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Near-surface air temperature (Ta) estimation by geostationary meteorological satellites is mainly carried out under clear-sky conditions. In this study, we propose an all-weather Ta estimation method utilizing FY-4A Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) and the Global Forecast System (GFS), along with additional auxiliary data. The method includes two neural-network-based Ta estimation models for clear and cloudy skies, respectively. For clear skies, AGRI LST was utilized to estimate the Ta (Ta,clear), whereas cloud top temperature and cloud top height were employed to estimate the Ta for cloudy skies (Ta,cloudy). The estimated Ta was validated using the 2020 data from 1211 stations in China, and the RMSE values of the Ta,clear and Ta,cloudy were 1.80 °C and 1.72 °C, while the correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.986, respectively. The performance of the all-weather Ta estimation model showed clear temporal and spatial variation characteristics, with higher accuracy in summer (RMSE = 1.53 °C) and lower accuracy in winter (RMSE = 1.88 °C). The accuracy in southeastern China was substantially better than in western and northern China. In addition, the dependence of the accuracy of the Ta estimation model for LST, CTT, CTH, elevation, and air temperature were analyzed. The global sensitivity analysis shows that AGRI and GFS data are the most important factors for accurate Ta estimation. The AGRI-estimated Ta showed higher accuracy compared to the ERA5-Land data. The proposed models demonstrated potential for Ta estimation under all-weather conditions and are adaptable to other geostationary satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) is one of the most dynamic components of the atmosphere, playing a critical role in precipitation formation, the hydrological cycle, and climate change. This study used SuomiNet Global Positioning System (GPS) data from April 2021 to June 2023 in the United States to comprehensively evaluate 3 and 6 h Global Forecast System (GFS) PWV products (i.e., PWV3h and PWV6h). There was high consistency between the GFS PWV and GPS PWV data, with correlation coefficients (Rs) higher than 0.98 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 0.23 cm. The PWV3h product performed slightly better than PWV6h. PWV tended to be underestimated when PWV > 4 cm, and the degree of underestimation increased with increasing water vapor value. The RMSE showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variations, with the RMSE value in summer (i.e., 0.280 cm) considerably higher than in winter (i.e., 0.158 cm), and nighttime were RMSEs higher than daytime RMSEs. Clear-sky conditions showed smaller RMSEs, while cloudy-sky conditions exhibited a smaller range of monthly RMSEs and higher Rs. PWV demonstrated a clear spatial pattern, with both Rs and RMSEs decreasing with increasing elevation and latitude. Based on these temporal and spatial patterns, Back Propagation neural network and random forest (RF) models were employed, using PWV, Julian day, and geographic information (i.e., latitude, longitude, and elevation) as input data to correct the GFS PWV products. The results indicated that the RF model was more advantageous for water vapor correction, improving overall accuracy by 12.08%. In addition, the accuracy of GFS PWV forecasts during hurricane weather was also evaluated. In this extreme weather, the RMSE of the GFS PWV forecast increased comparably to normal weather, but it remained less than 0.4 cm in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol research is important for the protection of the ecological environment, the improvement of air quality, and as a response to climate change. In this study, a random forest (RF) estimation model of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and extinction coefficient vertical profiles was, respectively, established using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) oxygen-A band (O2 A-band) data from China and its surrounding areas in 2016, combined with geographical information (longitude, latitude, and elevation) and viewing angle data. To address the high number of OCO-2 O2 A-band channels, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed for dimensionality reduction. The model was then applied to estimate the aerosol extinction coefficients for the region in 2017, and its validity was verified by comparing the estimated values with the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Level 2 extinction coefficients. In the comprehensive analysis of overall performance, an AOD model was initially constructed using variables, achieving a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.676. Subsequently, predictions for aerosol extinction coefficients were generated, revealing a satisfactory agreement between the predicted and the actual values in the vertical direction, with an R of 0.535 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.107 km−1. Of the four seasons of the year, the model performs best in autumn (R = 0.557), while its performance was relatively lower in summer (R = 0.442). Height had a significant effect on the model, with both R and RMSE decreasing as height increased. Furthermore, the accuracy of aerosol profile inversion shows a dependence on AOD, with a better accuracy when AOD is less than 0.3 and RMSE can be less than 0.06 km−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an unusual case of a 40-year-old male patient who experienced painful swelling of the left lower limb that persisted for 1 week. Imaging modalities not only confirmed the diagnosis of acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (PE), but also an incidental finding of interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC). This congenital anomaly is uncommon but rarely associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). The azygos continuation was compressed by the descending aorta against the 11th thoracic vertebrae, which was identified as the cause of VTE. He was treated successfully with anticoagulation and compression therapy. The patient was discharged with lifelong oral Rivaroxaban and remained asymptomatic. In the literature, only 9 cases of interrupted IVC-associated PE were identified but none was due to significant venous compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, the carotid web (CaW) as an important cause of cryptogenic ischemic stroke has gradually received clinical attention. CaW is associated with a high risk of stroke and patient is more likely to have recurrent stroke if the CaW is untreated. We report a patient who developed CaW related thrombosis during the acute period of cerebral infarction. Case presentation: A 49-year-old male patient with CaW in the left internal carotid artery was diagnosed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and had two cerebral infarctions in two years. Within 72 h after thrombolysis for an acute cerebral infarction, acute thrombosis was identified between the web and the posterior wall of the carotid artery on carotid ultrasound. Emergent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was performed to remove abnormal CaW structures and thrombosis to prevent stroke. The patient recovered well and was asymptomatic at 2 months follow-up. Conclusion: Carotid web related thromboembolism is a rare cause of stroke. Carotid ultrasound plays an important role in the diagnosis of asymptomatic thrombosis caused by carotid web. Carotid endarterectomy is effective for stroke prevention in patient with carotid web related thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut can be found extensively in the coastal area of south China, where sandy slopes always suffer from erosion due to typhoon. Recycled shredded coconut coir (RSC) was employed in this study to increase the strength of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) treated calcareous sandy slope, whereas bio-cementation alone showed low wave resistance and high cost. A method was proposed to evaluate the erosion resistance of bio-cemented and RSC-reinforced sandy slope washed by waves. A series of model tests was used to assess and compare the erosion behaviors of calcareous sandy slopes with different treatments. Specifically, the influence of RSC content (0 and 1.2% by mass) and MICP treatment cycle (0, 2 ~ 4 cycles) was considered. Results show that the addition of RSCs could further enhance the erosion resistance of treated calcareous sandy slope and reduce the number of MICP treatment. Microscopic analysis shows that RSC can provide more attachment sites for microorganisms to promote MICP treatment, and act as a bridge to bond particles and crystals into a whole. Moreover, the penetration resistance of bio-cemented slope surface can be easily obtained by conducting penetration testing, and it shows a nonlinearly relationship with erosion resistance. Thus, an evaluation method for erosion resistance of the slope via penetration resistance was proposed in this study through fitting calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides serving as a low-toxicity, inexpensive and easily accessible solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has also been extensively used as a versatile reagent for the synthesis of functionalized molecules. Dimethyl sulfoxide can not only be utilized as a carbon source, a sulfur source and an oxygen source, but also be employed as a crucial oxidant enabling various transformations. The past decade has witnessed a large number of impressive achievements on the direct synthesis of heterocycles as well as modifications of heterocyclic compounds by applying DMSO as a reagent. This review summarized the DMSO-based direct heterocycle constructions from 2012 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-thin ferroelectric hafnia-based thin films are very promising candidates for nanoscale ferroelectric random access memories. However, dielectric breakdown is a main failure mechanism during repeated polarization switching. Generalizing Lou et al.'s local phase decomposition model, originally for ferroelectric fatigue, we propose a dielectric breakdown model for ferroelectric hafnia. While charging injection during the polarization reversal is regarded as a key step, eventual phase separation of the Hf cluster accounts for the dielectric breakdown. Using this model, we explain why TaN/HfO2/TaN ferroelectric capacitors are more prone to dielectric breakdown than TiN/HfO2/TiN, and conclude that the lower Schottky barrier for the TaN/Pca21-HfO2 interface stabilizes neutral oxygen vacancies within the dielectric. On the other hand, when TiN electrodes are employed, oxygen vacancies tend to be positively charged. They can further pin the domain walls, resulting in ferroelectric fatigue. The relationship between the conductive filament formation, dielectric breakdown, wake up, and fatigue in ferroelectric HfO2 is discussed within the framework of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines through Fe(OTf)3 catalyzed aminomethylenation with amines and dimethyl sulfoxide has been realized. A series of highly functionalized pyrroloisoquinolines have been prepared in acceptable to good yields (17–72 % yields). Dimethyl sulfoxide serves as the source of methylene group under a catalytic system. Lactam‐fused pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline can be obtained through simple chemical transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We report a case of revascularization for an occluded renal artery using endovascular renal thrombus aspiration followed by catheter-directed thrombolysis. Case Report: A 56-year-old man presented with sudden onset severe left-sided abdominal and loin pain for 6 hours. Urgent computed tomography (CT) angiogram showed occlusion of left renal artery. Emergency selective left renal angiogram and thrombus aspiration using a 5-French Cobra catheter was performed. Catheter-directed thrombolysis with urokinase was initiated after aspiration thrombectomy. Angiogram 24 hours after thrombolysis showed the left renal artery and its segmental branches were successfully revascularized. Patient was put on anticoagulation after operation and his renal function recovered well. Conclusion: Percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy with conventional catheters combined with intra-arterial local fibrinolysis could be used to salvage the renal function in case of complete renal artery thromboembolic occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the early reports on vascular surgery were published in the Chinese language, and although these vascular surgeons worked tirelessly and were well-respected in China, their successful landmark cases were mostly unknown to the Western world until the 1980s. Keywords: clinical practice; college of surgeons of Hong Kong; surgical research EN clinical practice college of surgeons of Hong Kong surgical research 85 87 3 06/01/23 20230501 NES 230501 A BRIEF HISTORY OF VASCULAR SURGERY IN CHINA The history of development of vascular surgery in China dates back to 1950s, with the first vascular operation being a homograft replacement of a gigantic syphilitic aneurysm of the innominate artery (with a diameter of 18 cm) by I Fu Pei-Bin i [1] at Guang-Ci Hospital of Shanghai Second Medical College in 1955. Due to a high demand of vascular services in China in view of the vast aging population, it was estimated that 1000 surgeons were actively working in vascular surgery in 2015.[10] The majority of these vascular surgeons worked exclusively in the field of vascular surgery. [Extracted from the article]

Traditional suction bucket foundations incur high maintenance costs and are susceptible to corrosion, resulting in a diminished bearing capacity over prolonged service. The suction bucket foundation, constructed with a glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP), introduces a novel approach to iteratively optimise conventional steel bucket foundations. In this study, three-dimensional finite element models of the GFRP bucket-soil interaction were established using the VUMAT subroutine, which incorporates the stress-strain damage relationship of GFRP materials. The mechanical response during installation was analyzed for different fibre-laying angles(A) and wall thicknesses(t) of the GFRP bucket, and the results were compared with those of a steel bucket. The results indicated increased circumferential stress, radial deformation, and out-of-roundness of the GFRP bucket as the fibre laying angle increased. Deformation and stress of the bucket skirt remained low at A of 0–45°. When A ≥ 60°, the matrix's damage area significantly increases, with the minimum damage occurring at 45°. For A ≤ 30°, it approaches the maximum radial deformation of an equivalent-sized steel suction bucket. As the wall thickness increased, the circumferential stress, radial deformation, and out-of-roundness of the GFRP bucket skirt gradually decreased. When the GFRP bucket t was four times that of the steel bucket, its radial deformation was approximately equal. • Provide new reference for the renewal and replacement of traditional suction buckets. • Critical control parameters for the response of GFRP suction bucket were determined. • GFRP material subroutine was written and applied. • Parameter coupling effect of GFRP suction bucket was considered and determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Larger‐diameter open‐ended pipe piles are widely used as foundation for offshore structures. The lack of high‐quality inner wall axial stress measurement results in difficulties in loading analysis of open‐ended pipe piles during penetration and service period due to the effect of soil plugging. In this paper, two groups of model tests to assess the feasibility of bare fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology in monitoring the inner wall axial stress profile of open‐ended aluminous pipe piles during penetration and horizontal loading are presented. One open‐ended aluminous pipe pile was instrumented with bare FBG sensors and then penetrated into the sand bed with the rate of 20 and 30 mm/min, respectively. Two horizontal static loading tests were also conducted after 24‐h penetration. The installation process of bare FBG sensors along open‐ended aluminous pipe pile is introduced. The distribution profiles of axial stress and unit shaft resistance on inner wall and outer wall along model pile is discussed in detail. Model test results indicated that the bare FBG sensing technology was feasible to measure the axial stress of inner wall along open‐ended pipe piles during penetration and horizontal loading in sand. During horizontal loading, the average values of qso/qsi are 0.717 and 0.727, respectively, for model pile with penetration rate of 20 and 30 mm/min. The axial stress difference of inner wall and outer wall along model pile in penetration and horizontal loading is the result of a combination of the inside and outside soil friction as well as of the pipe in‐wall shear stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To conduct multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived radiomics based on multi-scale tumor region for predicting disease-free survival (DFS) in early-stage squamous cervical cancer (ESSCC). Methods: A total of 191 ESSCC patients (training cohort, n = 135; validation cohort, n = 56) from March 2016 to September 2019 were retrospectively recruited. Radiomics features were derived from the T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CET1WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map for each patient. DFS-related radiomics features were selected in 3 target tumor volumes (VOIentire, VOI+5 mm, and VOI−5 mm) to build 3 rad-scores using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. Logistic regression was applied to build combined model incorporating rad-scores with clinical risk factors and compared with clinical model alone. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to further validate prognostic value of selected clinical and radiomics characteristics. Results: Three radiomics scores all showed favorable performances in DFS prediction. Rad-score (VOI+5 mm) performed best with a C-index of 0.750 in the training set and 0.839 in the validation set. Combined model was constructed by incorporating age categorized by 55, Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Figo) stage, and lymphovascular space invasion with rad-score (VOI+5 mm). Combined model performed better than clinical model in DFS prediction in both the training set (C-index 0.815 vs 0.709; p = 0.024) and the validation set (C-index 0.866 vs 0.719; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Multiparametric MRI-derived radiomics based on multi-scale tumor region can aid in the prediction of DFS for ESSCC patients, thereby facilitating clinical decision-making. Key Points: • Three radiomics scores based on multi-scale tumor region all showed favorable performances in DFS prediction. Rad-score (VOI+5 mm) performed best with favorable C-index values. • Combined model incorporating multiparametric MRI-based radiomics with clinical risk factors performed significantly better in DFS prediction than the clinical model. • Combined model presented as a nomogram can be easily used to predict survival, thereby facilitating clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the strength, ductility and microstructure behavior of cement-treated silt with polypropylene fiber was studied by a host of experimental studies. The influence of fiber content (the weight of dry soil was 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% and 2.0%), curing time (7, 14 and 28 days) and freeze–thaw cycles (3, 6, 9, 15 and 30) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), post-peak stress ratio Rps, resilient modulus MR and mass loss ratio Rml of reinforced silt with 12% cement was discussed in detail. Test results indicated that the addition of polypropylene fiber can improve the UCS of reinforced specimen and the optimal fiber content is 1.75%. Under freeze–thaw cycles, the inclusion of clay with fiber content ranging from 0.75 to 2.0% can increase the UCS. The addition of polypropylene fibers can significantly enhance the post-peak stress ratio of the specimens. The mass loss ratio increased with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The soil specimens free of fiber were completely destroyed after nine freeze–thaw cycles, while the mass loss rate of the soil specimens with fiber were less than 8%. An empirical model was established to predict the peak value of UCS considering the effect of freeze–thaw cycle and fiber content using logarithmic and quadratic polynomial function, respectively. The predicted results are in good agreement with the tested results. The microstructural study shows that the spatial three-dimensional network between fibers and soil particles is conducive to increase the shear strength of the fiber-reinforced silt. The results indicate that the application of polypropylene fiber in silt reinforcement is an effective way to reuse resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique has been increasingly employed for erosion mitigation and stabilization of sandy slopes. Biocementation can improve the strength and stiffness of unsaturated sand. In this study, the performance of a new biogrouting method (i.e., surface percolation) for sandy slopes under unsaturated conditions was investigated. Model-scale laboratory tests were conducted on MICP-treated coastal slopes to assess the erosion resistance to wave actions. The spatial distribution of CaCO3 in the biocemented sandy slope was measured, which can reveal the mechanism and characteristics of biocementaion of sandy slopes. Results show that the slope surface experienced no obvious erosion after the implementation of MICP treatment for four cycles. The lowest degree of saturation was observed at the slope crest, and it increased to the highest value at the slope toe. Similarly, the erosion resistance was also doubled from the slope crest to the slope toe due to flow of water/solution in the slope in the downward direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflammatory response involving interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been thought to play an important role in the development of late-phase sepsis. However, in this study, we wanted to explore the possibility of using IL-1β to improve the prognosis of sepsis by triggering local differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, thereby reversing the immune paralysis in late-phase sepsis. Sepsis mouse models were induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lethal Escherichia coli O18 infection. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with IL-1β after CLP and after the lethal infection. Septic BMCs and liver immune cells were isolated at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 days post-CLP. BMCs and liver cells isolated from septic mice treated with IL-1β were adoptively transferred into CLP mice. GFP+-C57BL/6 parabiosis models were established. Serum IL-1β levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, and the number, ratio, and phenotype of immune cells were observed by flow cytometry. IL-1β treatment improved the survival of sepsis and increased the numbers of BMCs and liver immune cells in septic mice. Moreover, IL-1β stimulation increased the number and the percentage of CD11c−CD45RBhigh DCs in septic BM and liver. Adoptive transfer of septic BMCs, liver immune cells, and CD11c−CD45RBhigh DCs treated with IL-1β into CLP mice attenuated sepsis. IL-1β triggered the redistribution of CD11c−CD45RBhigh DCs as well as BMCs in parabiosis models. IL-1β protects against sepsis by stimulating local proliferation and differentiation of BMCs into CD11c−CD45RBhigh DCs at immune organs and non-immune organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a study on whether the use of polymer would affect the engineering properties of marine clay during and after the consolidation stage was carried out. A polymer, polyacrylamide (PAM) was used in this study. Unconfined compressive tests and permeability tests on PAM-treated soil were conducted. The testing results were compared with the results of untreated marine clay. The test results indicated that anionic PAM with 2.0 g/kg by dry weight dosage was the most effective for the sedimentation process of soil slurry with 200% water content. At this dosage, the volume of the slurry can be reduced by 29.3% within the first 2 hours in this study. The unconfined compressive strength of anionic PAM treated marine clay at 14 and 28 days were about 360% and 135% higher than that of untreated marine clay with the same curing time, respectively. However, the permeability reduced by an insignificant amount. A microstructural study was also carried out and the results show that after treatment, more edge-to-face contacts between soil particles were observed, which could be related to the increase in shear strength and the decrease in permeability of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible lysine acetylation (RLA) of translation machinery components, such as ribosomal proteins (RPs) and translation factors (TFs), was identified in many microorganisms, while knowledge of its function and effect on translation remains limited. Herein, we show that translation machinery is regulated by acetylation. Using the cell-free translation system of E. coli, we found that AcP-driven acetylation significantly reduced the relative translation rate, and deacetylation partially restored the translation activity. Hyperacetylation caused by intracellular AcP accumulation or carbon/nitrogen fluctuation (carbon overflow or nitrogen limitation) modulated protein translation in vivo. These results uncovered a critical role of acetylation in translation regulation and indicated that carbon/nitrogen imbalance induced acetylation of ribosome in E. coli and dynamically affected translation rate via a global, uniform manner. Key points: • Acetylation of translation machinery directly regulated global translation. • K618 of EF-G, K411, and K464 of S1 are the key points influencing translation rate. • Carbon/nitrogen imbalance triggers AcP-dependent acetylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Asteraceae, Synotis panzhouensis, is described and illustrated from Guizhou Province in China. Compared with other species of the genus, it is distinguishable by having red-purple pappus; additionally, it differs from its closest ally S. nayongensis by the larger involucres and phyllaries, and higher number of phyllaries and disk florets. In addition, detailed discussion of morphological differences, the provisional IUCN status and a distribution map are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a Pd(II) catalyzed direct modification of dihydropyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline derivatives with various alkenes including acrylates, acrylamide, cyclohexenone, maleimide and styrenes. A series of highly functionalized alkenylated dihydropyrroloisoquinolines could be prepared in acceptable to good yields (up to 98 %) through oxidative Heck coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reticulon and REEP family of proteins stabilize the high curvature of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules. Plasmodium berghei Yop1 (PbYop1) is a REEP5 homolog in Plasmodium. Here, we characterize its function using a gene‐knockout (Pbyop1∆). Pbyop1∆ asexual stage parasites display abnormal ER architecture and an enlarged digestive vacuole. The erythrocytic cycle of Pbyop1∆ parasites is severely attenuated and the incidence of experimental cerebral malaria is significantly decreased in Pbyop1∆‐infected mice. Pbyop1∆ sporozoites have reduced speed, are slower to invade host cells but give rise to equal numbers of infected HepG2 cells, as WT sporozoites. We propose that PbYOP1's disruption may lead to defects in trafficking and secretion of a subset of proteins required for parasite development and invasion of erythrocytes. Furthermore, the maintenance of ER morphology in different parasite stages is likely to depend on different proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of steel caisson during and after installation with different penetration velocities in medium dense sand is presented. The applied jacking forces, the amount of formed soil heave and bearing capacity were measured in the model tests. The influence of penetration velocities on jacking forces, soil heave and bearing capacity were also discussed in detail. The results indicated that the jacking forces for caisson in medium dense sands were significantly affected by the penetration velocity. The larger the penetration velocity, the more soil flowed into the caisson cavity during installation. This will lead to larger inner shaft resistance and in turn more jacking forces required for the same penetration depth. The height of soil heave during installation increases with penetration velocity. The m value calculated by the ratio of the volumes of the soil heave to that of the penetrated caisson wall can be used to evaluate the soil heave. The larger the applied velocity, the larger the m value and larger bearing capacity of caisson after installation. The relationship between the m value and penetration velocity can be used to control the soil heave for a steel caisson with a wall thickness to external diameter ratio of 4.2% in medium dense sand by jacking method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study of the performance of concrete pipe piles during installation under different penetration speeds and static load tests on the piles in sand is presented. The applied jacking force, the amount of pile penetration, length of soil plug formed and ultimate bearing capacity were measured during the model tests. The results showed that the concrete pipe piles were partially plugged and the behavior of the soil plug was significantly affected by the penetration speed. The lower the penetration speed, the larger the soil plug formed which in turn leads to a greater ultimate bearing capacity. The size of soil plug can be evaluated by the m value defined as the ratio of the volume of the soil plug to that of the penetrated pile wall. The relationship between the m value and the penetration speeds can be used to estimate the amount of soil plug and the depth of penetration for an open-ended concrete pipe pile jacked into sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness and optimal timing of endovascular treatment for type B aortic dissection (AD) remain controversial. An extensive search of literature (January 1999-December 2017) was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Science-Direct databases for studies on endovascular repair for acute/chronic type B AD; ≥10 patients; not reviews; and reporting predefined baseline data and ≥50% of predefined study outcomes, which were extracted and analysed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Primary outcomes were in-hospital all-cause mortality and aorta-related mortality. Based on 92 publications (5956 patients), pooled estimate for overall in-hospital mortality was 7.0% [95% CI, 6.2%–7.8%]. Major perioperative complications included stroke (4.2% [3.6%–4.9%]), spinal cord ischemia (3.3% [2.8%–3.9%]), retrograde type A AD (3.2% [2.7%–3.9%]), type I endoleak (4.9% [3.8%–6.2%]), visceral ischemia (3.1% [2.5%–3.8%]) and acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis (5.1% [4.3%–5.9%]). Mid-term mortality incidence was 8.9% [7.2%–10.9%], and secondary intervention rate was 12.5% [10.5%–15.0%] with 6.1% [5.3%–7.2%] conversion to open surgery. Institutions with ≥40 endovascular treatment caseload had significantly lower rates of in-hospital and aorta-related mortality, stroke, type I endoleak, renal failure and retrograde type A AD. Patients treated in the acute phase had significantly higher incidence of in-hospital or aorta-related mortality and renal failure. Patients with chronic dissection required significantly more often secondary intervention during follow-up. Endovascular stent-graft for type B AD therefore appeared feasible and safe with a low incidence of mortality and perioperative complications, particularly for delayed intervention and centres with ≥40 caseload. Standardized and long-term follow-up data are warranted. • Endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissection was feasible and safe. • Institutions with ≥40 TEVAR caseload had lower in-hospital mortality and morbidities. • Chronic type B AD underwent TEVAR had lower in-hospital mortality and higher follow-up secondary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hiptage is an Asia-endemic genus of Malpighiaceae currently placed in the tetrapteroid clade, representing one of the seven inter-continent dispersions from New to Old World. A molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was recovered for the first time for the genus. Our results showed that the most recent common ancestor of Hiptage probably originated in the South Indo-China Peninsula and diversified in this region. Based on phylogenetic evidence and relevant morphological traits, we propose a new species; Hiptage incurvatum is characterised by mericarps with arcuate anterior lateral wings, two large glands on the dorsal sepals, and small glands on the remaining sepals. The new species is from Mt. Cangshan, Dali City (25°35'N, 100°02'E) in North Yunnan, Southwest China and is notable for its occurrence at high altitude, 1400 m (the highest distribution currently known for the genus). The implications of this unusual species for the dispersal and evolution of the genus are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a straightforward FeCl3 promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines through formal (3+2) cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization cascade of dihydroisoquinoline with Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates (up to 96% yield). Further modifications of the obtained products were successful through simple chemical transformations providing a diverse range of natural product‐like molecules (12 examples). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isotrema cangshanense X.X.Zhu, H.L.Zheng & J.S.Ma, a new species from western Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. It is similar to I. utriforme, I. forrestianum, I. cucurbitoides and I. obliquum The major differences between them are outlined and discussed. A detailed description, along with line drawings, photographs, habitat and distribution, as well as a comparison to morphologically similar species, is also provided. Meanwhile, the new taxon is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2), according to the IUCN Red List criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of Mason type II radial head fractures treated by intramedullary pinning. Methods: From May 2013 to March 2017, we respectively reviewed 25 patients affected by Mason type II radial head fractures. A total of 12 patients who met criteria for inclusion and exclusion were collected and analyzed. They were all isolated displaced partial articular radial head fractures and treated with intramedullary pinning using titanium elastic nails (TEN). The patients comprised eight men and four women with the mean age of 40 years (range, 21–58 years). The clinical evaluation included the range of motion (ROM) in the elbow, the shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (QuickDASH), the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain rating, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Follow‐up radiographs to monitor related complications were evaluated as well. Results: All patients were followed‐up with a mean of 21.8 months (range, 12–28 months). The average range of elbow flexion‐extension was barely unaffected in the injured side when compared to the uninjured side (139.08° ± 3.14° vs 140.16° ± 3.01°, P = 0.398) as were pronation of the forearm (86.50° ± 2.75° vs 87.83° ± 2.12°, P = 0.197) and supination of the forearm (87.41° ± 2.53° vs 88.17° ± 1.95°, P = 0.425). The MEPS was 93.75 ± 5.28 points (range, 85–100), the QuickDASH revealed good to excellent results with 2.33 ± 4.56 points (range, 0–14), and the VAS for pain was 0.33 ± 0.78 (range, 0–2). Only two patients had a minor complication with constant affection of the superficial branch of radial nerve. Conclusion: Intramedullary pinning technique in the treatment of Mason type II radial head fractures is minimally traumatic and effective and represents good to excellent results in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, straightforward, and atom economic catalyst‐free [2+2+2] annulation of dihydroisoquinolines and allenoates has been developed. A diverse range of novel dimeric tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives can be prepared in moderate to good yields (37–87 %) from readily available material. Dihydro‐β‐carboline can also be used in this reaction system delivering corresponding dimeric dihydro‐β‐carboline derivatives. Notably, the reaction could be easily scaled up to gram scale. The easy scale‐up of this process may provide structurally diversified natural product‐like molecules possessing privileged scaffold for potential application in biomedical research and other research fields. Interestingly, in contrast to the α,β‐selectivity observed in our previous study, β,γ‐selective [2+2+2] annulation was preferred in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a series of novel BINOL-based phosphines. These bifunctional organocatalysts can be used in the [3+2] cycloaddition of electron-deficient olefins and Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates. Moderate to excellent yields (up to >99%) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee) can be obtained in the cycloaddition reaction of maleimides and MBH carbonates. The application of these novel phosphines can be further extended to the asymmetric synthesis of chiral spirooxindoles (up to 85% ee). The results in this study indicate that the BINOL moiety plays an important role in stereocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an efficient synthesis of indole fused aminals with nucleophilic imines and indole-derived α,α-dicyanoolefins via N-sulfonyl group transfer. The combination of two privileged frameworks, tetrahydroisoquinoline or tetrahydro-β-carboline and indole, can be realized by this approach to the construction of aminals. The synthetic application of this method was further demonstrated by the straightforward transformations into highly functionalized aminals possessing carbonyl groups through oxidative cleavage of the nitrile moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraluminal thrombosis in the aneurysm sac is commonly seen in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Complete acute thrombosis of an AAA is a rare and catastrophic event. Method: We report a patient with acute AAA thrombosis presenting as bilateral lower limbs critical ischemia. A79-year-old male with a past history of AAA presented with acute onset of bilateral leg pain, coolness, weakness and numbness. His lower extremity pulses including femorals were absent bilaterally on physical examination. Urgent computed tomography angiography showed an infrarenal AAA measuring 45 mm in diameter. The aneurysm sac and bilateral common iliac arteries were completely occluded. Emergency open repair of AAA and bilateral iliac thrombectomy were successfully performed under general anesthesia. Result: Bilateral femoral pulses were present and the neurological deficits were completely resolved after operation. Patient recovered well and was asymptomatic at 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: Acute thrombosis of aortic aneurysm could be an unusual cause of lower limb ischemia, prompt diagnosis followed by surgical revascularization is essential to avoid prolonged ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a microwave-induced thermal treatment at relatively low temperature (300–350 °C) was introduced to the decontamination of polluted soils with high mercury concentration, in the interest of addressing the issues related to traditional thermal desorption methods i.e. high energy consumption, high cost, and irreversible damage to the soils. The addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) was found to significantly increase the heating rate and accelerate the decomposition of mercury pollutants. A total mercury (T Hg ) removal efficiency of 86.9% could be achieved at microwave irradiation of 400 W (ca. 350 °C) for 40 min with a GAC/Soil mass ratio of 3:15. Moreover, the mutual transformation of five mercury fractions in the soils was also investigated to reveal the decomposition procedure. The environmental risk of T Hg remained in the soils was largely reduced by increasing the percentage of inert fractions from 88.1% to 96.1%. Of special importance, microwave irradiation greatly favoured the electric discharges of GAC, which produced molecular heating resources with excessively higher temperature than the overall soils to realize low damage to soils. Meanwhile, the specific bulk heating mode reduced the temperature barriers to allow easy release of decomposed mercury vapours. Furthermore, GAC additives showed negligible changes during the whole decontamination process and the increase of soil amounts did not affect the heating rate evidently. These results were remarkably promising to provide fundamental information for practical scaling-up remediation of contaminated soils with high mercury concentrations at relatively low temperatures that could be both convenient and energy-efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and its derivatives cause disease in tomato, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. The primary virulence factors include a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system and the phytotoxin coronatine. The complete repertoire of effector genes and key coronatine biosynthesis genes have been progressively deleted and minimally reassembled to reconstitute basic pathogenic ability in N. benthamiana, and in Arabidopsis plants that have mutations in target genes that mimic effector actions. This approach and molecular studies of effector activities and plant immune system targets have highlighted a small subset of effectors that contribute to essential processes in pathogenesis. Most notably, HopM1 and AvrE1 redundantly promote an aqueous apoplastic environment, and AvrPtoB and AvrPto redundantly block early immune responses, two conditions that are sufficient for substantial bacterial growth in planta. In addition, disarmed DC3000 polymutants have been used to identify the individual effectors responsible for specific activities of the complete repertoire and to more effectively study effector domains, effector interplay and effector actions on host targets. Such work has revealed that AvrPtoB suppresses cell death elicitation in N. benthamiana that is triggered by another effector in the DC3000 repertoire, highlighting an important aspect of effector interplay in native repertoires. Disarmed DC3000 polymutants support the natural delivery of test effectors and infection readouts that more accurately reveal effector functions in key pathogenesis processes, and enable the identification of effectors with similar activities from a broad range of other pathogens that also defeat plants with cytoplasmic effectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient metal-free one-pot synthesis of benzofuran derivatives starting from simple ynones has been developed. Various functionalized benzofurans closely related to bioactive molecules can be obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 90%) through aza-Michael/Michael/annulation sequence. Preparative scale synthesis of benzofurans has also been successfully achieved. The application of the benzofuran products has been shown by easy transformations to highly functionalized molecules holding significant promise for medicinal chemistry and organic material chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of fiber reinforcement method with microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) for calcareous sand treatment has been widely concerned. In this study, the effects of initial relative density (D r =30%, 50%, 70%) and MICP treatment (N = 2, 4) on calcareous sand samples with different recycled shredded coconut coir (RSC) content (C = 0.00%, 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60%) were investigated through a series of comparative tests. The results showed that the calcium carbonate content of the cemented samples was not significantly related to the RSC content, but was related to the relative density of the sand itself. The larger the relative density of the sand, the smaller the porosity, which is not conducive to the generation of calcium carbonate. The maximum shear modulus and permeability coefficient of the samples were positively related to the N and D r , and exponentially related to the calcium carbonate content. The treated calcareous sand samples after N = 4 showed brittle failure characteristics, and the addition of RSC improved this result. For the peak stress of samples, the optimum amount of RSC was about 0.4% under different conditions. Scanning electron microscopy of shear-failure samples showed that calcium carbonate crystals could bind the sand and RSC and increase the contact area between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and topological regulation on a series of cobalt coordination polymers (CPs) built by V-shaped O-donor ligand, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-bis(benzoic acid) ( H 2 L ), and auxiliary N-donor ligands was reported. The introduction of secondary N-donor ligands (2,2′-bipyridine, BPY ; 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, BPP ) greatly affected the overall structures of cobalt CPs, due to the structural taloring/directing effect of the neutral coordinating molecules BPY and BPP . The CPs were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractions, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry measurements, elemental analyses and X-ray powder diffractions. X-ray crystallography suggested the CPs possess 2-D covalent network structures, which identified versatile underlying topological structures. Moreover, magnetic properties of two complexes were also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organic-inorganic hybrid molecular solid based on Lindqvist-type polyoxometalate (POM) anions, {W 6 O 19 } 2 − , and decamethylcucurbit[5]uril (Me 10 CB[5]) was synthesized under hydrothermal condition. In the structure of {[Na 2 (W 6 O 19 )(Me 10 CB[5])(H 2 O)]·2H 2 O} n (complex 1 ), the sodium cations, {W 6 O 19 } 2 − anions, and Me 10 CB[5] macrocycles formed a 1D chain subunit that assembled into a 3D supramolecular host-guest network through extensive supramolecular interactions. Furthermore, the complex displayed enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in water under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale field tests were conducted to study set-up effect in open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles jacked into stratified soil. Four open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles with 13 and 18 m in embedment depth were fully instrumented with fiber Bragg grating sensors and installed. Several restrike dynamic tests were performed on each test pile, with the time interval from 21.5 to 284 hours after installation. Static loading tests (SLTs) were later performed on each test pile at 408 hours after installation to substantiate the dynamic tests. Changes with time in pile bearing capacity and in the shaft and toe resistances were studied based on the results of the pile tests. The development of shaft resistance set-up in different layers was studied in particular. It was found that set-up effect in the shaft resistance is significant and the toe resistance increment was minor. The overall set-up factor of total bearing capacity was found to range from 0.09 to 0.53, and the set-up effect of friction pile is much larger than the end bearing pile. More significant set-up in shaft resistance was observed in fill and alluvium layer. The dimensionless set-up factorAfor shaft resistance in marine deposits ranges from 0.5 to 1.43, and it contributes the most to the shaft resistance as the shaft resistance in marine deposits is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver largely relies on its innate immunity to initiate quick and effective defense against potentially toxic agents, and innate immune cells are major players in this process. However, excessive inflammation due to out-of-control immune response may eventually cause liver injury. Thus, it is important to fully understand the regulatory mechanisms associated with liver inflammation. Here we showed that anti-CD24 neutralizing antibody exacerbated hepatic inflammation in a Con A-induced acute liver injury murine model. Our results supported that hepatic macrophages were required for anti-CD24 neutralizing antibody-aggravated liver inflammation, as depletion of macrophages significantly alleviated Con A-induced inflammation. M1 macrophages, but not M2 macrophages, were specifically induced by Con A, and more greatly by Con A in combination with anti-CD24 neutralizing antibody. The combined treatment further promoted M1 hepatic macrophages to express TNF-α, which increased hepatocytes apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that anti-CD24 neutralizing antibody plays an important role in aggravating inflammation in the process of Con A-induced acute liver injury in mice. The possible mechanism might involve the enhanced secretion of TNF-α by hepatic M1 macrophages. This study also implicates a role for CD24 in negative regulation of Con A-induced liver inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of static compression load tests performed on long rock-socked bored piles installed in stratified soils. Three bored piles with 34 m in embedded length were instrumented in order to separate the shaft and base resistance, and to allow the determination of the distribution of shaft resistance along the pile shaft. Conventional methods of estimating shaft resistance were assessed. It was found that more than 78% of the shaft resistance was provided by shaft friction at the end of tests. The base resistance has not been fully mobilized in the test. The recommendations of Chinese technical code (JG94-2008) to estimate the shaft resistance were more conservative for long rock-socketed bored piles. Empirical correlations to estimate the shaft resistance are limited due to different geological conditions. The methods which incorporated parameters directly interpreted from standard penetration test (SPT) results provided the most consistent estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most important feature of jacked open-ended concrete pipe piles, shear zone has fluence of crucial importance during installing and after penetration. This study conducted a field test in silt deposit to observe the physical phenomenon of shear zone after installation and investigated soil parameter differences from undisturbed soil through laboratory tests. Direct observation on shear zone reveals that the boundary between shear zone and in situ soil is evident. The average soil thickness in the shear zone falls between 6 and 30 mm, which are closely related to natural water content and void ratio in different layers. Laboratory tests on the shear zone show evident compaction during installation, and the soil parameters in the shear zone are sensitive to the jacking installation procedure. Some soil parameters decrease, whereas others increase because of excess pore water dissipating after installation. The extent of the shear zone is helpful in understanding interface friction on pretensioned high-strength concrete (PHC) piles in clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfacial properties of Mg (0 0 0 2)/Al 2 MgC 2 (0 0 0 1) interface were investigated by first-principles calculations. It is found that the calculated interfacial energy of Mg/Mg-terminated Al 2 MgC 2 interface is much lower than that of Mg/Al(C)-terminated Al 2 MgC 2 interface, and also lower than that of α-Mg/Mg melt, 0.1 J/m 2 , indicating that Mg/Mg-terminated Al 2 MgC 2 interface is much more stable than the two latter interfaces. As a result, α-Mg is apt to form nucleus on the Mg-terminated Al 2 MgC 2 (0 0 0 1) surface, verifying that Al 2 MgC 2 is likely to be the crystal nucleus of α-Mg as expected from the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semi-analytical methodology is developed for the transient response of FGM annular sector plate with arbitrary circular boundary conditions. The state space method, differential quadrature method and the numerical inversion method of Laplace transform are integrated into this methodology. The FGM annular sector plate is simply supported at the radial edges. At the circular edges, four kinds of boundary conditions are considered in this paper: Clamped – Clamped , Clamped – Simply supported , Clamped – Free and Simply supported – Simply supported . A comparison of the results generated by the present and finite element method is carried out. It shows that the results of the present and the finite element method always agree with each other excellently, regardless of which boundary condition, load and geometry are employed. The present method is further validated by comparing the fundamental frequency parameters with those in the literature. Moreover, convergence studies for different numbers of sampling points along the radial direction and layer numbers along the thickness direction are performed. It is found that this methodology has fast convergence rate. The effects of the boundary conditions, the functionally graded index, and the thickness on the plate response are also investigated. The results obtained in this paper can serve as benchmark data in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchors are often used as anti-floating reinforcements in civil engineering structures. However, conventional steel bars present disadvantages concerning corrosion and poor adaptability to aggressive environments. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) components could provide a solution to these problems. In this paper the feasibility of GFRP anti-floating anchors is evaluated. Four full scale pullout tests were performed in moderately decomposed granite (MDG). Bare Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were embedded into the specimens during the pultrusion process to monitor the stress–strain distribution along their lengths. Based on the results the behavior of the anchors was assessed, including the relationships between the pullout force and the head displacement, the axial strain along anchors and the shear stress at the GFRP-grout interface. The stress distribution of anchors showing interlaminar shear failure was then analyzed based on a maximum shear stress criterion. It was proved that the load transfer mechanism of GFRP and steel anti-floating anchors differs significantly. GFRP anti-floating anchors reach failure due to interlaminar shear failure, while conventional steel anchors generally fail as a result of shear at the grout–soil interface. The test results also showed that the embedded FBG technique is reliable for monitoring the stress–strain state of an anisotropic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of sclerotherapy for congenital vascular malformation (CVM) using a combination of polidocanol foam and bleomycin liquid. Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected data on patients who had sclerotherapy for CVM from May 2015 to July 2022 was performed. Results: A total of 210 patients with a mean age of 24.8 ± 2.0 years were included. Venous malformation (VM) was the most common type of CVM, accounting for 81.9% (172/210) of all patients. At 6 months follow-up, the overall clinical effective rate was 93.3% (196/210), and 50% (105/210) of patients were clinically cured. The clinical effective rates in VM, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformation group were 94.2%, 100%, and 100%. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy using a combination of polidocanol foam and bleomycin liquid is an effective and safe treatment for venous and lymphatic malformations. It is a promising treatment option with satisfactory clinical outcome in arteriovenous malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lacustrine organic-rich shale in the Permian Lucaogou (LCG) Formation of the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, is one of the main shale oil plays in China. In this paper, geological and geochemical research techniques were employed to evaluate the geochemical variability of the lacustrine shale and the production of organic matter and its preservation conditions. The LCG Formation is characterized by its complex mineral compositions and a wide range of organic matter richness and quality. The presence of high proportions of β-carotane and C29 steranes, indicates that the organic matter mainly originated from phytoplankton and aquatic algal-bacterial organisms, especially cyanobacteria. This study found that the productivity of the Lower LCG Member (P2/1) was highest, and the Middle LCG Member (P2/2) was the lowest. During the deposition of the Lower LCG Member, the lake's bottom water was predominantly a reducing environment, and the degradation of organic matter was largely a result of bacterial sulfate reduction. During the deposition of the Middle and Upper LCG members, the lake's bottom water was mainly oxidizing, and the degradation of organic matter was likely to be caused by aerobic processes. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the origin and production of organic matter, as well as its depositional environment and preservation conditions, two organic matter accumulation models were proposed to explain the distribution of the organic-rich shale. In model A, the high influx of volcanic ash released nutrients and brought abundant sulfate into the water, the accumulation of organic matter was mainly controlled by the preservation of organic matter, which was mainly controlled by BSR. In the model B, the influx of volcanic ash was small, organic matter was mainly degraded by oxygen and the accumulation of organic matter is mainly determined by the production of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]