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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an innovative class of crystalline porous polymers composed of light elements such as C, N, O, etc., linked by covalent bonds. The distinctive properties of COFs, including designable building blocks, large specific surface area, tunable pore size, abundant active sites, and remarkable stability, have led their widespread applications in electrocatalysis. In recent years, COF‐based electrocatalysts have made remarkable progress in various electrocatalytic fields, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, nitrate reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. This review begins with an introduction to the design and synthesis strategies employed for COF‐based electrocatalysts. These strategies include heteroatom doping, metalation of COF and building monomers, encapsulation of active sites within COF pores, and the development of COF‐based derived materials. Subsequently, a systematic overview of the recent advancements in the application of COF‐based catalysts in electrocatalysis is presented. Finally, the review discusses the main challenges and outlines possible avenues for the future development of COF‐based electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A pair of mononuclear iron(II) enantiomeric complexes: fac-Λ-[Fe(R-L)3](BF4)2·MeCN (1) and fac-Δ-[Fe(S-L)3](BF4)2·MeCN (2) [L=1-phenyl-N-(1-methyl-imidazol-2-ylmethylene)ethanamine] have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystallography reveals that iron(II) center is surrounded by three bidentate ligands defining a pseudooctahedral [FeN6] coordination environment. R-L ligand induces the fac-Λ isomer, while S-L ligand induces the fac-Δ isomer. Magnetic measurements reveal that both of them display obviously spin-crossover behavior at 365K. After desolvation, they exhibit a reversible spin transition with a small hysteresis loop of ca. 3K appearing at about T 1/2↑=222K and T 1/2↓=219K. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two pairs of iron(II) chiral enantiomers fac-Δ-[Fe(S-L1)3][ClO4]2 and fac-Λ-[Fe(R-L1)3][ClO4]2 (Δ-1 and Λ-1), fac-Δ-[Fe(S-L2)3][ClO4]2 and fac-Λ-[Fe(R-L2)3][ClO4]2 (Δ-2 and Λ-2), L1=(R/S)-(±)-1-naphthyl-N-(pyridine-2-ylmethylene)ethanamine, L2=(R/S)-(±)-2-naphthyl-N-(pyridine-2-ylmethylene)ethanamine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–Vis, CD and 1H NMR spectra. The X-ray structural analyses of Λ-1 and Δ-2 revealed that the iron(II) complexes possess octahedral coordination geometry for N6 donor atoms by three bidentate ligands. R-L1 ligand induces the fac-Λ isomer, while S-L2 ligand induces the fac-Δ isomer. The enantioselective binding of iron(II) chiral enantiomers to calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) has been investigated by methods of UV–Vis, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectrometry. All the complexes could bind to ct-DNA and showed different binding affinities with the binding constants ranging from 0.91×105 to 1.43×105 M−1. Moreover, the Δ enantiomers exhibited more efficient DNA interaction with respect to the Λ enantiomers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new three-dimensional metal–organic framework, [Co3(cis-CHHC)(H2O)8] n ·5nH2O (1), was synthesized by assembling Co(II) ion and all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexacarboxylate (cis-CHHC) ligand in hydrothermal condition. X-ray crystallography reveals that each cis-CHHC ligand connects six Co(II) atoms, and each Co(II) atom is linked to two cis-CHHC ligands, leading to a 3D structure with channels filled with lattice water molecules. Magnetic analysis of 1 indicates that the antiferromagnetic coupling dominates the magnetic properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new three-dimensional heterometallic MnIICuII azide-bridged coordination polymer, [Mn2Cu(N3)6(en)2] n (1), was synthesized by assembling MnII, CuII, azide, and ethylenediamine in solution condition. The 3D structure of 1 can be described as end-on (EO) azide-bridged Mn2Cu trinuclear units linked by end-to-end (EE) azide bridges. Magnetic analysis of 1 indicates that the EO- and EE-azide bridges mediate the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, respectively, with the antiferromagnetic coupling dominating the magnetic properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new polyiron complex [Fe17(OH)7O11(O2CPh)20(N3)2]·4H2O·10MeCN (1), with compact [Fe17(OH)7O11] core encapsulated by twenty benzoate anions and two end-on (EO) azido ligands has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Intramolecular antiferromagnetic couplings are observed for 1 and it has S=35/2 ground state which was confirmed by magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two new mononuclear spin-crossover iron(II) complexes, [FeL2(NCS)2]·H2O (1) and [FeL2(NCSe)2] (2), have been synthesized from the reaction of the versatile ligand 4,5-bis(2-cyanoethylthio)-2-bis(2-pyridyl)methylene-1,3-dithiole (L), Fe(ClO4)2, and KNCX (X=S/Se). Reactions of L with CuII or CoII salts afford one mononuclear complex [CuL(hfac)2]·CH3OH (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) (3), one dinuclear complex [(CuLCl)2(μ-Cl)2]·CH3OH (4), and two 1D chain species, [CuL2] n (BF4) 2n (5) and [CoL2] n (ClO4) 2n ·2nCH2Cl 2 (6). The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 3–6 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Short intermolecular S⋯S contacts between neighboring 1D arrays are observed in 5 and 6, which lead to the formation of the 2D structure. The magnetic properties are studied, and antiferromagnetic couplings between the CuII centers across the chloride bridges have been found in 4 (J =2.04cm–1). Spin-crossover behaviors between high and low spin states are observed at T 1/2 =80K for 1 and T 1/2 =300K for 2, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two new spin-crossover complexes, [Fe(Medpq)(py)2(NCS)2]·py·0.5H2O (1) and [Fe(Medpq)(py)2(NCSe)2]·py (2) (Medpq=2-methyldipyrido[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]-quinoxaline, py=pyridine), have been synthesized. The crystal structures were determined at both room temperature (298K) and low temperature (110K). Complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbca and monoclinic space group P21/n, respectively. In both complexes, the distorted [FeN6] octahedron is formed by six nitrogen atoms from Medpq, the trans pyridine molecules and the cis NCX− groups. The thermal spin transition is accompanied by the shortening of the mean Fe–N distances by 0.194Å for 2. The mononuclear [Fe(Medpq)(py)2(NCS)2] and [Fe(Medpq)(py)2(NCSe)2] neutral species interact each other via π-stacking, resulting in a one-dimensional extended structure for both 1 and 2. There exist C–H⋯X (X=S, Se) hydrogen bonds for both complexes. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy reveal the occurrence of a gradual spin transition. The transitions are centered at T 1/2 =120K for 1 and T 1/2 =180K for 2, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two new one-dimensional azido-bridged chiral copper(II) coordination polymers, [(μ-1,1,3-N3)2{Cu2(R-L)2(N3)2}] n (1) (R-L= R-2-(N-(2-hydroxybutyl)carbaldimino) pyridine) and [(μ-1,1,3-N3)2{Cu2(S-L)2(N3)2}] n (2) (S-L= S-2-(N-(2-hydroxybutyl)carbaldimino)pyridine) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic chiral space group P21. For 1, with a =6.9565(17)Å, b =20.675(5)Å, c =9.859(2)Å, β =105.944(5)° and Z =2. In the case of compound 2, a =6.9650(17)Å, b =20.705(5)Å, c =9.878(2)Å, β =105.941(4)° and Z =2. Both complexes consist of one-dimensional chiral structures in which the copper(II) ions with a distorted octahedral geometry are interlinked by the unusual μ-1,1,3 azido ligands. Circular dichroism spectra demonstrate that 1 and 2 are a pair of enantiomers. Their magnetic properties have been studied. Fitting of the susceptibility data for 1 and 2 using the Bleany–Bowers expression derived from the isotropic spin-exchange Hamiltonian H =−2JS 1 S 2 leads to the parameters g =2.21, J =−2.06cm−1, zJ′=−0.0309cm−1 and R =4.0×10−4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using the half-sandwich tricyanometalate, KCpCo(CN)3 (1, Cp=cyclopentadienyl), as the building block, two new cyano-bridged heterobimetallic complexes, [{CpCo(CN)3}2M(H2O)2]·2H2O (M=FeII, 2; CoII, 3), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complexes 2 and 3 are isostructural. In each complex, [CpCo(CN)3]− acts as a bis-monodentate bridging ligand toward the central [M(H2O)2]2+ core through two of its three cyanide groups, which leads to a two-dimensional network layer structure with a repeating cyclic octameric [(–M–NC–Co–CN–)]4 unit. The magnetic properties of complexes 2 and 3 have been investigated in the temperature range of 2.0–300K and they both show weak antiferromagnetic interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new tri-cyanometalate building block for heterometallic complexes, [PPh4]2[FeII(Tpms)(CN)3] (2) (PPh4 =tetraphenylphosphonium; Tpms=tris(pyrazolyl) methanesulfonate), has been prepared. Using it as a building block, a one-dimensional chain compound, {[FeII(Tpms)(CN)3][MnII(H2O)2( DMF)2]}·DMF (3), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The magnetic properties of 3 correspond to a ferromagnetic chain with weak long-range superexchanged magnetic interaction between the high-spin manganese(II) ions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The structure and electrocatalytic activity of the Ru-doped cobalt oxides derived from the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for large-current–density water splitting are highly dependent on the preorganized structure and chemistry of the MOFs. [Display omitted] The influence of the preorganized structure and chemical composition of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on the morphology, surface properties, and catalytic activity of the MOFs-derived metal oxides is yet to be revealed. In this work, two types of Co-MOFs with different coordination configurations are synthesized for the preparation of the structure-engineered ruthenium (Ru)-doped cobalt oxides. The effect of the preorganized coordination structure of the MOFs on the morphology and surface properties is investigated. Interestingly, the oxalate-based MOFs derived Ru-doped cobalt oxide (OX-Co 3 O 4 -Ru) exhibits much better surface wettability and more oxygen vacancies than the zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 derived Ru-doped cobalt oxide. As expected, the OX-Co 3 O 4 -Ru owns excellent catalytic properties towards both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 49 and 286 mV, respectively at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH. Importantly, the bifunctional OX-Co 3 O 4 -Ru catalyst offers an extremely high current density of 500 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.71 V for overall water splitting and as well demonstrates robust working stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks derived NiCo hydroxides with abundant Ni3+ species and surface oxalate ligand are synthesized for highly enhanced electrochemical glycerol oxidation reaction. [Display omitted] Glycerol oxidation reaction can be substituted for oxygen evolution reaction for more efficient hydrogen production due to its lower thermodynamic potential. Herein, a series of NiCo hydroxide nanosheets containing abundant Ni3+ species and surface ligands were synthesized by in - situ structural transformation of bimetallic organic frameworks in alkaline media for efficient glycerol oxidation reaction. It is found that the incorporation of Co ions increases the content of the Ni3+ species, and that the Ni/Co ratio of 1.0 lead to the optimal catalytic performance. The oxalate-modified nickel–cobalt hydroxide with the optimized Ni/Co ratio can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.26 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode), and reaches its maximum selectivity and Faradaic efficiency at 1.30 V vs. RHE. A high selectivity of 82.9% and a Faradaic efficiency of 91.0% are achieved. The high catalytic activity can be mainly attributed to the abundant Ni3+ species and surface carboxyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐platinum noble metals are highly desirable for the development of highly active, stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts for fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. However, how to improve the utilization of non‐platinum noble metals is an urgent issue. Herein, a highly efficient catalyst for ORR was prepared through homogeneous loading of Pd precursors by a domain‐limited method in a three‐dimensional covalent organic framework (COF) followed by pyrolysis. The morphology of the Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) was well maintained after carbonization, which was attributed to the rigid structure of the 3D COF. Thanks to the uniform distribution of Pd NPs in the carbon, the catalyst exhibited a remarkable half‐wave potential of 0.906 V and a Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 in 0.1 M KOH, surpassing the commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.863 V and 75 mV dec−1). Furthermore, a maximum power density of 144.0 mW cm−2 was achieved at 252 mA cm−2, which was significantly higher than the control battery (105.1 mW cm−2). This work not only provides a simple strategy for in‐situ preparation of highly dispersible metal catalysts in COFs, but also offers new insights into the ORR electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐atom catalysts (DAC) are deemed as promising electrocatalysts due to the abundant active sites and adjustable electronic structure, but the fabrication of well‐defined DAC is still full of challenges. Herein, bonded Fe dual‐atom catalysts (Fe2DAC) with Fe2N6C8O2 configuration were developed through one‐step carbonization of a preorganized covalent organic framework with bimetallic Fe chelation sites (Fe2COF). The transition from Fe2COF to Fe2DAC involved the dissociation of the nanoparticles and the capture of atoms by carbon defects. Benefitting from the optimized d‐band center and enhanced adsorption of OOH* intermediates, Fe2DAC exhibited outstanding oxygen reduction activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.898 V vs. RHE. This work will guide more fabrication of dual‐atom and even cluster catalysts from preorganized COF in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐atom catalysts (DAC) are deemed as promising electrocatalysts due to the abundant active sites and adjustable electronic structure, but the fabrication of well‐defined DAC is still full of challenges. Herein, bonded Fe dual‐atom catalysts (Fe2DAC) with Fe2N6C8O2 configuration were developed through one‐step carbonization of a preorganized covalent organic framework with bimetallic Fe chelation sites (Fe2COF). The transition from Fe2COF to Fe2DAC involved the dissociation of the nanoparticles and the capture of atoms by carbon defects. Benefitting from the optimized d‐band center and enhanced adsorption of OOH* intermediates, Fe2DAC exhibited outstanding oxygen reduction activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.898 V vs. RHE. This work will guide more fabrication of dual‐atom and even cluster catalysts from preorganized COF in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black block-shaped crystals of [Mn2Cu(N3)6(en)2]n are synthesized by slow evaporation of solutions containing MnCl2, NaN3, Cu(NO3)2, and en in MeOH and H2O (5 °C, 7 d, 30% yield). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of a surface ethylenediaminetetraacetate-metal coordination layer activates the Ni x Fe 3-x O 4 as an outstanding electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction, exhibiting a very small overpotential of 180 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and excellent working durability. [Display omitted] Nickel-iron oxides are competitive electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction, but their practical applications are restricted by the less-than-desirable intrinsic activity and working stability. To tackle the challenge, surface coordination chemistry is applied to the nickel–iron oxides through a complex-assisted in - situ crystal growth strategy. The ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) coordinated Ni x Fe 3-x O 4 (Ni x Fe 3-x O 4 -EDTA) is prepared by a simple one-pot hydrothermal process. The coordinated EDTA molecules can deeply alter the surface coordination structure of the Ni x Fe 3-x O 4. The Ni x Fe 3-x O 4 -EDTA demonstrates outstanding intrinsic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction, requiring only a small overpotential of 180 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH. Moreover, the Ni x Fe 3-x O 4 -EDTA exhibits extremely stable long-term working stability. Density functional theory calculations show that the highly enhanced intrinsic activity is attributed to the surface coordinated EDTA-induced favorable electronic structure and coordination environment, which tunes the adsorption strength of the intermediates and optimizes the energetics of the elementary steps, while the high stability is ascribed to the strong coordination ability of EDTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous chromium oxide confined Ni/NiO nanoparticles-assembled nanosheets are designed for highly efficient and stable overall urea splitting. [Display omitted] Applications of urea oxidation reaction (UOR) in various sustainable energy-conversion systems are greatly hindered by its slow kinetics. Herein, we demonstrate an in - situ confined synthesis method that produces amorphous chromium oxide confined Ni/NiO nanoparticles-assembled nanosheets (Ni/NiO@CrO x) with fast reaction kinetics towards UOR. The confinement effect of the in - situ generated CrO x overlay contributes to ultrafine Ni/NiO nanoparticles, bringing about rich Ni/NiO and NiO/CrO x interfaces. In - situ Raman and electrochemical characterization show that both CrO x and metallic Ni can promote the formation of the NiOOH species and the electron transfer, leading to high intrinsic activity and fast reaction kinetics. At 1.40 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, the Ni/NiO@CrO x delivers a current density of 275 mA cm−2, which is about 2.6 and 6.1 times as large as those of the NiO@CrO x and NiO, respectively. In addition, the protective effect of the CrO x overlay leads to robust working stability towards UOR. Further, the Ni/NiO@CrO x nanosheets are used as bifunctional catalysts for overall urea splitting, and a small electrolysis cell voltage of 1.44 V is needed to reach the benchmark current density of 10 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel MOF-assisted in - situ synthetic strategy is developed to fabricate NiOOH-rich bimetallic catalysts for highly efficient urea oxidation reaction. [Display omitted] NiOOH has been considered as the active center for urea oxidation reaction (UOR), but it remains challenging to synthesize high-performance NiOOH-based catalysts. Herein, we realize the synthesis of a high-performance NiOOH-based catalyst through in - situ transformation from the NiMn-based metal–organic framework to NiMnOOH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization shows that the Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio in the NiMnOOH is 3.9 times as big as that in the Ni(OH) 2 , and in - situ Raman characterization further consolidates the presence of the NiOOH species in the NiMnOOH and as well unveils the faciliated Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction. The abundant NiOOH species, the markedly facilitated Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction and the Ni-Mn synergy contribute to the high intrinsic activity of the NiMnOOH towards UOR. The NiMnOOH exhibits an impressively low onset potential of 1.305 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and requires only a small potential of 1.34 V vs RHE to deliver a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH + 0.33 M urea. In addition, the NiMnOOH catalyst possesses good long-term working stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), namely RuCOF‐ETTA, RuCOF‐TPB and RuCOF‐ETTBA, were synthesized by incorporating the photosensitive RuII tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) unit into the skeleton. Interestingly, each RuCOF contains three isostructural covalent organic frameworks that interlock together with the RuII centers serving as point of registry. The covalently linked network coupling with uniformly distributed RuII units allowed the RuCOFs to exhibit superior chemical stability, strong light‐harvesting ability, and high photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution (20 308 μmol g−1 h−1). This work illustrates the potential of developing versatile MCOFs‐based photocatalysts from functionalized metal complex building unit and further enriches the MCOFs family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), namely RuCOF‐ETTA, RuCOF‐TPB and RuCOF‐ETTBA, were synthesized by incorporating the photosensitive RuII tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) unit into the skeleton. Interestingly, each RuCOF contains three isostructural covalent organic frameworks that interlock together with the RuII centers serving as point of registry. The covalently linked network coupling with uniformly distributed RuII units allowed the RuCOFs to exhibit superior chemical stability, strong light‐harvesting ability, and high photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution (20 308 μmol g−1 h−1). This work illustrates the potential of developing versatile MCOFs‐based photocatalysts from functionalized metal complex building unit and further enriches the MCOFs family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bulk Ni/Fe ratio is a crucial parameter that determines the catalytic performance of the NiFe alloys by affecting the surface Fe/Ni ratio and the oxygen vacancy (O V) content, and the Ni 4 Fe 1 alloy with well-tailored oxide/metal interface presents highly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 242 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1. [Display omitted] NiFe alloys are among the most promising electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, a comprehensive study is yet to be done to reveal the surface structure-performance relationship of NiFe alloys. In particular, the role of the ultrathin surface oxide layer, which is unavoidable for pure NiFe alloys, is always neglected. Herein, a series of NiFe alloys with different Ni/Fe ratios are fabricated. It is found that different Ni/Fe ratios lead to significant differences in surface composition and structure of the NiFe alloys, and thus affect their catalytic performance. Then, the oxide/metal interface of the Ni 4 Fe 1 alloy is tailored by adjusting the hydrogenation temperature to further understand the surface structure-activity relationship, and the optimal OER performance is achieved at the oxide/metal interfaces that have suitable surface Fe/Ni ratio and an appropriate amount of oxygen vacancies. In - situ Raman characterization shows that the Ni 4 Fe 1 alloy with well-tailored oxide/metal interface facilitates the formation of active species. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the ultrathin surface oxide layers are responsible for the high catalytic activity of the NiFe alloys, and that the quantity of oxygen vacancies in the surface oxides affects the adsorption energy of O* and thus to a great extent determines the catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoresponsive self‐healing polymer gels have great potential in the fields of optical information storage, artificial intelligence, and wearable flexible devices. Herein, a series of photoresponsive self‐healing gels based on dynamic imine bonds are synthesized in which the photoresponsive functions are achieved by the incorporation of the chromophore 1,2‐bis(5′‐formyl‐2′‐methylthien‐3′‐yl)perfluorocyclopentene (DEA) and the fluorophore 2,5‐dimethoxybenzene‐1,4‐diformaldehyde derivatives (DBD) through the Schiff base reactions between DEA/DBD and aminopropylmethylsiloxane‐dimethylsiloxane copolymers. The gels show ultrafast photoresponsive ability with the transition from yellow to blue within 10 s under 254 nm UV–Vis and subsequent color restoration within 20 s under visible light, derived from the fast ring‐closure and ‐opening transition of DEA. Interestingly, the molecular states of DEA have influence on the on–off intensity of the fluorescence. The gels with ring‐opened DEA show stronger blue fluorescence than the ones with ring‐closed DEA. In addition, the cross‐linked dynamic imine bond enables the gels to self‐heal quickly, and the wound disappears within 10 min without any external stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercalation-induced partial exfoliation of NiFe LDHs with tunable interlayer space has been achieved by a scalable synthesis method, and the optimal NiFe LDHs show an overpotential of 225 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 43 mA dec−1. [Display omitted] Edge sites and interlayer space of NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) play an important role in water oxidation. However, the combined effect of interlayer expansion and partial exfoliation on the catalytic activity is yet to be investigated. Herein, scalable synthesis of partially exfoliated citrate-intercalated NiFe LDHs with tunable interlayer space have been achieved. The effect of citrate concentration on the phase, morphology, surface elemental composition, electronic states of surface metals, and electrochemical properties are comprehensively studied. The unique structure results in improved intrinsic catalytic activity and abundant active edge sites for oxygen evolution reaction. The optimal NiFe LDHs show an overpotential of 225 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is much smaller than that (∼305 mV) of the single-layer NiFe LDH nanosheets reported in the literature. The high catalytic activity can be mainly attributed to the combined effect between the enlarged interlayer space and the partial exfoliation/nanosheet thickness. That is, the interlayer space is related to the reaction kinetics/mechanism, while the degree of exfoliation affects the magnitude of the current density at a certain potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of heteroporous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is still a challenge. Herein, a series of 2D COFs with hexagonal and quadrilateral pores were constructed via in situ salphen or metal salphen formation. Metallized salphen-based COFs can be used as electrocatalysts towards water oxidation with an overpotential of 266 mV at 10 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of pyrazole-bridged heterometallic 3d–4f complexes, [CuDy(ipdc)2(H2O)4]·(2H2O)(H3O+) (1) and [CuLn(pdc)(ipdc)(H2O)4]·H3O+ (Ln=Ho (2), Er (3), Yb (4); H3ipdc=4-iodo-3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid; H3pdc=3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid), {[Cu3Ln4(ipdc)6(H2O)16]· xH2O} n (Ln=Sm (5), x =8.5; Ln=Eu (6), x =7; Ln=Gd (7), Tb (8), x =9), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Ligand H3ipdc was in situ obtained by iodination of ligand H3pdc. Complexes 1–4 are pyrazole-bridged heterometallic dinuclear complexes, and 2–4 are isostructural. Complexes 5–8 are isostructural and comprised of an unusual infinite one-dimensional tape-like chain based on pyrazole-bridged heterometallic dinuclear units. The magnetic properties of compounds 1–4, 7 and 8 have been investigated through the magnetic measurement over the temperature range of 1.8–300K. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two 3D organic–inorganic hybrid coordination polymers, [M2(ttmb)2(SO4)2(H2O)2]·7H2O (M=Cd, 1; M=Mn, 2; ttmb=1,3,5-tris(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. They are isostructural and possess a 3D architecture fused from 2D (4,4) M(ttmb) networks and MSO4 chains by sharing “hinge” metal atoms. The thermal properties of 1 and 2, luminescent property of 1 as well as magnetic property of 2 have been investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The construction of three‐dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains challenging due to the limited types of organic building blocks. With octahedral TiIV complex as the building unit, this study reports on the first 3D anionic titanium‐based COF (Ti‐COF‐1) with an edge‐transitive (6, 4)‐connected soc topology. Ti‐COF‐1 exhibits high crystallinity, superior stability, and large specific surface area (1000.4 m2 g−1). Moreover, Ti‐COF‐1 has a broad absorption band in the UV spectrum with an optical energy gap of 1.86 eV, and exhibits high photocatalytic activity toward Meerwein addition reactions. This research demonstrates an attractive strategy for the design of 3D functional COFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of three‐dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains challenging due to the limited types of organic building blocks. With octahedral TiIV complex as the building unit, this study reports on the first 3D anionic titanium‐based COF (Ti‐COF‐1) with an edge‐transitive (6, 4)‐connected soc topology. Ti‐COF‐1 exhibits high crystallinity, superior stability, and large specific surface area (1000.4 m2 g−1). Moreover, Ti‐COF‐1 has a broad absorption band in the UV spectrum with an optical energy gap of 1.86 eV, and exhibits high photocatalytic activity toward Meerwein addition reactions. This research demonstrates an attractive strategy for the design of 3D functional COFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Mechanical interlocked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are constructed to facilitate emission and subsequently utilized in white light-emitting diodes. • The mechanical interlocking is constructed in 2D-COFs to induce emission. • Primary oligomers with chair conformation interpenetrate each other to achieve interlocking. • High-purity white lights are achieved through COF-based white light-emitting diodes. The development of two-dimensional (2D) solid-state luminescent covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains an intriguing challenge due to the aggregation quenching caused by π-π interactions. In this study, a novel approach utilizing mechanical interlocking was employed to construct two 2D-COFs, namely mTPE-COF-1 and mTPE-COF-2. These COFs exhibited robust solid-state emissive properties. Fully characterization and spectroscopic analysis revealed that the regular interleaving mechanical restraints was able to mitigate the π-π stacking interactions in the two 2D-COFs. As a result, this inhibition inactivates non-radiation deactivation and turns on the luminescence. Theoretical calculations support the promotion of mechanical interlocking for emissions. Furthermore, by coating mTPE-COF-1 and mTPE-COF-2 onto a blue light-emitting diode, a high purity white light can be generated. This study offers a novel approach to design 2D luminescent COFs using mechanical interlocking strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel hydroxide is an attractive catalyst for urea electrooxidation, but its catalytic performance is still unsatisfactory. Herein, a series of cerium oxide carbonate/nickel hydroxide hybrid nanowires were synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared hybrid nanowires were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, and HRTEM. The introduction of cerium oxide carbonate not only enhanced the structural stability but also promoted the urea oxidation. When used as electrocatalysts for urea oxidation in 1.0 M KOH + 0.33 M urea, the optimized cerium oxide carbonate/nickel hydroxide hybrid nanowires with a Ce/Ni ratio of 0.2 presented the best catalytic performance owing to the improved conductivity, abundant phase interface, and facilitated Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction. In addition, the long-term cycling stability was highly improved by the incorporation of cerium oxide carbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electron donor–acceptor covalent organic framework (TTF-COF1) was constructed by the imine condensation of electron donor tetraformyl-tetrathiafulvalene (TTF-fo) and electron acceptor 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAQ). TTF-COF1 has intramolecular charge transfer, offering capacitance of 752 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an energy density of 57 W h kg−1 at a power density of 858 W kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, pyrazine (A), aminopyrazine (B), quinoxaline (C), and 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinoxaline (D) have been screened out among a large number of pyrazine derivatives to construct Hofmann‐type metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) Fe(L)[M(CN)4] (M=Pt, Pd) with similar 3D pillared‐layer structures. X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction reveals that the alternate linkage between M and FeII ions through cyano bridges forms the 2D extended metal cyanide sheets, and ligands A–D acted as vertical columns to connect the 2D sheets to give 3D pillared‐layer structures. Subsequently, a series of bivariate MOFs were constructed by pairwise combination of the four ligands A–D, which were confirmed by 1H NMR, PXRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that ligand size and crystallization rate play a dominant role in constructing bivariate Hofmann‐type MOFs. More importantly, the spin‐crossover (SCO) properties of the bivariate MOFs can be finely tuned by adjusting the proportion of the two pillared ligands in the 3D Hofmann‐type structures. Remarkably, the spin transition temperatures, Tc↑ and Tc↓ of Fe(A)x(B)1−x[Pt(CN)4] (x=0 to 1) can be adjusted from 239 to 254 K and from 248 to 284 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the width of the hysteresis loops can be widened from 9 to 30 K. Changing Pt to Pd, the hysteresis loops of Fe(A)x(B)1−x[Pd(CN)4] can be tuned from 9 (Tc↑=215 K, Tc↓=206 K) to 24 K (Tc↑=300 K, Tc↓=276 K). This research provides wider implications in the development of advanced bistable materials, especially in precisely regulating SCO properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diarylethene-based photochromic cage (DPC) with an adjustable cavity upon irradiation with UV and visible light has been designed and synthesized. Au nanoparticles encapsulated in the organic cage with open and closed states (Au@o-DPC and Au@c-DPC) showed different catalytic activities for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea oxidation is an important reaction for direct urea fuel cells as well as hydrogen production and/or water remediation via electrolysis using urea-rich wastewater. The key to efficient urea oxidation is to explore a well-designed high-performing catalyst. Herein, NiCo layered double hydroxide/hydroxide (NiCo LDH/NiCo(OH) 2) microspheres composed of ultrasmall nanosheets have been grown on Ni foam by a solution method at room temperature. The NiCo LDH/NiCo(OH) 2 heterostructures have been confirmed by TEM and XRD analysis. The high activity with a small onset potential of 0.29 V vs. Hg/HgO is mainly attributed to the rich NiCo LDH-NiCo(OH) 2 interfaces and the bimetallic nature of the catalysts. The NiCo LDH/NiCo(OH) 2 heterostructures can be promising catalysts for urea oxidation and offer new insights into the design of high-performance nickel-based catalysts. • NiCo layered double hydroxide/hydroxide heterostructures were synthesized. • The NiCo LDH-NiCo(OH) 2 interfaces offer abundant active sites for urea oxidation. • Only a low onset oxidation potential of 0.29 V vs. vs Hg/HgO is needed. • The high activity is ascribed to the biphasic interfaces and improved conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Fe II8 L12 cubic metal–organic cages were constructed with semi-rigid ligands and they further self-assembled into supramolecular assemblies with three different porous cavities. The supramolecular assemblies showed synergistic adsorption of I2 and TTF, and their solid state spin-crossover behaviors were influenced by the adsorbed guest molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibited great potential in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia (eNO 3 RR), but the structural transformation and the identification of the active sites in the electrochemical process have rarely been reported. Herein, a series of MOFs have been fabricated for eNO 3 RR. The Co-based MOF (Co-TPA) is selected as a representative for exploration through in - situ and ex - situ techniques to reveal the structural evolution during eNO 3 RR. The structural transformation from the Co-TPA to electrochemically activated catalyst (Co-TPA-E) is verified, and it is found that the in - situ formed high-valent Co species (CoOOH) are the active sites for eNO 3 RR. Moreover, the formation of the high-valence CoOOH species can be further facilitated by introducing highly electronegative Cu ions into the Co-TPA-E, resulting in excellent catalytic activity with an NH 3 yield rate of 1.12 mmol h−1 cm−2 at − 0.326 V vs. RHE and a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 99.62 %. [Display omitted] • MOFs are synthesized for the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia. • The structural evolution of the Co-based MOF is revealed under working conditions. • The in-situ formed high-valent Co species are the active sites. • The incorporated Cu enhances NO 3 − adsorption and NH 3 desorption on the Co sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mott-Schottky heterojunction of ultrafine Ni 3 Fe confined in amorphous molybdenum oxide improves the catalytic activity and working stability of the Ni 3 Fe towards oxygen evolution reaction, and the catalytic activity can be tailored by engineering the phase interface. [Display omitted] • 1. Ultrafine Ni 3 Fe is in - situ confined in amorphous molybdenum oxide. • 2. The Mott-Schottky heterojunctions show a small overpotential of 224 mV at 10 mA cm−2. • 3. The MoO x improves the surface wettability and modulates the electronic structure. • 4. The Mott-Schottky heterojunction optimizes the adsorption energy of the *OOH. NiFe alloys are highly active towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and it is important to further enhance their catalytic activity and working stability. Herein, a series of Mott-Schottky electrocatalysts of ultrafine Ni 3 Fe confined in amorphous molybdenum oxide (Ni 3 Fe/MoO x) are fabricated via hydrogenation treatment. The experimental results and computational calculations show that the amorphous MoO x improves the surface wettability, modulates the electronic structure, accelerates the charge transfer, favors the generation of NiOOH species, and facilitates the formation of the *OOH intermediates. The Ni 3 Fe/MoO x phase interfaces are engineered by controlling the MoO x content to optimize the catalytic activity, and the Ni 3 Fe/MoO x -0.5 catalyst with the optimized Mott-Schottky heterojunction exhibits the highest catalytic activity with an overpotential of 224 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, the amorphous MoO x layer greatly enhances the working stability of the Ni 3 Fe, showing almost no activity degradation in both two-electrode and three-electrode systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water vapor presents a novel approach to solar energy conversion. Nevertheless, the design and synthesis of water-adsorbing photocatalysts is exceedingly challenging. In this report, we for the first time present three hygroscopic one-dimensional (1D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) based on photosensitive pyrene (Py-MPA, Py-PDCA, and Py-HMPA) combined with atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) and photocatalysis for photocatalytic water vapor splitting. Due to the ultra-small pores of the 1D structure, with hydrophilic -OH sites satisfying the microporous filling of water molecules, Py-HMPA demonstrated superior water adsorption capacity at lower humidity. Remarkably, Py-HMPA exhibited an impressive H 2 production rate of 105 μmol g−1 h−1 and high stability during solid-state photocatalysis utilizing water vapor. Overall, this work paves a new pathway of organic porous materials for photocatalytic water vapor splitting. [Display omitted] • The first COFs system toward photocatalytic H 2 evolution from water vapor. • The first report of combining atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) and photocatalysis in COFs. • The ultra-small pore enhances micropores filling of AWH, while photosensitive pyrene provides efficient photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two three-dimensional (3D) porphyrin covalent organic frameworks, PCOF-1 and PCOF-2, were synthesized via imine condensation of a planar porphyrin tetramine (TAPP or TABPP) and a rigid tetrahedral aldehyde based on the steric hindrance of 3,3′,5,5′-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)bimesityl (TFBM). The structures of PCOF-1 and PCOF-2 were studied by FT-IR and 13C CP-MAS solid state NMR spectroscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns revealed obvious crystallinity with two intense peaks at 3.28° and 3.75° for PCOF-1, and 2.63° and 2.98° for PCOF-2. Structural simulation confirmed their 3D rutile type (pts) topological structures with two different pore sizes. X-ray single crystal diffraction revealed a distorted tetrahedral structure for the building block TFBM with two dihedral angles of 119° and 107.8°, and a planar square structure for the model compound (MC) with an outspread angle of 176.5°. PCOF-1 and PCOF-2 exhibited Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of 316 and 234 m2 g−1, respectively. The morphologies of PCOF-1 and PCOF-2 were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. PCOF-1 and PCOF-2 showed a high thermal stability up to 420 °C without decomposition through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and high chemical stability with no obvious mass loss after three days of immersion in various solutions. Due to the large surface area and the appropriate pore size, PCOF-Fe exhibited excellent biocatalytic catalytic performance, while PCOF-Co exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reactions. These results indicate that 3D porphyrin-based COFs constructed from the tetrahedral building block with steric hindrance are promising candidates for single-site catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing highly efficient, low cost and long-term stable electro-catalysts is the key step for the commercial applications of fuel cells. Electro-oxidation of urea, a hydrogen-rich fuel, is the anodic reaction of direct urea fuel cells. Herein, defects-rich nickel nanoparticles grown on nickel foam as integrated electrodes have been designed and easily fabricated by incomplete reduction of Ni(OH) 2. The Ni2+ defects coupled with oxygen vacancies are proposed to be mainly present in the form of amorphous NiO x , which is the island phase in the metallic nickel nanoparticles and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synergistic effect between metallic metal with high conductivity and numerous defects with good affinity to O contributes to the high catalytic activity towards oxidation of urea with an onset potential of 0.35 V vs Hg/HgO in 2 M KOH +0.33 M urea. Additionally, the defects-rich nickel nanoparticles present good long-term stability. • Defects-rich nickel nanoparticles were synthesized. • The defects-rich nickel nanoparticles show high catalytic activity towards urea oxidation. • It achieves the onset oxidation potential of 0.35 V vs. vs Hg/HgO. • The synergistic effect between metallic Ni and Ni2+ defects contributes to the high activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarylethene polymers are an emerging class of photochromic materials which offer new opportunities for the development of optical data recording and storage. This work reports two diarylethene-based conjugated polymer networks DPP-1 and DPP-2 constructed by Schiff-base polymerization of two-connected photochromic unit 1,2-bis(5-formyl-2-methylthiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (DEA-CHO) and tetrahedral four-connected unit tetra(p-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM) or plane three-connected unit 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT). The molecular structures of DPP-1 and DPP-2 were characterized by FT-IR and 13C CP-MAS solid state NMR spectroscopy, and the morphology was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The model compound was used to indicate the possibility of constructing DPP-1 and DPP-2. DPP-1 and DPP-2 exhibited high chemical stability in the presence of strong acid (6 M HCl) and strong base (6 M NaOH) for 5 days. DPP-1 and DPP-2 showed ultrafast photochromic transformation between the open form (yellow) and closed form (green) with alternate irradiation of ultraviolet and visible light in 50 seconds, which were measured through UV-vis-NIR experiments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that the electronic arrangement around the sulfur atoms changed during the process of the open form to the closed form. Moreover, DPP-1 and DPP-2 displayed excellent fatigue resistance that the absorbance only lost ca. 5% after three cycles. DPP-1/PMMA and DPP-2/PMMA films fabricated by dispersing diarylethene-based conjugated polymer networks in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix also exhibited great photochromic reversibility and fatigue resistance, which provide potential applications towards the development of optical rewritable patterning and information storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of metal hydroxide nanosheets have been fabricated from metal–organic layers (MOLs) through a conformal conversion process. Significantly, the MOL-derived Fe(OH)3 with an ultrathin layer structure exhibited enhanced alkaline oxygen evolution with a low overpotential of 271 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented zeolite supramolecular framework featuring truncated cuboctahedral and truncated octahedral cavities was self-assembled from tetrahedral metal–organic cationic cages and tetrahedral anions. This crystalline porous material could trap iodine and organic dye molecules, and its solid state spin-crossover behavior was affected by guest encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel porphyrin-based porous organic polymer PPOP-1(Pd) with bifunctional catalytic sites was constructed via imine condensation of tetra(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin and acenaphthenequinone. PPOP-1(Pd) containing Pd(ii)-porphyrin and Pd(ii)-α-diimine moieties exhibits excellent catalytic activity and outstanding reusability for tandem catalytic reactions of C–H arylation and Suzuki coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A universal surface modification method is developed to functionalize the metal oxides. • The type of the surface functional groups significantly affects the catalytic activity. • The surface sulfated NiO presents greatly enhanced catalytic activity and stability. • The sulfate groups highly promote the surface wettability and Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction. Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is considered as a good substitute for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of its low theoretical onset potential. Surface modification is an effective strategy to tune the catalytic activity of the catalysts towards UOR. Here, we developed a facile and universal quenching strategy to prepare sulfate-modified NiO nanosheets (NiO@NF-20S). Compared with the pristine NiO nanosheets, the electrocatalytic performance of the NiO@NF-20S is greatly improved, showing a small potential of 1.40 V vs. RHE to deliver a current density of 200 mA cm−2 as well as robust electrochemical stability. The outstanding electrocatalytic performance of the NiO@NF-20S is mainly ascribed to the improved surface wettability and the promoted Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction. The quenching strategy can be expanded to not only various kinds of functional groups from nitric acid and phosphoric acid but also other metal oxides such as NiCoO x and NiCrO x. This work provides a new avenue to the design of surface-functionalized metal oxide catalysts for electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Inorganic–organic composites have received considerable attention due to their combined properties. In this study, a N‐halamine precursor poly[5,5‐dimethyl‐3‐(3′‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐hydantoin] (PSPH) was synthesized and used for the production of inorganic–organic hybrid particles after reacting with nano‐TiO2 by a sol–gel process. The hybrid particles were characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, and TGA‐DTG. After chlorinated in the dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, antibacterial Cl‐PSPH‐TiO2 nanoparticles (NPS) could be obtained and used for production of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite membranes. The synthesized PSPH‐TiO2/PVA composite membranes were characterized by SEM, FT‐IR, XRD, and TGA‐DTG. Meanwhile, antibacterial property, UV light stability, mechanical properties, and storage stability of the composite membranes were tested. The antibacterial composite membranes with Cl‐PSPH‐TiO2 could inactivate 99.97% of Staphylococcus aureus (3.03 logs) and 100% of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (6.12 logs) within 30 min. The antibacterial composite membranes also showed good UV light stability, regeneration ability, and excellent storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four pairs of chiral supramolecular coordination cages were facilely synthesized, and they could efficiently inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation with a high inhibition rate of 0.64–0.86. This research provides a new perspective on the design of chiral Aβ inhibitors using supramolecular metal–organic cages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous organic polymers have become promising electrode materials, but their low surface area and poor electrical conductivity limit their application in high-performance supercapacitors. This study reports the facile synthesis of two porous organic polymers (POP-1 and POP-2) via the condensation of tetra(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2-thenaldehyde or 2,2-bithiophene-5-carboxyaldehyde and their subsequent polymerization. The resulting porous organic polymer materials were characterized using FT-IR, 13C-NMR, X-ray single crystal diffraction, SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. This study shows that POP-2 has a diamond topological structure with a regular morphology and a wealth of pores, and a higher BET surface area (342 m2 g−1) when compared with POP-1 (260 m2 g−1). POP-2, when used as an electrode material for supercapacitors, also exhibits a much better electrochemical performance, including higher specific capacitance (332 F g−1) and better cycle stability (capacity retention rate of more than 94% after 10 000 successive cycles). These results verify that the structure and electrochemical properties of porous organic polymer materials can be effectively improved by altering the monomers. This study also provides an approach for building various porous organic polymer materials for use in high-performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]