work focuses on the quantification of the gross (theoretical), technical, and economic hydropower potential of the Torysa river using elevation data obtained by GIS tools and hydrological data provided by The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. The next step identified concrete locations with a suitable head and volumetric flow rate. In the last part, the assessed section of the Torysa river was analyzed in terms of geographical collisions with NATURA 2000 areas, historical heritage elements in the country, and natural water bodies without hydropower potential (i.e., lakes, ponds, etc.). The resulting technical hydropower potential of selected part of Torysa river is 5425 kW and the economic potential is 1533 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palynology is one of the most useful tools for constructing biostratigraphic charts in the late Paleozoic basins of South America, but the lack of radiometric ages often makes it difficult to establish the precise age of the biozones. This paper focuses on two points: (i) the description of new Argentinian palynological assemblages referred to the Lueckisporites/Weylandites (LW) Biozone and (ii) the application of a new isotopic age that enables more confident large-scale correlations with the neighboring Paraná Basin of Brazil. The palynofloras were recovered from the upper part of the De La Cuesta Formation that crops out in the retroarc basin of the Paganzo Basin, more specifically obtained from mudstones intercalated with limestones, cherts, and tuffs interpreted as being deposited in a shallow water body. The assemblages are characterized by an abundance of bi-taeniate pollen grains of the Lueckisporites complex and multitaeniate pollen grains such as Lunatisporites, Protohaploxypinus, Striatopodocarpidites, Tornopollenites, and Vittatina. Colpate pollen grains are also represented by Marsupipollenites and Pakhapites. A U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS age of 278.84 ± 0.22 Ma, obtained from a tuff level interstratified with the fossiliferous strata, allows the age of the LW Biozone in the Paganzo Basin to be constrained for the first time and the adjustment of the record Lueckisporites virkkiae in Gondwana. Moreover, this date enables precise correlations with other basins, such as the San Rafael Basin (Yacimiento Los Reyunos Formation) in Argentina and the Brazilian Paraná Basin (Iratí Formation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for simulating liquids in large bodies of water by coupling together a water surface wave simulator with a 3D Navier‐Stokes simulator. The surface wave simulation uses the equivalent sources method (ESM) to efficiently animate large bodies of water with precisely controllable wave propagation behavior. The 3D liquid simulator animates complex non‐linear fluid behaviors like splashes and breaking waves using off‐the‐shelf simulators using FLIP or the level set method with semi‐Lagrangian advection. We combine the two approaches by using the 3D solver to animate localized non‐linear behaviors, and the 2D wave solver to animate larger regions with linear surface physics. We use the surface motion from the 3D solver as boundary conditions for 2D surface wave simulator, and we use the velocity and surface heights from the 2D surface wave simulator as boundary conditions for the 3D fluid simulation. We also introduce a novel technique for removing visual artifacts caused by numerical errors in 3D fluid solvers: we use experimental data to estimate the artificial dispersion caused by the 3D solver and we then carefully tune the wave speeds of the 2D solver to match it, effectively eliminating any differences in wave behavior across the boundary. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a empirically driven error compensation approach has been used to remove coupling errors from a physics simulator. Our coupled simulation approach leverages the strengths of each simulation technique, animating large environments with seamless transitions between 2D and 3D physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water body mapping is an effective way to monitor dynamic changes in surface water, which is of great significance for water resource management. Super-resolution mapping is a valid method to generate high-resolution dynamic water body maps from low-spatial-resolution images. However, the accuracy of existing super-resolution mapping methods is not high due to the low accuracy of fraction images and the insufficiency of spatial pattern information. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a spectral similarity scale-based multiple-endmember spectral mixture analysis (SSS-based MESMA) and a multiscale spatio-temporal dependence method based on super-resolution mapping (MESMA_MST_SRM) for water bodies. SSS-based MESMA allows different coarse pixels to have different endmember combinations, which can effectively improve the accuracy of spectral unmixing and then improve the accuracy of fraction images. Multiscale spatio-temporal dependence adopts both pixel-based and subpixel-based spatial dependence. In this study, eight different types of water body mappings derived from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Google Earth images were employed to test the performance of the MESMA_MST_SRM method. The results of the eight experiments showed that compared with the other four tested methods, the overall accuracy (OA) value, as well as the overall distribution and detailed information of the water map generated by the MESMA_MST_SRM method, were the best, indicating the great potential and efficiency of the proposed method in water body mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional processes on land-water-air interface carbon (C) budget and balance that interconnect the land and sea are in fact C neutrality critical processes within the earth system. It is therefore essential to quantitatively analyze synergistic land-water-air interface C transport and C exchange processes to gain a deep understanding of the important role that terrestrial ecosystems play in "missing C sink". This paper systematically analyzes global land-water-air interface C migration processes as well as C budget changes and associated impact mechanisms. It also investigates the important role that these C budgets and C cycling processes play in inland water bodies, respective to C budgets at the land-water-air interface. Moreover, this study reveals the regulatory mechanisms of land-water-air interface C budgets and balances under a background of global climate change. It also quantitatively evaluates the status of China's regional land-sea-air interface C budgets as well as the C sequestration potential of its lake systems. Finally, this study concludes that the explicit quantification of anthropogenic activity impacts on land-water-air interface C transport and exchange processes is of great significance to global C balances and C neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Establish a Monte Carlo improved simulation model considering the particle size of underwater transmission media. • The improved Monte Carlo simulation method for fitting phase functions through random sampling provides a more comprehensive and accurate complex water transport model. • The improved simulation model combine the scattering angle and the scattering phase function which make it is more in line with the actual probability model of complex water environment. • Obtained the influence of different variables on the polarization maintaining performance of polarized light. The information about the polarization of underwater objects can be affected by the absorption and scattering of water particles, making it challenging to detect underwater targets accurately. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the characteristics of polarization transmission in water. Traditional Monte Carlo simulations have yet to effectively treat particle size in water, which is unsuitable for the underwater environment of polydispersity particles with significant particle size differences. In this paper, a new simulation model using a Monte Carlo method with random sampling fitting phase functions is proposed, which makes the transmission characteristics of water particles more in line with the actual probability model of complex water bodies. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Monte Carlo method produces polarization closer to experimental results. The larger the particle size of water suspensions, the greater change of the polarization degree of polarized light. The polarization-maintaining characteristics of circularly polarized light are better than those of linearly polarized light, providing data support for the transmission and detection of underwater light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish rotan, Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 (Odontobutidae) is one of the most successful fish invaders during 20th and beginning of 21st century in European and Asian fresh waters. The diversity of its parasites within its invaded range was first reviewed by Sokolov, Reshetnikov, et al. (2014). The current paper analyzes new data from 2013 to 2019 on protistan and metazoan parasites of the non‐native populations of this fish. We used information from peer‐reviewed journals, difficult to access grey literature and our own recently obtained original data. 45 literature sources were included in the analysis. The newly‐available data originate from 95 water bodies of 13 river basins, isolated lakes in West Siberia, and Gulf of Finland, spanning a total of eight countries. A total of 132 recently detected parasite species/taxa are listed in this paper. Each species is presented with its location in/on the host, geographical localities, countries, and according literature sources. When available, number of examined fish as well as prevalence and range of intensity of infection are cited from the original source. This review enlarges contemporary knowledge on parasites of non‐native populations of the studied fish species up to 167 species/taxa. We highlight perspectives for further parasitological investigations of this invasive fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents data on the chemical composition of waters and bottom sediments in lakes variably affected by liquid wastes from facilities of the Olkon Joint-Stock Company in Olenegorst, Murmansk oblast, which mines and processes iron ores. Since Olkon started operating, the composition of water in nearby water bodies has underwent significant changes. The mineralization (TDS) and pH of the lacustrine waters have increased (to 100 mg/L and 7.6 respectively). The qualitative composition of the water has also changed (the water type has changed from hydrocarbonate to sulfate), as also have the proportions of the dominant cations. The waters of the lakes have enriched in nitrogen-group compounds. The concentrations in some of the lakes are higher than the concentrations of the dominant ions (Na+, K+, and Cl–) recalculated into equivalent concentrations. The inflow of contaminants with the waste waters has suppressed biological productivity and reduced concentrations of organic compounds in the lacustrine waters. The waters of the lakes that received waste waters form the iron-producing facilities contain the highest Ni, Cu, Co, Al, and Sr concentrations, whereas the Fe concentrations are the lowest, which is reportedly explained by a decrease in the concentrations of organic compounds and an increase in pH of the lacustrine waters (and a corresponding decrease in the Fe solubility). The paper reports data on the speciation of metals in the lacustrine waters: Fe and Cu occur in them mostly in compounds with organic ligands Fe(III)–L and Cu(II)–L; Mn is contained as Mn(II)– /Cl–/OH– compounds; and Ni, Co, and Zn form compounds with hydroxyl groups Ni(II)–OH, Co(II)–OH, and Zn(II)–OH. Concentrations of heavy metals in the lacustrine bottom sediments depend on the dominant form of their occurrence in the waters. The surface layers of the bottom sediments are significantly enriched in heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Fe, and Mn), which are tens of times higher than the background concentrations. The highest values of the contamination factor (Cf) and degree of contamination (Cd) were found in the lakes contaminated with waste waters from the facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of eutrophication is characterized by dense algal and plant growth due to the enrichment of nutrients for photosynthesis. As a result, it often plays an important role to the formation of plants that float in the surface of a water body. When nutrients are increasing in aquatic ecosystems, the photosynthetic plants grow rapidly. As a result, the algae limit the amount of dissolved oxygen required for respiration by other species in the water. Multi-criteria analysis has helped us towards the understanding and estimation of all physical, chemical and biological functions. In this paper, the examined water body, as a rich and variable system, is an ideal case for our study. Our purpose is to investigate some of the factors responsible for eutrophication (water temperature, nitrates, total phosphorus, Secchi depth, chlorophyll-a) using fuzzy logic. In this method, there are infinite numbers of fuzzy implications which can be used, since the proposition can take any value in the close interval [0,1]; hence, the investigation of the most appropriate implication is required. In this paper, we propose a method of evaluating fuzzy implications constructing triangular fuzzy numbers for all of the studied factors coming from statistical data. The deviation of the true value is the key for the selection of the most appropriate fuzzy implication describing the functions and the mechanisms in this ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water bodies are the most vulnerable mean in terms of human-made impact, and the collection of monitoring information on the state of biota and the hydrochemical regime is mandatory per the recommendations of the Water Framework Convention. The paper deals with the necessary arrangements for integrated monitoring and analysis of hydrobiological and environmental analytical databases for prognostic and remediation purposes at water observation points affected by human-made chemically hazardous technogenic object (chemical weapons). The purpose of this paper was to present data of hydrobiological and hydrochemical monitoring of rivers in the area of hazardous human-made objects (chemical weapons) as recommended by the Water Framework Convention for a comparative description of the reactions of European aquatic biota to stress effects. The use of hydrobiological indices and indices of biological diversity to record the anthropogenic impact on water has been validated. The features of environmental analytical data for additional analysis of monitoring specifications dynamics have been identified. The scale parameters of hydrobiological monitoring with the calculation of α-diversity, Shannon index, saprobity index should be based on a complete examination of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation and flora. The analysis of the anthropogenic impact of a chemically hazardous human-made object in the Bryansk region (Russian Federation) on aquatic ecosystems over a long period of time using bioindication method (which consists in the assessment of species diversity, calculation of the Shannon index and water saprobity index) revealed that the technogenic component of the impact of reference points on watercourses is minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis and management of innovation of the economic potential of the rural enterprises are currently the limiting factors of the stability and development of the enterprises; on the other hand, it is a condition for maintaining rural viability. Innovation is a catalyst for the growth of the enterprises, both within their internal environment and in the rural areas and the settlements established in such areas. Only the interconnection of the two levels of innovation (corporate and territorial) ensures stability and profitability for the enterprise. The paper focuses on the latter-mentioned part of innovation, both in terms of the methodology and research. The method for determining the innovative economic potential of rural settlements is presented in the paper, defined as the existential and development base for different enterprises. In relation, the paper discusses the issue of quantification of the economic potential of the clusters. The data acquisition is based on secondary data of the LAGs of the South Bohemian Region and the data from Ekotoxa. All municipalities of Trebonsko LAG (Czech Republic) are included in the data collection. The method for clustering the municipalities by their specifics, is supposed to be the most important result of the research, together with defining the areas suitable for innovation processes. Four models - Economic Cluster, Social Cluster, Cluster of Infrastructure, and Cluster of Environment - are defined based on four groups of the variables (economic, social, infrastructure, and environmental). A municipality is classified into an appropriate group based on the group (pillar) in which the municipality scored the highest average order. The average order of the municipality in each pillar is calculated as well. The method is followed by a verified procedure for defining the business potential of the clusters. The stepwise backward regression method is used to define the index of progressivity of the economic structure, determining the socio-economic differentiation of the regions in the Czech Republic. Regarding both the methodological procedure and the analytical tool, it is possible to state their suitable choice; the research results are relevant, valid, and usable in practice. The activities with high economic and innovation potential in the tested area include transport services, availability of the services, municipal infrastructure, drinking water supply, the occurrence of water bodies, and the structure of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demojong (Bras mo ljong) in West Sikkim, is regarded as a sacred landscape as per Tibetan/Sikkimese world view. Situated below the Mt. Kanchanjungha (Gangs chen mdzod lnga), it is believed to have been blessed by Guru Padmasambhava or Guru Rinpoche as He is known in Sikkim. The uniqueness of this heritage site is its holism and its interconnection between the soil, water, biota and visible water bodies - river and lake systems and also the physical monuments such as the monasteries. It is also the place where the history of Sikkim was made with the consecration of the first Chogyal (chos rgyal) of Sikkim in 1642. The region, now a part of Kanchanjungha Bio Sphere, is a hot spot zone of bio diversity within the Eastern Himalayas. The paper proposes to illustrate the foundations of sacredness of the region, highlight its bio cultural diversity and then go into the government policy of conservation of the same. Bras mo ljong gives cultural identity to the state of Sikkim and the basic objective of the paper is to examine how the state policy makes a balance between preservation of this cultural heritage and the needs of development through a properly managed policy of sustainable development and environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of spatio-temporal dynamics and the evolution of land use change is essential for understanding and assessing the status and transition of ecosystems. Such analysis, when applied to Horqin sandy land, can also provide basic information for appropriate decision-making. Design/methodology/approach: By integrating long time series Landsat imageries and geographic information system (GIS) technology, this paper explored the spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution-induced land use change of the largest sandy land in China from 1983 to 2016. Accurate and consistent land use information and land use change information was first extracted by using the maximum likelihood classifier and the post-classification change detection method, respectively. The spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution were then analyzed using three kinds of index models: the dynamic degree model to analyze the change of regional land resources, the dynamic change transfer matrix and flow direction rate to analyze the change direction, and the barycenter transfer model to analyze the spatial pattern of land use change. Findings: The results indicated that land use in Horqin sandy land during the study period changed dramatically. Vegetation and sandy land showed fluctuating changes, cropland and construction land steadily increased, water body decreased continuously, and the spatial distribution patterns of land use were generally unbalanced. Vegetation, sandy land and cropland were transferred frequently. The amount of vegetation loss was the largest. Water body loss was 473.6 km2, which accounted for 41.7 per cent of the total water body. The loss amount of construction land was only 1.0 km2. Considerable differences were noted in the rate of gravity center migration among the land use types in different periods, and the overall rate of construction land migration was the smallest. Moreover, the gravity center migration rates of the water body and sandy land were relatively high and were related to the fragile ecological environment of Horqin sandy land. Originality/value: The results not only confirmed the applicability and effectiveness of the combined method of remote sensing and GIS technology but also revealed notable spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution-induced land use change throughout the different time periods (1983-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2010, 2010-2014, 2014-2016 and 1983-2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • It was firstly demonstrated that the synergistic activation of PMS by MoS 2 @PANI and Cu(II). • High removal rate of sulfathiazole (≥85 %) achieved within a wide range of pH (3–10) in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS. • H O ∙ , Cu(Ⅲ) and 1 O 2 were generated in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS, while SO 4 ∙ - was negligible. • Compared with Fe(II), Cu(II) improved reusability and applicability of MoS 2 @PANI in activation of PMS. • The absorption of Cu(II) on MoS 2 @PANI improved the stability of MoS 2 @PANI. This paper synergistically combined MoS 2 @PANI (coating MoS 2 on polyaniline (PANI)) with Cu(II) to obtain effective activation of PMS in a wide range of pH (3–10). The removal rate of sulfathiazole (ST) in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS (98 %) in 60 min was higher than in Cu(II)/PMS (50 %) and MoS 2 @PANI/PMS (70 %). Besides, the PMS consumption rate was 100 % within 30 min in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS. Different concentrations of Cl - and HCO 3 - promoted the degradation of ST in varying degrees. And NO 3 - slightly inhibited the degradation of ST (removal rate more than 84 %). Notably, Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS could remove more than 80 % ST in different water bodies. The special structure of MoS 2 @PANI increased many activity sites of Mo(IV) to promote the cycle of Cu(II)/Cu(I) for activating PMS which generated H O ∙ , Cu(III) and 1 O 2. Twenty-seven degradation intermediates were identified and four possible degradation paths of ST were proposed. Moreover, Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS possessed a good non-selectivity for various organic pollutants. After three consecutive cycles, the removal rate still retained more than 90 % in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS system. Compared with Fe(II), MoS 2 @PANI was more stable in Cu(II)/MoS 2 @PANI/PMS. The synergy of Cu and Mo broke the limitation of PMS activation under environmental aquatic conditions. Given that Cu(II) widely existed in wastewater, the new research strategy increased the application scope for homogeneous PMS activation with inherently Cu(II) in wastewater in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural greenhouses play a crucial role in addressing the threat of climate change to agricultural systems. The greenhouse systems control exhibits nonlinear characteristics and large lag, both affecting the regulation of the greenhouse thermal environment. In this paper, a control strategy was designed to set the dynamic reference value of the control objective of the greenhouse model, considering factors such as solar radiation and the heating capacity of water body. A complete greenhouse model was developed using TRNSYS, and then the model predictive control building and optimization were implemented through MATLAB. The control effects of traditional proportional-integral-differentiation control, initial model predictive control, and optimized model predictive control were compared. The results showed that the regulation of greenhouse temperature was improved by 10.6 % in the coldest mouth compared to the conventional proportional-integral-differentiation control by the optimized model predictive control. During a typical cold month, the violation of constraints was reduced by 29.7 % by dynamically setting the target of the greenhouse with the optimized model predictive control. The performance of greenhouse climate control is enhanced by the proposed optimized model predictive control method, ensuring a stable regulation of the crop growth environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality variation in semi-enclosed urban coastal areas with different pollutant sources is a substantial issue. Pollutant entrapment has a significant impact on the lives of the local people. Surface water quality modelling often requires large datasets covering bathymetry, fluid and pollutants boundary conditions, sources and sinks. This is particularly challenging in regions with complex features and poor data availability, such as coastal water bodies featuring a large number of widely distributed islands and estuaries. In this paper, we developed a model of surface water quality and hydrodynamics for Ha Long Bay, in the North of Vietnam and includes 1969 islands, for a one-year period using a water quality dataset obtained for this study. The model utilized extracted bathymetric and geometric data from Admiralty Charts and Admiralty Tide Tables. Water quality coupled with the TELEMAC Model (WAQTEL) Biomass Module was employed to predict pollutant transport in the domain using point and diffused sources while field studies were conducted to collect data for the setting up and calibration of the water quality model. Thirty scattered sampling points were selected, and the water quality parameters were measured during two campaigns. The predicted water level and velocity values matched the local observation data well with a small error (RMSE = 0.19 and 0.16). Both NO 3 −-N and PO 4 3--P were high near the shoreline and decrease gradually offshore. The maximum concentrations of NO 3 −-N and PO 4 3--P reached 0.476 mg/L and 0.048 mg/L at the end of 2021 with the RMSE = 0.13 and 0.011, respectively. The levels of NO 3 −-N and PO 4 3--P and their distributions showed that Ha Long Bay was eutrophic even during the COVID-19 lockdown period. [Display omitted] • Water quality modelling in a semi-enclosed regions including lots of islands. • Hydro-environmental modelling in a region with poor bathymetric and water quality data availability. • NO 3 --N and PO 4 3--P prediction in a coastal area using WAQTEL-TELEMAC coupling. • Water hydrodynamic modelling in a complex geometry region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managed treatment wetlands technology is now used around the world to treat wastewater and stormwater by removing nutrients and other contaminants to obtain a desired water quality. In this paper we present a brief review of a large-scale application of the nature-based technology known as stormwater treatment areas (STAs). These STAs were constructed to treat agricultural and urban runoff to reduce outflow total phosphorus (TP) concentrations to <20 μg P L−1, which is required to protect downstream water quality and preserve the remaining Everglades ecosystem. Five STAs with a total area of approximately 25,000 ha were built at strategic locations to reduce TP loads to the Everglades Protection Area. For the past three decades, these Everglades STAs have done remarkable job by 70 to 85% TP load reduction, with an average outflow TP concentrations of 15-40 μg P L−1. In this Everglades STAs special issue, we present research findings on the influence of both external and internal drivers influencing STA performance and potential adaptive management strategies to enhance treatment efficiency to further reduce outflow TP concentrations. • Introduction of the Everglades STAs – largest constructed treatment wetland network in the world. • Everglades STAs serve as 'kidneys' of the Everglades ecosystem by reducing phosphorus loads to downstream waterbodies. • Phosphorus loading is one of the key drivers regulating treatment efficiency STAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Performance assessments quantify either abatement (AC) or transaction costs (TC). • We develop tools to quantify both AC and TC. • Socio-hydrology modeling of interconnected human and water systems is used to measure AC. • We develop a cutting-edge longitudinal dataset to assess future directions and magnitude of TC. • Results in the Douro Basin (Spain) show TC can represent 5.7 % − 8.3 % of total costs (AC + TC). • This highlights the need to account for AC and TC in performance assessments. Water reallocations have costs to the users of water, or abatement costs (e.g., charges designed to marginally increase environmental water flows), but also nontrivial institutional transaction costs (e.g., costs incurred to develop institutions and organizations to support and enforce environmental reallocations). However, institutional transaction costs studies are very limited and those available do not integrate abatement costs measurements, which constrains our ability to assess the performance of water reallocation. This paper presents the first integrated analysis of abatement and transaction costs of water reallocation. The analysis is illustrated with an application to the Douro River Basin, an agricultural basin in central Spain that has recently finished its second planning cycle (2015–2021). First, we use a hydroeconomic model that accounts for the two-way feedback responses between human and water systems to estimate the abatement costs of water reallocations, as well as their effectiveness in achieving the good ecological status of water bodies. Second, we measure and monetize realized institutional transaction costs of river basin planning over time and build on this cutting-edge longitudinal dataset to assess future directions and magnitude of transaction costs. We use this information to assess and rank the performance (through cost-effectiveness) of the water reallocations considered in the latest Douro River Basin Plan under alternative climate change scenarios. We find that under the hypothesis of stationary transaction costs, these can represent between 5.7% and 8.3% of the total reallocation costs (abatement plus transaction costs). This non-trivial magnitude highlights the need to account for both abatement and transaction costs when assessing the performance of water reallocations, and environmental policy overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming areas are made up of diverse land use types, such as arable lands, grasslands, woodlands, water bodies, and other surrounding agricultural architectures. They possess imperative economic value, and are considerably valued in terms of farmers' livelihoods and society's flourishment. Meanwhile, detecting crops in farming areas, such as wheat and corn, allows for more direct monitoring of farming area production and is significant for practical production and management. However, existing image segmentation methods are relatively homogeneous, with insufficient ability to segment multiple objects around the agricultural environment and small-scale objects such as corn and wheat. Motivated by these issues, this paper proposed a global-transformer segmentation network based on the morphological correction method. In addition, we applied the dilated convolution technique to the backbone of the model and the transformer technique to the branches. This innovation of integrating the above-mentioned techniques has an active impact on the segmentation of small-scale objects. Subsequently, the backbone improved by this method was applied to an object detection network based on a corn and wheat ears dataset. Experimental results reveal that our model can effectively detect wheat ears in a complicated environment. For two particular segmentation objects in farming areas, namely water bodies and roads, we notably proposed a morphological correction method, which effectively reduces the number of connected domains in the segmentation results with different parameters of dilation and erosion operations. The segmentation results of water bodies and roads were thereby improved. The proposed method achieved 0.903 and 13 for m I o U and continuity. This result reveals a remarkable improvement compared with the comparison model, and the continuity has risen by 408%. These comparative results demonstrate that the proposed method is eminent and robust enough to provide preliminary preparations and viable strategies for managing farming area resources and detecting crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of Orpheus dace (Squalius orpheus) populations from the rivers Chepinska and Vacha, right tributaries from the middle zone of the Bulgarian part of the Maritsa River's watershed. The research was conducted in the summer and autumn months of 2006-2011. A total of 470 specimens of Orpheus dace from the Chepinska River were caught. The study material from the Vacha River is relatively small. It includes 61 individuals. Fish populations from both rivers are characterized by disturbed age structure and predominance of young individuals. The average body length by size class was calculated using a relationship between the average values of L (standard length) and S (scale radius). The analysis showed that fish grow faster in their first year. A back calculated standard length of the Chepinska River fish is as follows: year 1: 50 mm, 2: 82mm, 3: 131 mm an 4: 192 mm. In the Vacha River it is - 1: 42 mm, 2: 78 mm, 3: 118 mm, 4: 149 mm and 5: 175 mm. Two hundred mm long individuals in the Chepinska River have average weight 80g and in the Vacha River - 126g. As it concerns these two rivers, the study found that fish growth in length and weight is relatively low in comparison with many other Bulgarian water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]