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Active thermography using pulsed heating is a fast and reliable method for detecting flaws in composite and metallic materials. This paper analyzes the temperature decay that occurs immediately after flash heating the front surface of stainless steel specimens as a function of time, based on a novel application of the equivalent circuit approach (ECA). The temperature decay from the front surface is equated to the discharge of a capacitor. The ECA is based on the charging (temperature rise due to flash heating) of a capacitor, followed by its discharge (temperature decay) through a series of resistors (which depends on the conductivity of the material) and capacitance (which depends on the thermal capacitance of the layers) through which the heat is dissipated. The proposed approach analyzes the sequences of temperature data obtained at each pixel location during cooling from a step wedge and a specimen with multiple flat-bottom holes. Time constant maps derived from the analysis are used to ascertain the thickness of the step wedge, detect the flaws, and evaluate the remnant thickness of the flaws. A correlation has been established between the thickness and the time constants. The above approach has been used to estimate the diameter of the flat-bottom holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, neural networks have achieved phenomenal success across a wide range of applications. They have also proven useful for solving differential equations. The focus of this work is on the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) that governs the electrostatics of a metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor. We were motivated by the question of whether a neural network can effectively learn the solution of PBE using the methodology pioneered by Lagaris et al. [IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 9 (1998)]. In this method, a neural network is used to generate a set of trial solutions that adhere to the boundary conditions, which are then optimized using the governing equation. However, the challenge with this method is the lack of a generic procedure for creating trial solutions for intricate boundary conditions. We introduce a novel method for generating trial solutions that adhere to the Robin and Dirichlet boundary conditions associated with the PBE. Remarkably, by optimizing the network parameters, we can learn an optimal trial solution that accurately captures essential physical insights, such as the depletion width, the threshold voltage, and the inversion charge. Furthermore, we show that our functional solution can extend beyond the sampling domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1-x) PbMg 1/3 Nb 2/3 – xPbTiO 3 ceramic with x = 0.50 is analyzed in this report. Structural and microstructural features were studied and correlated with the electrical properties exhibited by the densified ceramic capacitor. The tetragonal phase structure, along with uniform and dense microstructure of the ceramic composition, was identified as the reason for the observed functional modulations in the binary relaxor system. Contrary to the expectations based on crystal symmetry, the (1-x) PMN-xPT composition beyond the morphotropic phase boundary exhibited a lesser ferroelectric response along with reasonable relaxor attributes. This unusual feature in functional response was systematically analyzed to understand the underlying mechanisms. The ferroelectric study revealed a maximum E C value of 35.15 kV/cm, a remnant polarization P r ∼18.91 μCcm −2, and a maximum recoverable energy of ∼55 mJ/cm3. The electrical attributes of the ceramic revealed in the study confirms the suitability of the composite for capacitor and actuator applications and opens opportunities such as thin film studies to realize smart and intelligent memory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) is a powerful technique for investigating crystallisation dynamics with nanometre spatial resolution. However, probing phenomena occurring in liquids while mixing two precursor solutions has proven extremely challenging, requiring sophisticated liquid cell designs. Here, we demonstrate that introducing and withdrawing solvents in sequence makes it possible to maintain optimal imaging conditions while mixing liquids in a commercial liquid cell. We succeeded in visualising a fast nanoscale crystallisation mechanism when an organic molecule of R-BINOL-CN dissolved in chloroform interacts with methanol. The scanning transmission electron microscopy images recorded in real-time during the interaction of the two volatile solvents reveal the formation of chain-like structures of R-BINOL-CN particles, whereas they coalesce to form single large particles when methanol is absent. Our approach of mixing liquids establishes a platform for novel LCTEM studies of a wide range of electron-beam-sensitive materials, including drug molecules, polymers and molecular amphiphiles. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is a powerful technique for investigating crystallisation dynamics with nanometre spatial resolution; however, probing phenomena occurring in liquids while mixing two precursor solutions remains challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate how introducing and withdrawing solvents sequentially in a commercial liquid cell allows maintaining optimal imaging conditions while mixing liquids and successfully demonstrate the nanoscale crystallisation mechanism when R-BINOL-CN dissolved in chloroform interacts with methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the evolving identity of bioethicists and the future directions of the field. Topics discussed include the various roles bioethicists occupy, the ongoing debate over inclusiveness in bioethics, and the challenges in balancing demographic, viewpoint, methodological, and topical diversity.

In the general AntiFactor problem, a graph G and, for every vertex v of G, a set X v ⊆ N of forbidden degrees is given. The task is to find a set S of edges such that the degree of v in S is not in the set X v . Standard techniques (dynamic programming plus fast convolution) can be used to show that if M is the largest forbidden degree, then the problem can be solved in time (M + 2) tw · n O (1) if a tree decomposition of width tw is given. However, significantly faster algorithms are possible if the sets X v are sparse: our main algorithmic result shows that if every vertex has at most x forbidden degrees (we call this special case AntiFactorx), then the problem can be solved in time (x + 1) O (tw) · n O (1) . That is, AntiFactorx is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by treewidth tw and the maximum number x of excluded degrees. Our algorithm uses the technique of representative sets, which can be generalized to the optimization version, but (as expected) not to the counting version of the problem. In fact, we show that #AntiFactor1 is already # W [ 1 ] -hard parameterized by the width of the given decomposition. Moreover, we show that, unlike for the decision version, the standard dynamic programming algorithm is essentially optimal for the counting version. Formally, for a fixed nonempty set X , we denote by X -AntiFactor the special case where every vertex v has the same set X v = X of forbidden degrees. We show the following lower bound for every fixed set X : if there is an ϵ > 0 such that # X -AntiFactor can be solved in time (max X + 2 - ϵ) tw · n O (1) given a tree decomposition of width tw , then the counting strong exponential-time hypothesis (#SETH) fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for sustainable energy storage solutions, driven by the depletion of fossil fuels has stimulated extensive research in advanced battery technologies. Over the past two decades, global primary energy consumption, initially satisfied by non‐renewables, has raised environmental concerns. Despite the availability of renewable sources like solar and wind, storage challenges propel innovation in batteries. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have gained recognition for their high energy density and cost‐effectiveness. However, issues such as safety concerns, dendrite formation, and limited operational temperatures necessitate alternative solutions. A promising approach involves replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with non‐flammable solid electrolytes (SEs). SEs represent a transformative shift in battery technology, offering stability, safety, and expanded temperature ranges. They effectively mitigate dendrite growth, enhancing battery reliability and lifespan. SEs also improve energy density, making them crucial for applications like portable gadgets, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage. However, challenges such as ionic conductivity, chemical and thermal stability, mechanical strength, and manufacturability must be addressed. This review paper briefly identifies SE types, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and explores ion transport fundamentals and all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) production challenges. It comprehensively analyzes sulfide SEs (SSEs), focusing on recent advancements, chemical and electrochemical challenges, and potential future improvements. Electrochemical reactions, electrolyte materials, compositions, and cell designs are critically assessed for their impact on battery performance. The review also addresses challenges in ASSB production. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of SSEs, laying the groundwork for advancing sustainable and efficient energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of real-time embedded applications has surged in recent years, marked by both an increase in the number and complexity of tasks performed across various industries. Modeling and simulation (M&S) has been used for enhancing product quality while reducing lifecycle costs, primarily through improved testability and maintainability of real-time embedded systems applications, as M&S-based design approach allows for early hardware functionality testing, fosters collaboration between hardware and software teams, and shortens the product development cycle. The discrete-event system specification (DEVS) framework has been used for developing such discrete-event M&S systems. This article starts by highlighting the various DEVS publications in our journal over the past 20 years, reflecting the evolving landscape of simulation methodologies, which we organized into four categories: theory, methodology, tools, and applications. This curated selection reflects the diversity of topics and the evolution of scholarship within the field, encouraging further exploration and innovation. We conclude with recent research in the field, including our own research in real-time embedded systems development using DEVS software for modeling, simulation, and real-time execution of models. This paves the way for future discussions in this important field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by transient constriction and dilation of cerebral arteries, leading to severe headaches and neurological deficits. This case report describes a 41‐year‐old woman with chronic anemia, acute chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis who developed RCVS following transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). She experienced sudden‐onset seizures and a thunderclap headache 5 days post‐transfusion. Diagnostic imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealed the characteristic features of vasogenic edema. The patient was treated with blood pressure control and symptomatic relief for pain, resulting in gradual improvement. This case highlights the importance of recognizing RCVS as a potential complication of blood transfusions, particularly in patients with significant comorbidities. Understanding the possible mechanisms, including rapid hemoglobin correction, and the effects of residual plasma and storage lesions in transfused blood, is essential to prevent and manage this rare but serious condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is an obstinate and infectious disease requiring a relatively longer treatment duration than other bacterial infections. The current treatment regime is prolonged and cumbersome, with adverse effects, often leading to nonadherence. The upsurge in TB's multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant strains with evolved resistance to existing drugs has compounded the problems. The last two decades witnessed unprecedented progress in developing TB drugs with better efficacy and reduced toxicity. Of late, inhibitors targeting the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme were being explored and developed as antitubercular drugs. A plethora of diverse molecular cores, such as pteridines, diamino heterocycles, diamino triazoles, and nontraditional cores, were developed recently as Mtb‐DHFR targets. Besides the characteristic binding pockets of Mtb‐DHFR, an extended hydrophilic binding pocket was also studied for intermolecular interactions with the designed compounds to assess the enzyme specificity. In this study, prominent DHFR inhibitors developed in the last two decades were reported. Key features of the designed compounds, such as the structural similarities with existing pharmacophores, interactions with binding pockets, enzyme selectivity and specificity, and percentage of inhibition, were evaluated. The authors hope the study will help streamline the pharmacological pipeline of Mtb‐DHFR inhibitors and bring the investigators one step closer to success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double J (DJ) ureteric stents are widely applied in urological operations, they maintain patient's urinary system postoperatively, thereby accelerating recovery. Prolonged stent insertion is associated with complications. A 38-year-old woman presented with hematuria, right flank pain, and urinary tract infection. She underwent renal calculi removal 8 years ago. KUB radiograph revealed and indwelling DJ stent with vesical calculus and pyelonephritis. Ultrasound revealed a large bladder stone with mild right hydronephrosis. Computed tomographic (CT) urography revealed a DJ stent encrustation and further formation into core of the bladder stone. Cystolithotomy was performed, vesicle calculi retrieved. At 4 weeks, the patient presented with a right-side flank pain for which patient was evaluated with a contrast-enhanced CT urography which revealed a pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction with hydronephrosis. A pyeloplasty was performed and DJ stent was placed in situ, to be retrieved at 6 weeks. With improved biomaterials, design and technological improvements of DJ stents, patient's discomfort is greatly reduced. As a result, DJ stents got left in place for a longer duration of time, and therefore high incidences of forgetfulness, retained DJ stents. Encrustation, however, is frequently encountered. Patient factors such as low education and socioeconomic status and patients living in far off rural places also contribute to forgotten indwelling stents. Authors recommend placement of DJ stents after pyeloplasty for treating pelvi-ureteric junction obstructions following long-term retained stents. Patient counseling, education, and strict follow-up should ensure a timely stent removal and improved patient safety. Effective patient counseling and awareness reduces incidences of forgotten indwelling stents and patient-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decline in immune function with age has been studied extensively, but approaches to immune restoration have been hampered by the lack of simple methods of identifying individuals whose immune system is in decline. Our approach has been to identify individuals whose immune decline has led to a loss of control of common latent viral infections and their consequent reactivation. Viruses excreted in urine were detected and quantified and we believe this approach could provide a 'surrogate marker' for identifying immune compromised individuals. Here we report the detection of human herpes virus (HHV) 5, 6a, 6b and 7 in the urine of healthy individuals over a wide age range and their correlation with T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) data. The results did not show a clear correlation between TREC values and the detection of individual specific viruses or viral load values when measured singly. However, a correlation was found between low TREC values and the detection of several different human herpes viruses in the urine in males. We present evidence suggesting that for males, the detection of three or more different human herpes viruses in the urine could identify individuals with declining immune function as evidenced by their significantly lower TREC levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial machinery relies heavily on accurate fault diagnosis to maintain its reliability and operational efficiency. However, analyzing vibration signals for early fault detection is complex, as these signals often suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios, background noise, and random interferences. While wavelet filters are frequently employed for identifying informative frequency bands, determining the optimal filter parameters is crucial for accurately extracting repetitive transients related to faults. This research proposes a novel approach that utilises a crayfish optimization algorithm (COA) to adaptively optimise the wavelet filter. The COA employs correlated kurtosis (CK) as a fitness function to guide the optimization process. This method addresses limitations related to inaccurate CK period estimation through a continuous update mechanism, ensuring more precise parameter selection. Through its application to various industrial cases, the proposed methodology demonstrates its superiority over existing techniques in accurately extracting informative frequencies. This advancement enables more precise fault diagnosis, leading to improved maintenance strategies and minimized downtime in industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the Rayleigh--Taylor instability for two miscible, incompressible, inviscid fluids. Scale invariant estimates for the size of the mixing zone and coarsening of internal structures in the fully nonlinear regime are established following techniques introduced for the Saffman--Taylor instability in [G. Menon and F. Otto, Comm. Math. Phys., 257 (2005), pp. 303--317]. These bounds provide optimal scaling laws and reveal the strong role of dissipation in slowing down mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of zinc stannate, both pure and doped with antimony, were synthesized via the RF sputtering method. X-ray diffraction patterns showed SnO 2 and Zn 2 SnO 4 phases. Atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated that doping resulted in a reduction of the films roughness from 2.48 to 1.07 nm, attributed to an increase in grain density. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited a broad visible emission band with a peak centered around 557 nm. Transparency in the visible region was high for the films, reaching 80%. The electrical studies revealed that the resistivity decreased with doping upto 8.54 × 10 - 2 Ω cm due to the increase in charge carriers concentration and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambroxol (ABX) is used to manage excessive production of mucus in the respiratory system. The present study sought to assess the neuroprotective potential of ambroxol by influencing the amyloidogenic, nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by scopolamine. The AD pathology was induced by chronic administration of scopolamine. The rats were given scopolamine at a dose of 2 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection daily for 14 days, followed by treatment (ABX 121.5, 135, and 180 mg/kg orally and 5 mg/kg orally of donepezil) for the next 28 days while continuing to receive daily scopolamine injection. The behavior of the rats was evaluated using Modified Y‐Maze and Novel object recognition tasks. Analyses were carried out on AD pathological markers [Amyloid beta peptide 1‐40, Amyloid beta peptide 1‐42, acetylcholinesterase, beta‐secretase 1 (BACE1), total tau, and p‐tau], inflammatory markers [NF‐κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and interferon γ], antioxidant markers (Nrf2 and heme Oxygenase 1 (HO‐1)], along with synaptophysin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry and histopathological assessment of the hippocampus. Our findings indicated that ABX reduced impairment in behavior. Levels of Acetylcholinesterase, BACE1, amyloid beta 1‐40, amyloid beta 1‐42, total tau, p‐tau, NF‐κB, IFN‐γ, IL‐6, and TNF‐α decreased significantly. There was a significant increase in the levels of HO‐1 and Nrf2. It stopped the neuronal degeneration, raised synaptophysin immunoreactivity, and lowered GFAP immunoreactivity. The current research indicates that ambroxol may possess senomorphic properties by impacting the transcription factors NF‐κB and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Consequently, it could provide neuroprotection through alterations in the Nrf2 and NF‐κB signaling pathways in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental flow refers to the ecological need for water, including lentic and lotic ecosystems. The Brisbane Declaration on Environmental Flows in 2018 defines minimum low flow and minimum flushing flow for meeting these needs. A framework integrating the Sustainable Management of Hydrological Alteration (SUMHA) framework and the perception-based Bayesian belief network (BBN) model was applied to a storage-based dam project on a rain-fed river stretch in India. The framework visualizes relationships between influencing variables and river ecosystem services, aiding in informed water management decisions. Through this research, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework has potential in estimating and implementing the environmental flow requirements (EFRs) and for building scenarios pertaining to river ecosystem management in the context of existing storage-based hydropower projects, which is pertinent in the case of ecological data-scarce conditions prevailing in developing countries including India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the etiological and anatomical factors in pathophysiology of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis affecting the skull base. Design Retrospective clinical study over 5 years. Setting Single-center tertiary referral hospital. Materials and Methods All cases of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis with clinicoradiological and/or operative evidence of anterior and central skull base, orbit, and orbital apex involvement with or without intracranial disease were included in the study. Patients with a sinonasal-palatal disease without the involvement of the skull base or orbit were excluded from the study. In addition, we assessed the risk factors such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, diabetes mellitus (DM), and other immunocompromised conditions. Results There were 79 patients, of which 65.8% had skull base rhino-oribitocerebral mucormycosis (ROCM), and 34.2% had Aspergillus infection. The mean duration from onset of the symptom to presentation of ROCM was 36.75 ± 20.97 days, while for the Aspergillus group was 21 weeks. The majority of patients (66%) with ROCM presented after 30 days of symptom onset. Among ROCM patients, 88.7% had a history of COVID-19 infection, and 96% had DM. In 40.8% of patients with Aspergillus infection, the tissue diagnosis was unavailable, and galactomannan assay and clinicoradiological assessment were used for diagnosis. The most common area of the skull base involved was the pterygopalatine fossa (88.5%), followed by the infratemporal fossa (73.1%). The most common neurovascular structure (75%) involved was the pterygopalatine ganglion and the infraorbital nerve. Conclusion With the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections worldwide, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to understand the evolving nature of this disease. ROCM, documented in the literature to cause fulminant disease, became a chronic illness, possibly due to the improvement of the patient's immunity during the disease course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although neighborhoods are a widely used analytical concept in urban geography, they are often proxied using grids or statistical sectors in empirical research. The rationales underlying these proxies are often separated from the theoretical considerations of what makes a neighborhood a neighborhood, casting shadows over their relevance and applicability. In this article, we identify two specific challenges separating empirical operationalizations from theoretical considerations in neighborhood delineations: (1) not incorporating key built environment elements and (2) monodimensional approaches. We develop a method that addresses this double challenge by (1) creating morphological basic spatial units (BSUs) and (2) aggregating them into neighborhoods using multilayer community detection (MLCD) drawing on datasets used in both formal and functional regionalization approaches. We illustrate this method for the case of Leuven, Belgium, by (1) using street blocks as BSUs and (2) focusing on proximity, land use, and social interactions. Through a comparative analysis, we show that our results align with theoretical considerations and perform as well as, and perhaps better, than statistical sectors and grids as neighborhood representations. We therefore argue that this flexible method can bridge formal and functional regionalization approaches making the case for its adoption in neighborhood delineation exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface quality, machining efficiency, and tool life are all significantly impacted by tool wear in metal cutting machining. Research priorities and areas of focus in tool wear are shifting as intelligent machining becomes the norm. Unfortunately, there are currently no acknowledged most effective ways for analyzing tool based on the energy signals specially in the machining of titanium and its alloys. In the present work, the titanium machining was performed under different lubrication conditions such as dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), liquid nitrogen and hybrid, etc. Then, the spectrograms are used to transform the acquired energy data into time–frequency features. Starting with a set of randomly generated hyper parameters (HPs), the long short-term memory (LSTM) model is fine-tuned using sine cosine algorithm (SCA) with loss serving as the fitness function. The confusion matrix provides additional validation of the 98.08% classification accuracy. Additional evaluations of the suggested method's superiority include its specificity, sensitivity, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) disruptions are corrected by surgery either with an endobutton or a hook plate. The results in the long term were found to be similar in many randomized controlled trials. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the functional outcome and complications of double endo button versus clavicular hook plate (CHP) for ACJ disruption (Rockwood types III–VI). Materials and Methods: Two authors independently searched related articles from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) till January 26, 2022. The data were extracted from the related articles and analyzed by Stata software. For bias calculation of each study, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the RevMan 5.4 software were used. Results: 14 cohort studies, 2 randomized control trial studies, and 1 case–control study including patients were selected in this meta-analysis. The results of our study showed a significantly higher Constant–Murley Score (WMD 5.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23–9.36), Visual Analog Scale (WMD− 0.63, 95% CI [−0.79, −0.46]) and University of California at Los Angeles shoulder score (UCLA) scale (WMD 3.32, 95% CI [2.87, 3.77]) for double endobutton group. At the same time, some complications like implant failure were more common in the double endobutton group. Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows better functional and clinical outcomes of shoulder joint for the treatment of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) disruption cases (Rockwood types III–VI) with no need for secondary operation, unlike the CHP. Complications like subacromial erosion, ACJ arthrodesis, and infection rate are higher in the CHP group, whereas the chance of implant failure is higher in the double endobutton group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferromagnetic metal Fe3GeTe2 (FGT), whose structure exhibits weak van‐der‐Waals interactions between 5‐atom thick layers, was subjected to liquid‐phase exfoliation (LPE) in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) to yield a suspension of nanosheets that were separated into several fractions by successive centrifugation at different speeds. Electron microscopy confirmed successful exfoliation of bulk FGT to nanosheets as thin as 6 nm. The ferromagnetic ordering temperature for the nanosheets gradually decreased with the increase in the centrifugation speed used to isolate the 2D material. These nanosheets were resuspended in NMP and treated with an organic acceptor, 7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐quinodimethane (TCNQ), which led to precipitation of FGT‐TCNQ composite. The formation of the composite material is accompanied by charge transfer from the FGT nanosheets to TCNQ molecules, generating TCNQ⋅− radical anions, as revealed by experimental vibrational spectra and supported by first principles calculations. Remarkably, a substantial increase in magnetic anisotropy was observed, as manifested by the increase in the coercive field from nearly zero in bulk FGT to 1.0 kOe in the exfoliated nanosheets and then to 5.4 kOe in the FGT‐TCNQ composite. The dramatic increase in coercivity of the composite suggests that functionalization with redox‐active molecules provides an appealing pathway to enhancing magnetic properties of 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the universal adaptability of the Real-Time deployment of Industry 5.0, various machine learning-based cyber threat detection models are given in the literature. Most of the existing threat detection models may not be able to detect zero-day cyber threats and are prone to producing a high False Positive Rate (FPR) due to irrelevant features and imbalanced class samples. Furthermore, its predictive decisions are also difficult to comprehend even by security experts. Consequently, an intelligent and more robust model is needed to mitigate zero-day cyber threats. This study proposes an explainable model named BRL-ETDM for detecting cyber threats in Industry 5.0. In this model, features are optimized by Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (BRL)-based Bee Swarm Optimization (BSO) technique in which the exploitation phase of BSO is improved by the BRL technique. Then, an improved weighted majority voting-based ensemble technique is designed to enhance threat detection performance. Additionally, an explainable AI technique is employed to explain the threat predictions. This model is tested and validated using two realistic datasets named Edge-IIoTset and ToN-IoT. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a maximum accuracy of 96.15% with a minimum number of features and FPR of 0.27% as compared to existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research article examines the efficiency with which the Indian family planning programme provides care to Muslim women who opt to undergo tubectomies from public health facilities in terms of access to benefits/compensation as well as quality of services. The research subsequently intends to suggest suitable policies of affirmative action if required. Methods: The research uses data from the women's file from the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21). Adjusted odds ratios are used to examine the likelihood of Muslim women (i) receiving compensations offered for undergoing tubectomies in public health facilities by the government, (ii) receiving comprehensive information prior to their tubectomies and (iii) reporting a good quality of care during their procedures, in comparison with non-Muslim women. Results: The findings from the research indicate that Muslim women in India have lower odds of receiving state sponsored compensations in comparison with non-Muslim women in India (AOR = 0.67; CI: 0.60—0.76). Consequently, a lesser proportion of Muslim women reported receiving compensations in comparison with non-Muslim women. The difference in the receipt of compensations was 18 percentage points between both cohorts. Critically, despite their challenges in obtaining compensations, the findings from this research also indicate how Muslim women in India have higher odds of receiving comprehensive family planning information prior to their operation in comparison with non-Muslim women (AOR = 1.15; CI: 1.02—1.29). Discussion: Given the existing dearth of evidence in family planning literature on the issue, this research article calls for greater attention and investments in understanding the reproductive health vulnerabilities of Indian Muslims, especially in the context of increasing social hostilities towards the community in India. In this regard, to promote the equitable delivery of family planning services, the findings from this research highlight the urgent need for institutional reforms that facilitate an easier access to public benefits among Indian Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Since the onset of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a significant opportunity to leverage virtual platforms for communication and dissemination of knowledge. An online survey was conducted to examine the viewpoints of World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) leaders concerning the necessity, primary priority areas, and implementation strategies for a virtual global gastroenterology educational program. Methods: We conducted a survey of leaders of WGO member societies to assess their opinions on creating opportunities for global education using virtual platforms, identifying practical implementation steps and priority educational areas. Results: Responses were obtained from 57/117 (48.7%) contacted leaders with 56/57 (98.2%) identifying such a need. Five mutually exclusive priority educational topics were proposed in the survey: clinical gastroenterology, endoscopy, nutritional support, research methodology, and professional development. Overall, most participants prioritized clinical gastroenterology (45/57; 78.9%) and endoscopy/hand skills (27/57; 47.3%) as educational topics to be addressed by the virtual global gastroenterology educational program. A majority of WGO member society leaders surveyed favored monthly teaching activities (33/57; 57.8%), ideally carried out between 1500-2100 local time (31/57; 54.3%), ideally with no administrative fees (47/57; 82.4%). Conclusions: This truly global survey of WGO member societies achieved a good response rate and provides important insights into the need for and scope of future virtual education programs under the aegis of the WGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of 1.75 MeV N5+ ion beam irradiation of varying ion fluences, ranging from 1 × 1012 to 3 × 1014 ions/cm2, on high-density polyethylene have been done to investigate the structural, optical and chemical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. XRD patterns show no significant change in crystallinity in irradiated polymer samples. The lattice plane and crystallite size of the irradiated polymer have not changed noticeably. More than 50% decrease in optical band gap were found for higher ion fluences of 3 × 1014 ions/cm2. UV–visible spectra show a red shift in absorption maxima due to the formation of extended conjugation. FTIR peaks 3646, 1707 and 2170 cm−1 in irradiated polymer were observed. The reaction mechanism chemistry of radiation-induced product formations, including chain scission, molecular crosslinking and hydroxyl, carbonyl and alkyne functional groups have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia hirta is of the family Euphorbiaceae, owning various pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory activity. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic-autoimmune systemic diseasethat can be characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, and joint damage. Objective of the study is to assess the anti-arthritic activity of methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta. Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritic Model was followed for the evaluation. 0.1 mL of the FCA by intraplanar injection was used to induce arthritis in Wistar rats. Methanolic extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) of Euphorbia hirta were given to Wistar rats. Euphorbia hirta extract showed significant anti-arthritic activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, Euphorbia hirta extract (200mg/kg) showed potential anti-arthritic activity. From the study, it can be concluded that Euphorbia hirta possesses marked anti-arthriticactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes light‐driven assembly of dynamic formations and functional particle swarms controlled by appropriately programmed light patterns. The system capitalizes on the use of a fluidic bed whose low thermal conductivity assures that light‐generated heat remains "localized" and sets strong convective flows in the immediate vicinity of the particles being irradiated. In this way, even low‐power laser light or light from a desktop slide projector can be used to organize dynamic formations of objects spanning four orders of magnitude in size (from microns to centimeters) and over nine orders of magnitude in terms of mass. These dynamic assemblies include open‐lattice structures with individual particles performing intricate translational and/or rotational motions, density‐gradient particle arrays, nested architectures of mechanical components (e.g., planetary gears), or swarms of light‐actuated microbots controlling assembly of other objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clozapine is the only recommended antipsychotic medication for individuals diagnosed with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Unfortunately, its wider use is hindered by several possible adverse effects, some of which are rare but potentially life threatening. As such, there is a growing interest in studying clozapine use and safety in routinely collected healthcare data. However, previous attempts to characterise clozapine treatment have had low accuracy. Aim: To develop a methodology for identifying clozapine treatment dates by combining several data sources and implement this on a large clinical database. Methods: Non-identifiable electronic health records from a large mental health provider in London and a linked database from a national clozapine blood monitoring service were used to obtain information regarding patients' clozapine treatment status, blood tests and pharmacy dispensing records. A rule-based algorithm was developed to determine the dates of starting and stopping treatment based on these data, and more than 10% of the outcomes were validated by manual review of de-identified case note text. Results: A total of 3,212 possible clozapine treatment periods were identified, of which 425 (13.2%) were excluded due to insufficient data to verify clozapine administration. Of the 2,787 treatments remaining, 1,902 (68.2%) had an identified start-date. On evaluation, the algorithm identified treatments with 96.4% accuracy; start dates were 96.2% accurate within 15 days, and end dates were 85.1% accurate within 30 days. Conclusions: The algorithm produced a reliable database of clozapine treatment periods. Beyond underpinning future observational clozapine studies, we envisage it will facilitate similar implementations on additional large clinical databases worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gastric cancer is a major worldwide health concern, underscoring the importance of early detection to enhance patient outcomes. Traditional histological analysis, while considered the gold standard, is labour intensive and manual. Deep learning (DL) is a potential approach, but existing models fail to extract all of the visual data required for successful categorization. This work overcomes these constraints by using ensemble models that mix different deep-learning architectures to improve classification performance for stomach cancer diagnosis. Using the Gastric Histopathology Sub-Size Images Database, the ensemble models obtained an average accuracy of more than 99% at various resolutions. ResNet50, VGGNet, and ResNet34 performed better than EfficientNet and VitNet, with the ensemble model continuously delivering higher accuracy. These findings show that ensemble models may accurately detect important characteristics from smaller picture patches, allowing pathologists to diagnose stomach cancer early and increasing patient survival rates. Gastric cancer has become a serious worldwide health concern, emphasizing the crucial importance of early diagnosis measures to improve patient outcomes. While traditional histological image analysis is regarded as the clinical gold standard, it is labour intensive and manual. In recognition of this problem, there has been a rise in interest in the use of computer-aided diagnostic tools to help pathologists with their diagnostic efforts. In particular, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a promising solution in this sector. However, current DL models are still restricted in their ability to extract extensive visual characteristics for correct categorization. To address this limitation, this study proposes the use of ensemble models, which incorporate the capabilities of several deep-learning architectures and use aggregate knowledge of many models to improve classification performance, allowing for more accurate and efficient gastric cancer detection. To determine how well these proposed models performed, this study compared them with other works, all of which were based on the Gastric Histopathology Sub-Size Images Database, a publicly available dataset for gastric cancer. This research demonstrates that the ensemble models achieved a high detection accuracy across all sub-databases, with an average accuracy exceeding 99%. Specifically, ResNet50, VGGNet, and ResNet34 performed better than EfficientNet and VitNet. For the 80 × 80-pixel sub-database, ResNet34 exhibited an accuracy of approximately 93%, VGGNet achieved 94%, and the ensemble model excelled with 99%. In the 120 × 120-pixel sub-database, the ensemble model showed 99% accuracy, VGGNet 97%, and ResNet50 approximately 97%. For the 160 × 160-pixel sub-database, the ensemble model again achieved 99% accuracy, VGGNet 98%, ResNet50 98%, and EfficientNet 92%, highlighting the ensemble model's superior performance across all resolutions. Overall, the ensemble model consistently provided an accuracy of 99% across the three sub-pixel categories. These findings show that ensemble models may successfully detect critical characteristics from smaller patches and achieve high performance. The findings will help pathologists diagnose gastric cancer using histopathological images, leading to earlier identification and higher patient survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wave‐breaking amplitude of a strong nonlinear plasma wave has been determined in a warm plasma. Pseudopotential technique has been adopted to describe the wave‐breaking phenomena in such plasma. The solution is obtained with the consideration that the phase velocity of the plasma wave is equal to the velocity of light in vacuum. This assumption is justified since the wave which is excited usually by the relativistic charged particle bunches or laser pulses has phase speed very close to the speed of light in vacuum. The investigation shows that the breaking amplitude decreases with the increase of the electron temperature. Furthermore, the wavelength of the plasma wave is seen to decrease as we increase the electron temperature. The obtained results have relevance in the astrophysical situation as well as in the field of plasma based charged particle acceleration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The comparative effectiveness of upadacitinib and tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis (UC) is poorly understood. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared steroid-free clinical remission (SFCR) and endoscopic response/remission at 52 weeks among adults initiating upadacitinib or tofacitinib for UC. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients initiated upadacitinib (n = 81; 30% prior tofacitinib exposure) or tofacitinib (n = 74; 0% prior upadacitinib exposure). After inverse probability of treatment-weighted logistic regression, upadacitinib was associated with significantly higher odds of SFCR (odds ratio 3.01, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.55) vs tofacitinib. There were no differences for endoscopic response/remission. DISCUSSION: Upadacitinib was more effective at achieving SFCR in UC at 52 weeks vs tofacitinib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Psychology and Gender: An Advanced Reader" by Sadhana Avinash Natu explores the intersection of psychology and gender studies, emphasizing the impact of cultural and social contexts on individual experiences of gender. The book delves into various theories of gender role development, interpersonal relationships, career development, sexuality, and media representations of gender and sexuality. Natu advocates for a more inclusive and interdisciplinary approach to psychology, drawing connections between inequalities, mental health, and gender, making the book relevant for an interdisciplinary audience and particularly valuable within non-Western frameworks. [Extracted from the article]

Visualization of latent fingerprints (LFPs) using conventional powders has faced challenges on multicolor surfaces. However, these challenges are addressed by the advent of fluorescent powders in LFP detection, and they have redefined the effectiveness of the powder dusting method. In this study, color-tunable YOF:Tb3+,Eu3+ nanophosphors were examined for LFP recognition and were evaluated for their practicality on different types of surfaces. Under 254 nm UV irradiation, the LFPs developed using these nanophosphors showed clear and distinct ridge patterns with level 1, 2, and 3 details. The ultrafine particles of these nanophosphors adhered to the ridge patterns and replicated the minutiae of the LFPs. Meanwhile, the variation of the Tb3+/Eu3+ ratio demonstrated multicolor fluorescence emission from the nanophosphors, which provided better contrast between the ridge patterns on complex surfaces. Furthermore, the high luminescence quantum yield of the nanophosphors ensured high-resolution fluorescence images of the LFPs with a well-defined pattern that was recognizable even without any microscope or sophisticated instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decentralized control systems are frequently employed to tackle control challenges in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Hence, this paper proposes a decentralized PID controller that relies on frequency domain specifications. This controller is designed to minimize the loop interactions and fulfill the design criteria of the MIMO system. The PID parameters are calculated based on gain and phase margin specifications. Additionally, a first-order plus dead time model is derived for each of the decoupled subsystems. Furthermore, robust stability is analysed using disc margin analysis, which overcomes the constraints of traditional margins. Moreover, the paper determines a secure range of uncertainty for various levels of gain and phase uncertainties. The findings suggest that the proposed controller achieves robust stability over a broader range of margins when compared to alternative control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the ethical considerations of incorporating vaccination status into frameworks for allocating scarce medical resources during infectious disease outbreaks. Topics include the ethical objectives of benefiting people and preventing harm, mitigating disadvantage, and satisfying claims of reciprocity.

Birds are an important component of the food chain as they support associated fauna and their assemblage is dependent on the type of habitat. Changing environments, such as urbanization severely affects bird diversity and their ecology. However, natural green patches and artificial gardens could support significant bird diversity and help them to survive through. Composition of bird species in green patches of a particular urban area may vary depending on the size of the area and type of the vegetation. Bird diversity of five urban green patches in a metropolitan city, Pune, India was studied. Bird diversity was monitored at four urban sites (Panchawati, Saras Baug, Fergusson College, and Nigdi) and one natural hill forest site (Sinhagad valley). Food grid and residential status of the birds was also analyzed which were observed in all study sites. Bird assemblage at Sinhagad valley was distinct than other urban sites. Among the urban sites, Panchawati harbors the highest number of bird species while at Nigdi, we recorded the lowest number of bird species. All the sites were dominated by Passeriformes birds followed by Accipitriformes birds. All the urban sites support native bird species while Sinhagad valley supports native and migratory birds owing to its large area and natural forest coverage. Irrespective of the habitat, all sites predominantly support insectivore and omnivore birds. The results of the present study along with the other reports are useful for monitoring bird diversity, helpful to understand the impact of urbanization on bird assemblage, and prioritizing future conservation action plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anatomy teaching has traditionally been based on dissection. However, reduced hours in total and laboratory hours in gross anatomy along with a dearth of cadavers have ensued the search for a less time-consuming tool. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy in Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College, Hazaribag. A total of 282 medical students were taught gross anatomy, using three different learning modalities: dissection (n = 95), plastic models (n = 94), and three-dimensional (3D) anatomy software (n = 93). The knowledge of the students was examined by 100 multiple-choice question (MCQ) and tag questions followed by an evaluation questionnaire. Results: When performance is considered, the dissection and 3D group performed better than the plastic models group in total, MCQs, and tag questions. In the evaluation questionnaire, dissection performed better than the other two modalities. Moreover, dissection and 3D software emerged as superior to the plastic models group. Statistical Analysis: All data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t -test. Group-based analysis by ANOVA and gender-based analysis were done by Student's t -test. A comparison of students' perceptions was done by Kruskal–Wallis H -test. Conclusion: Dissection remains a favorite with students and accomplishes a significantly higher attainment of knowledge. Plastic models are less effective but are a valuable tool in preparation for cadaveric laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research examined the accountability measures put into practice during the housing reconstruction following the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. Additionally, it aimed to identify gaps in accountability practices and suggest approaches for improving their efficacy. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology encompassed a qualitative approach. Around 30 research participants were selected for in-depth interviews using a purposive sampling strategy to ensure data richness and relevance. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and then iteratively analysed using thematic framework analysis. This analytical technique involved identifying recurrent themes and patterns within the transcriptions of the participants' articulation. Findings: The study showed the pivotal role of meetings and interactive forums in promoting transparency and disseminating vital information during housing reconstruction. Additionally, it underscored the contributions of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) in information dissemination within affected communities. Policy challenges centre on identifying vulnerable populations, local support mechanisms and contextualizing reconstruction policies, specifically focusing on urban heritage settlements. Strengthening local service delivery and complaint mechanisms, capacity building and defining the roles and responsibilities of actors and beneficiaries are suggestive measures for a participatory and inclusive reconstruction process. Originality/value: Research holds distinctive value due to its recent inception and its focus on both the subject matter and the specific geographical context. It contributes novel insights into the principles and practices of accountability mechanisms during the housing reconstruction process following a major disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the mass transfer and entropy generation in the flow system of chemically reactive, thermal radiative hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3/Cu with H2O as base fluid) flow across flat stretching porous surfaces in the presence of viscous dissipation and transverse magnetic field. The governing partial differential equations are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations by applying a group of self-similarity transformations. The resulting differential equations are solved using the Bvp4c technique in MATLAB. The impact of several physical parameters has been examined the velocity, heat, and mass transfer components of the fluid. To optimize the complete heat transfer process, the consequences of all physical parameters are discussed on entropy generation and Bejan number and presented graphically. It is observed that velocity increases with the increase in magnetic parameter M because pressure force dominates over Lorentz force, temperature increases with the rise of Ec, concertation reduces with the enhancement of chemical reaction parameter delta, and the Bejan number decreases with the increase in Br; however, reverse phenomena are observed with increasing the value of the magnetic number and entropy increases with the rise of magnetic parameter M. Due to the increase in magnetic parameter M, drag force is accelerated, which leads to increase in entropy, With an increment in Pr and Ec, the heat exchange rate declines although the skin friction coefficient and mass transfer remain constant. There are several significant applications of the study of thermal analysis of hybrid nanofluid flows in numerous mechanical processes, such as extrusion or metal manufacturing processes, heat transportation in biological tissues, cooling of electric devices, high-size refrigeration, hydroelectric dams, and fuel systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach for designing a decentralized control law for higher-order systems using the H ∞ complementary sensitivity function (CSF) framework. Higher-order systems often exhibit complex dynamics and interactions between the variables, and hence, sophisticated control strategies are required to attain the desired performance. The proposed method exploits the robustness properties of the H ∞ CSF to achieve effective decentralized control for higher-order systems. The CSF approach focuses on shaping the sensitivity of the system to disturbances, thereby minimizing the impact on system performance. The decentralized nature of the control law allows for independent control of each subsystem, reducing the complexity associated with higher-order systems. Furthermore, the controller parameters are determined graphically by enforcing the H ∞ robust criterion. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through simulations on higher-order systems from various domains, including process control and other systems. Comparative evaluations against existing control methods highlight the superiority of the H ∞ CSF-based decentralized control law in terms of robustness and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a neurological disorder characterised by demyelination, where the immune system targets the Central Nervous System (CNS). This condition typically develops rapidly, with neurological symptoms appearing within days to weeks following viral infections or immunisations. Before the onset of neurological manifestations, patients often experience systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, and myalgias. The transition from the febrile phase of illness to neurological symptoms generally occurs with a latency period of 7 to 14 days. ADEM is commonly referred to as "post-infectious," "para-infectious," "post-exanthematous," or "post-vaccinal" encephalomyelitis. Recognised as a potential cause of permanent neurological disability, ADEM frequently affects individuals early in life, underscoring the significance of understanding this disease entity, particularly in the context of routine immunisation practices. Herein, the authors present the case of a 28-year-old female, who presented with quadriparesis in a drowsy state following a febrile illness. Upon further evaluation, she was diagnosed with a co-infection of Influenza B and leptospirosis, confirmed by positive serological tests. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed hyperintensities suggestive of ADEM in multiple areas of the brainstem and thalamus, while Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination showed an albumincytological dissociative picture, further supporting the diagnosis. Treatment comprised a pulse steroid regimen followed by oral steroid tapering. Subsequently, the patient demonstrated clinical improvement over the course of a week, with progressive enhancements observed during follow-up assessments. The present case highlights the importance of prompt recognition and management of ADEM, emphasising the role of corticosteroid therapy in achieving favourable patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]