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Background: Nurses have a critical role to play in achieving the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While Goal 3 (good health and well-being) is of particular importance to nursing, every SDG contributes to the advancement of universal health and well-being. Yet many nurses are unfamiliar with the SDGs and how they relate to everyday nursing practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine RNs' knowledge of and attitudes toward the SDGs. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlational cross-sectional design. A convenience sample of RNs from multiple countries completed an anonymous online survey that included eight demographic items and 25 items exploring participants' knowledge of and attitudes toward the SDGs. Descriptive, parametric, and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The majority of nurses in this study perceived themselves as lacking knowledge of the SDGs. Most wanted to know more, including how they could take action to help achieve the goals. Overall, participants agreed that the SDGs are relevant to nursing practice and that nurses are integral to their advancement. Participants who were younger than age 50, those living in the United States, and those who practiced primarily in a clinical or community setting were more likely than others to self-report lower SDG knowledge scores. Conclusions: The study findings contribute to our collective understanding of RNs' knowledge and attitudes regarding the SDGs. They can assist nurse educators and leaders worldwide in developing targeted strategies to better inform nurses and prepare them for actions that will advance these goals. Increasing nurses' knowledge of the SDGs, especially as these goals relate to daily clinical practice, may lead to greater nursing engagement and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Scenario: Nearly 60 million youth ages 6–18 participate in athletics within the United States. Over the last 30 years, the outlook on youth sport participation has drastically changed, resulting in an increased emphasis on performance and college sport participation. These evolving expectations have created a sense of perfectionism, demanding more time and energy to be placed into a single sport, resulting in an increased prevalence of sport specialization, and consequently, an increased rate of injury. Clinical Question: What is the impact of sport specialization on lower-extremity neuromuscular control in female adolescent athletes? Summary of Key Findings: Four studies were included, all comparing movement efficiency and movement patterns among multisport and sport-specialized female adolescent athletes. Three studies showed that sport specialization is associated with lower-extremity biomechanical alterations that are indicative of altered levels of neuromuscular control, which can predispose an individual to an increased risk of injury. One study concluded that no differences in neuromuscular control exist when comparing sport-specialized to multisport adolescent female athletes. Clinical Bottom Line: Sport specialization has the potential to create negative alterations in a female adolescent athletes' lower-extremity biomechanics, leading to the creation of altered levels of neuromuscular control and a possible increased risk for injury. Strength of Recommendation: Level B evidence exists to support the conclusion that sport specialization negatively affects a female adolescent athlete's lower-extremity neuromuscular control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful delivery of the virtual Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP) is influenced by a beneficiary's access to a computer and use of the Internet. Using the 2020 nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey Public Use File, a three-level categorical dependent variable was created: (1) has a computer AND uses Internet, (2) has a computer OR uses Internet, and (3) has no access to either (reference group). A survey-weighted multinomial logit model was performed in 2023 to examine associations between socio-demographics, comorbidities, and computer access and Internet use. Of study beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with BMI≥25 kg/m2 and no history of diabetes (n =3,875), 70.8% had a computer AND used Internet; 14.3% had a computer OR used Internet; and 14.9% had no computer AND did not use Internet. Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks (OR=0.28, 95% CI [0.17–0.43]) were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to have a computer AND use Internet. Beneficiaries with less education (

This Minireview examines a selection of case studies that showcase distinctive and enabling electrochemical approaches that have allowed for the generation and reaction of carbocation intermediates under mild conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the progress that has been made in this area of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry over the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Minireview examines a selection of case studies that showcase distinctive and enabling electrochemical approaches that have allowed for the generation and reaction of carbocation intermediates under mild conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the progress that has been made in this area of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry over the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is a well-recognized, non-fusion alternative for idiopathic scoliosis in children with growth remaining. To date, there have been almost no published outcome studies with postoperative follow-up of >2 years. We aimed to fill this gap by evaluating mid-term outcomes in our first 31 consecutive patients. Methods: We retrospectively assessed additional clinical and radiographic data (mean, 5.7 ± 0.7 years) from our first 31 consecutive patients. Assessments included standard deformity measures, skeletal maturity status, and any additional complications (e.g., suspected broken tethers or surgical revisions). Using the same definition of success (i.e., all residual deformities, instrumented or uninstrumented, £30° at maturity; no posterior spinal fusion), we revisited the success rate, revision rate, and suspected broken tether rate. Results: Of our first 31 patients treated with VBT, 29 (of whom 28 were non-Hispanic White and 1 was non-Hispanic Asian; 27 were female and 2 were male) returned for additional follow-up. The success rate dropped to 64% with longer follow-up as deformity measures increased, and the revision rate increased to 24% following 2 additional surgical revisions. Four additional suspected broken tethers were identified, for a rate of 55%, with only 1 occurring beyond 4 years. No additional patients had conversion to a posterior spinal fusion. We observed a mean increase of 4° (range, 2° to 8°) in main thoracic deformity measures and 8° (range, 6° to 12°) in thoracolumbar deformity measures. Conclusions: With >5 years of follow-up, we observed a decrease in postoperative success, as progression of the deformity was observed in most subgroups, and an increase in the revision and suspected broken tether rates. No additional patients had conversion to a posterior spinal fusion, which may indicate long-term survivorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions There is very little literature examining the workload and impact of nurse practitioners (NPs) working in emergency departments (ED) in regional and rural Australia. The aim of this paper was to review the ED NPs scope of practice in the ED discharge stream and patient outcomes at Cairns Hospital over a 7‐month period.This retrospective study examined the ED electronic medical record between 14 May 2019 and 31 December 2019. Cases managed by ED NPs, referrals, procedures performed, representations and disposition data were collected. Adverse events were sought from the Qld Health adverse events register (Riskman), the department complaints register and the ED M&M meeting minutes.A total of 1443 patients were treated by NPs, with ages ranging from 0 to 98 years (median 40 years). Australasian Triage Score (ATS) 3 cases made up 30% of the workload. Other than ATS 3 cases, time to being seen was better than the general department. There were very few unexpected representations, complaints or adverse events.This study supports the view that NPs working in a regional emergency department can safely manage a variety of patients outside a fast‐track model, with a wide age range and a variety of triage categories and diagnoses. We believe this has important implications for the provision of emergency care, especially in regional and rural Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Outpatient oncology practice is a growing area of opportunity for pharmacists to provide clinical services and evidence-based care. Methods: This single-center, retrospective chart review analyzed the clinical and economic benefits of a board-certified oncology pharmacist after integration into the ambulatory oncology clinic setting. Primary outcomes were total cost avoidance for pharmacist interventions and impact on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) OP-35 measures. Pharmacist interventions were characterized into distinct types which were then assigned a cost avoidance value. Cost avoidance was calculated per hour and then extrapolated to a yearly estimate based on a 40-h work week for one year for one full-time equivalent pharmacist. Data collection for the primary clinical outcome was performed by compiling provider-specific emergency department (ED) and inpatient admission rates for diagnoses specified in CMS OP-35 measures within 30 days after receiving outpatient chemotherapy. The rates for the data collection period were compared to the rates six months prior to pharmacist integration to assess pharmacist impact. Results: In six months, 516 total interventions were made by the oncology pharmacist. The incidence of ED visits was 3.34% and 1.72% during the pre- and post-pharmacist intervention periods, respectively. The incidence of inpatient admissions was 2.43% and 0.34% pre- and post-pharmacist intervention, respectively. Total cost avoidance was estimated to be US$375,795 and when accounted for the median pharmacist salary at our institution, total cost savings was US$204,437. Conclusion: The presence of an oncology pharmacist specialist in the ambulatory cancer clinic provided clinical and economic benefits to the cancer clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, our understanding of the molecular drivers of pediatric low-grade glioma (PLGG) has expanded dramatically. These tumors are predominantly driven by RAS/MAPK pathway activating alterations (fusions and point mutations), most frequently in BRAF, FGFR1, and NF1. Furthermore, additional second hits in tumor suppressor genes (TP53, ATRX, CDKN2A) can portend more aggressive behaviour. Accordingly, comprehensive molecular profiling—specifically genetic sequencing, often plus copy number profiling—has become critical for guiding the diagnosis and management of PLGG. In this review, we discuss the most important genetic alterations that inform on classification and prognosis of PLGG, highlighting their diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the transcription and quality control processes for rescuing around 570,000 sub‐daily and daily weather observations which were recorded in the UK Met Office Daily Weather Reports during the 1861–1875 period. These data are from the start of coordinated weather observations and were collected with the aim of making the first‐ever weather forecasts. The observations were rescued thanks to 3500 volunteers and include sub‐daily sea‐level pressure, dry and wet bulb temperatures, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and daily rainfall amounts from 70 different locations across Western Europe, and one in Canada. We highlight how these observations will be used to fill gaps in existing pressure and temperature datasets and use two case studies to show how the pressure observations will likely better constrain the atmospheric circulation during two severe storms. We also compare a sub‐sample of the newly rescued observations with data that were previously digitized for a small number of locations for the same dates, finding good agreement in general, although some discrepancies remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Although they play a key role in shaping local efforts, there is limited research on how city officials define sustainability as it is practiced in their communities. To address this limitation and contribute to planning research, we leveraged a unique nationwide data set of sustainability definitions provided by the sustainability lead in more than 400 U.S city governments. Our study's qualitative analysis of these statements complements existing research by exploring emerging themes on how sustainability is perceived and practiced at the local level. Results indicated that practitioners' conceptualizations reflected five general orientation categories: action, aspiration, emotion, process and organization, and progress. We evaluated the association of these general orientation categories with cities' administrative arrangements, political environments, resources, and capacities. Findings suggested that supportive contexts were associated with city sustainability staff defining sustainability in aspirational terms, as opposed to emphasizing progress or discrete actions. Takeaway for practice: We examined how city sustainability leaders characterize its practice, using their own words provided in response to an open-ended survey question. We found that organizational context, including the presence of a sustainability budget, staff, and political support, was associated with differences in the fundamental nature of the responses provided. This is important because these local government officials influence how the broad objective of sustainability is practiced in their communities. Overall, our research adds value to the planning profession by assessing how sustainability professionals defined sustainability with greater nuance than previous studies and establishing a departure point for explaining why such differences exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new methodological model that was developed whilst carrying out an Institutional Ethnography to explore school food working practices. The model brings together two complementary approaches; Institutional Ethnography and Systems Thinking, to offer a novel approach to the analysis and visualisation of ethnographic data as systems maps that show how power shapes practices. This novel contribution allows for the mapping of complex working practices to show interdependencies and flows, and addresses limitations in the applicability of Institutional Ethnography to policy research. This approach will be useful for researchers and practitioners who want to utilise findings from Institutional Ethnography to design effective interventions, change outcomes of working practices, or tackle policy problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the hibernation season, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel undergoes cyclical torpor and arousal periods. The decrease and restoration of metabolic rate and oxygen delivery during torpor and arousal, respectively, may cause reperfusion-ischemia injury in the kidneys. In order to maintain the structural integrity of the kidneys necessary for renal function resumption during arousal, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel has developed adaptive methods to prevent and repair kidney injury. In this present study, computational methods were used to clean and analyze sequenced kidney RNA samples. Significantly differentially expressed microRNAs and enriched gene sets were also determined. From the gene set analysis, the results showed an increase in ubiquitin-related processes and p53 signaling pathways which suggested the occurrence of kidney damage during torpor. There was also an observed increase in cell cycle processes and the anchoring junction cellular compartment which may lend to the prevention of kidney injury. From the differentially expressed microRNAs, miR-27a (log 2 FC = 1.639; p-value = 0.023), miR-129 (log 2 FC = 2.516; p-value = 0.023), miR-let-7b (log 2 FC = 2.360; p-value = 0.025), miR-let-7c (log 2 FC = 2.291; p-value = 0.037) and miR-let-7i (log 2 FC = 1.564; p-value = 0.039) were found to be significantly upregulated. These biochemical adaptations may allow the thirteen-lined ground squirrel to maintain kidney structure and function during hibernation. • Increased ubiquitin-related action and p53 signaling suggest torpid kidney damage. • Increased cell cycle processes and anchoring junction may prevent kidney injury. • Changes in microRNA expression contribute to the prevention of kidney lesions. • Conflicting results show increase in pathways that encourage renal fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The optimal treatment and organization of care for people with obesity is one of the greatest challenges facing today's health services. While surgery and pharmacotherapy offer effective treatment options for some people with obesity, behavioral interventions are important to support long‐term behavioral change. However, little is known about the most effective components of behavioral interventions, and this is especially the case for people with complex or severe obesity (i.e. body mass index [BMI] > 35 kg/m2). Accordingly, the current rapid review aimed to identify which behavior change techniques (BCTs) are effective for weight loss in adults with (severe) obesity. A secondary aim was to review the effects of BCTs on dietary behaviors and physical activity, and psychological outcomes, recognizing that behavioral interventions commonly target these. A search of Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science resulted in 1227 results, with 22 reviews eligible for inclusion. The most commonly reported BCTs were self‐monitoring and goal setting, but these had variable effects on weight in adults with obesity. Combining these BCTs with other self‐regulatory techniques led to increased weight loss. Further, for adults with severe obesity, so‐called 'nudge' techniques and self‐regulatory techniques were associated with greater weight loss. Three reviews also found that while self‐monitoring increased physical activity, behavioral commitments increased changes to dietary behaviors. BCTs were not associated with psychological well‐being. The review confirms that behavioral interventions have an impact in weight management, including for individuals with more complex or severe obesity, but highlights the need for further investigation of their use within clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nLAY SUMMARYIn this essay, we argue that the 7-eyed model of clinical supervision (as well as most models in psychotherapy) are in need of “queering.” What we mean by “queering” is to make the model adaptable to the wider work with gender, sex, sexuality, erotic, and relationship diversities (GSERD) in clinical supervision. It is applicable to supervisors and/or supervisees and the clients who identify outside the societal heteronormative, mono-normative, and cisgenderist norms. Psychotherapy and psychology, and by extension, clinical supervision, have been criticised for being white, middle-class, heteronormative, and euro-centric. This article will provide a framework and guidance for clinical supervisors on how to adapt the 7-eyed model to diverse populations.The field of psychotherapy is generally embedded in white and heteronormative assumptions. These assumptions also apply to clinical supervision. This paper explains how we can adapt the 7-eyed model of clinical supervision to be more effective for clients and supervisees who are outside of the societal norms and marginalised, to foster an anti-oppressive practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armour has been present in vertebrates for millions of years and has evolved independently several times in the ray finned fishes. While armour is typically considered defensive, it is a multifunctional trait with many plausible alternative functions. We explore the hydrodynamic function of armour in nine species of poachers (Agonidae) by visualizing flow to assess drag reduction. We used microcomputed tomography scans to categorize armour morphology into morphotypes, and compared the rugosity (surface roughness) across these morphotypes. We then used digital particle image velocimetry to visualize boundary layer separation along 3D-printed whole-body models made using the scans. Poacher armour comprises eight rows that, some distance behind the second dorsal fin, merge into six. We found four morphotypes, with higher rugosity observed for the prominent spine morphotype and the lowest rugosity in the no-spine morphotype. Principal component analysis revealed that much of the variation in armour morphology is driven by plate shape, spine size, and protrusion. The boundary layer was retained longer in species with larger spines. Overall, the presence of a spine increased boundary layer retention, decreasing the drag, which is advantageous for these benthic fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palliative care improves outcomes, yet rural residents often lack adequate and equitable access. This study provides practical tips to address palliative care (PC)-related challenges in rural communities. Strategies include engaging trusted community partners, addressing cultural factors, improving pediatric care, utilizing telehealth, networking with rural teams including caregivers, and expanding roles for nurses and advanced practice providers. Despite complex barriers to access, providers can tailor PC to be patient-centered, respect local values, and bridge gaps. The "Top 10" format emphasizes the relevant issues to enable clinicians to provide optimal care for people from rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the anger of Americans with economic and political issues and societal problems. He traces the anger to the administration of the U.S. President Bill Clinton, the rise of social media and conspiracy theories following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, political division or partisanship, white supremacy and antisemitism. He identifies drivers for anger based on research, including politics, youth mental health, mental illness and substance use disorders.

Dravet syndrome is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) characterized by intractable seizures, comorbidities related to developmental, cognitive, and motor delays, and a high mortality burden due to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Most Dravet syndrome cases are attributed to SCN1A haploinsufficiency, with genetic modifiers and environmental factors influencing disease severity. Mouse models with heterozygous deletion of Scn1a recapitulate key features of Dravet syndrome, including seizures and premature mortality; however, severity varies depending on genetic background. Here, we refined two Dravet survival modifier (Dsm) loci, Dsm2 on chromosome 7 and Dsm3 on chromosome 8, using interval-specific congenic (ISC) mapping. Dsm2 was complex and encompassed at least two separate loci, while Dsm3 was refined to a single locus. Candidate modifier genes within these refined loci were prioritized based on brain expression, strain-dependent differences, and biological relevance to seizures or epilepsy. High priority candidate genes for Dsm2 include Nav2, Ptpn5, Ldha, Dbx1, Prmt3 and Slc6a5, while Dsm3 has a single high priority candidate, Psd3. This study underscores the complex genetic architecture underlying Dravet syndrome and provides insights into potential modifier genes that could influence disease severity and serve as novel therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying established definitions of bullying to the more recent phenomenon of cyberbullying often results in an ill-fitting definition which is contested by academics. There are particular difficulties when applying the well-documented facets of intentional harm, repetition and power imbalance to the context of online bullying. A contested definition presents challenges when comparing studies and for building theory. This qualitative study investigates defining characteristics of cyberbullying, drawing on the lived experiences of young people (aged 11–17 years) situated in the north west of England. Young people's experiences point to a more nuanced experience with different characteristics incorporating: the intention to harm or humiliate; that the victim cannot escape from the activities perpetrated against them; an attempt to transfer power from the victim; and the perpetrator hides behind the screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary As the second‐leading cause of mortality worldwide, cancer is a major focus of drug discovery research. Traditional plant knowledge can guide the search for undiscovered compounds, but the efficacy of this approach for cancer, a highly complex disease affecting diverse tissues, is unknown. We investigated the patterns underlying plant selection for cancer treatment globally, finding certain lineages are repeatedly targeted. While this indicates therapeutic value, their relatedness with plants used for unrelated ethnobotanical uses suggests that plants are probably selected to treat cancer‐associated symptoms, rather than addressing tumour growth. Careful re‐examination and scoring of ethnobotanical reports may make the prediction of lineages for drug discovery more informative. Cancer is a highly diverse disease and as the second‐leading cause of death worldwide is a focus of drug discovery research. Natural products have been shown to be a useful source of novel molecules for treating cancer. It is likely there are many plants with undiscovered molecules of therapeutic value, however identifying new leads from the vast diversity of plants is very challenging. Traditional knowledge might inform bioprospecting by predicting lineages of plants rich in therapeutically useful molecules. We characterise the phylogenetic diversity of plants used in traditional cancer management using a comprehensive genus‐level phylogeny of angiosperms, and a list of 597 genera used globally to treat different cancers. We phylogenetically predict which lineages may have elevated potential for drug discovery and assess the quality of the prediction. We demonstrate the independent and repeated targeting of specific lineages of plants by different peoples in different parts of the world. However, the lineages we report here as rich in plants used in traditional cancer management coincide with those for other ethnobotanical applications and contain few plants with proven anti‐cancer activity. That the same lineages are used to treat different cancers is suggestive of independent discovery of therapeutic value. However, it is likely that the traditional knowledge explored here is shaped by the selection of plants conferring milder effects for treating wider symptoms, such as tiredness or nausea, rather than for halting tumour growth. Accurate prediction of useful plant lineages for cancer management requires more nuanced information than is commonly provided in ethnobotanical records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a rhythm makes an event predictable, that event is perceived faster, and typically more accurately. However, the experiments showing this used simple tasks, and most manipulated temporal expectancy by using periodic or aperiodic precursors unrelated to stimulus and task. Three experiments tested the generality of these observations in a complex task in which rhythm was intrinsic to, rather than a precursor of, the information needed to respond: listeners averaged the laterality of a stream of noise bursts. We varied presentation rate, degree of periodicity, and average lateralisation. Decisions following a probe tone were fastest after periodic stimuli, and slowest after the most aperiodic stimuli. Without a probe tone, listeners responded sooner during periodic sequences, thus hearing less information. Periodicity did not benefit accuracy overall. This gain in speed but not accuracy for less information is not reported for simpler tasks. Neural entrainment supplemented by cognitive factors provide a tentative explanation. When the task is inherently complex and demands high attention over long durations, both expected-periodic and unexpected-aperiodic stimuli can increase response amplitude, enhancing stimulus representation, but periodicity increases confidence to respond early. Drift diffusion modelling supports this proposal: aperiodicity modulated the decision threshold, but not the drift rate or non-decision time. Together, these new data and the literature point towards task-dependent effects of temporal expectation on decision-making, showing interactions between rhythmic variance, task complexity, and sources of expectation about stimuli. We suggest the implications are worth exploring to extend understanding of rhythmicity on decision-making to everyday situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation has reduced the abundance and diversity of many taxonomic groups, and the effects may be more pronounced on islands, which have a smaller regional species pool to compensate. Green spaces within urban environments may help to safeguard wildlife assemblages, and the associated habitat heterogeneity can even increase species diversity. Here, total abundance and species diversity of butterflies, birds, and vegetation at nine rural and nine urban locations were quantified on Lipsi Island, Greece. Sites were assessed using Pollard walks for butterflies, point‐count surveys for birds, and quadrats for vegetation. There was no significant difference in the abundance or species diversity of butterflies or vegetation among rural and urban locations, which could pertain to the low building density within urbanised areas and the minimal extent of urbanisation on the island. However, urban areas hosted a significantly greater abundance, richness, and diversity of birds compared to rural sites. The community composition of butterflies, birds, and vegetation also differed significantly between urban and rural locations, highlighting the impact of urbanisation on species across a broad range of trophic groups. This study contributes to ecological knowledge on the impacts of urbanisation across multiple trophic levels in island ecosystems, with comparisons across a gradient of island size and urbanisation intensity needed in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In England the 2014 Children and Families Act introduced wide ranging changes to the assessment of and provision for children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). Guidance underpinning implementation was then published in the Code of Practice. Our study focuses on a key component of that legislation, known as the 'local offer', which requires local authorities to establish and maintain, clear, comprehensive, accessible and up to date information for children and young people with SEND, and their families, about available SEND provision. Local authorities are expected to involve children and young people and their families in co‐designing and reviewing their local offer, alongside other key stakeholders, to ensure provision is responsive to local needs and aspirations. To support our assessment of local offers we first established six categories based on the criteria in the Code of Practice about expected availability of SEND‐related information (e.g. financial support, health service information, accessibility information). We used these categories to evaluate the relevant local offer websites of all 151 English local authorities with legal responsibilities for SEND assessment and provision. We further assessed whether each local offer website included three common website accessibility functions. Our findings demonstrate variation in the availability of information at local authority level, therefore limiting the ability of some young people and families to make informed decisions about the support available to them. This provides further evidence to support growing concerns about 'postcode lottery' inequities for families and their children with SEND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathogens are highly adaptable, and have evolved to overcome control measures including multiple classes of fungicides. More effective management requires a thorough understanding of the evolutionary drivers leading to resistance. Experimental evolution can be used to investigate evolutionary processes over a compressed timescale. For fungicide resistance, applications include predicting resistance ahead of its emergence in the field, testing potential outcomes under multiple different fungicide usage scenarios or comparing resistance management strategies. This review considers different experimental approaches to in vitro selection, and their suitability for addressing different questions relating to fungicide resistance. When aiming to predict the evolution of new variants, mutational supply is especially important. When assessing the relative fitness of different variants under fungicide selection, growth conditions such as temperature may affect the results as well as fungicide choice and dose. Other considerations include population size, transfer interval, competition between genotypes and pathogen reproductive mode. However, resistance evolution in field populations has proven to be less repeatable for some fungicide classes than others. Therefore, even with optimal experimental design, in some cases the most accurate prediction from experimental evolution may be that the exact evolutionary trajectory of resistance will be unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two decades on, the study of hypervelocity stars is still in its infancy. These stars can provide novel constraints on the total mass of the Galaxy and its dark matter distribution. However how these stars are accelerated to such high velocities is unclear. Various proposed production mechanisms for these stars can be distinguished using chemo-dynamic tagging. The advent of Gaia and other large surveys have provided hundreds of candidate hyper velocity objects to target for ground-based high-resolution follow-up observations. We conduct high-resolution spectroscopic follow-up observations of 16 candidate late-type hyper velocity stars using the Apache Point Observatory and the McDonald Observatory. We derive atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances for these stars. We measure up to 22 elements, including the following nucleosynthetic families: |$\alpha$| (Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti), light/odd-Z (Na, Al, V, Cu, and Sc), Fe-peak (Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn), and neutron capture (Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Nd, and Eu). Our kinematic analysis shows one candidate is unbound, two are marginally bound, and the remainder are bound to the Galaxy. Finally, for the three unbound or marginally bound stars, we perform orbit integration to locate possible globular cluster or dwarf galaxy progenitors. We do not find any likely candidate systems for these stars and conclude that the unbound stars are likely from the the stellar halo, in agreement with the chemical results. The remaining bound stars are all chemically consistent with the stellar halo as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop an efficient three-stage algorithm for simulating multiple acoustic scattering by two-dimensional configurations comprising large numbers of penetrable scatterers. Our approach is based on a boundary integral equation reformulation of the Helmholtz transmission partial differential equation, and a reduction of the boundary integral system for computationally efficient evaluation of wave interactions between scatterers. A key ingredient of our algorithm is to represent the interactions between scatterers using expansions of cylindrical wavefunctions. For large numbers of scatterers, this approach facilitates the application of the fast multipole method, leading to linear complexity of the algorithm with respect to the number of scatterers. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm for configurations containing a few hundred to hundreds of thousands of individual scatterers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perinatal wellbeing is a critical area of mental health to address for the benefit of parents, infants, pets, and health services. Animals, and specifically pets, have been investigated as potential wellbeing supports in clinical and non-clinical populations, yet there has been limited exploration of their role in the perinatal period. To address this gap, this study aimed to examine the perceived risks and benefits of pet ownership on perinatal mental health through qualitative reports of lived experience from mothers with pets. An online survey with open-text questions was developed; thematic analysis was applied to data from 31 eligible UK participants. The analysis identified five themes: (1) promoting wellbeing and grounding in a time of change, (2) pets as preparation for parenting, (3) caregiver burden, (4) joy and challenges of pet–baby interactions, and (5) perceptions of changing pet behavior in the perinatal period. This study indicates that accessing emotional support from pets, second-hand joy from the pet–baby bond, and having "parenting practice" are perceived wellbeing benefits from pets. Further, parents expressed that increasing social support for pet and childcare, creating boundaries for pet–baby interactions, and managing perinatal expectations could help minimize risks identified by participants, including caregiver burden and pet-based distress and anxiety. These insights may allow practitioners supporting pet-owning new parents to begin exploring new ways for families to manage pets in the perinatal period in a way that enhances wellbeing for everyone involved, including pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant approach to assessing decision-making capacity in medicine focuses on determining the extent to which individuals possess certain core cognitive abilities. Critics have argued that this model delivers the wrong verdict in certain cases where patient values that are the product of mental disorder or disordered affective states undermine decision-making without undermining cognition. I argue for a re-conceptualization of what it is to possess the capacity to make medical treatment decisions. It is, I argue, the ability to track one's own personal interests at least as well as most people can. Using this idea, I demonstrate that it is possible to craft a solution for the problem cases—one that neither alters existing criteria in dangerous ways (e.g. does not open the door to various kinds of abuse) nor violates the spirit of widely accepted ethical constraints on decision-making assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes results from the mechanical evaluation of unirradiated SiC fiber–reinforced SiC matrix composite tubes under a controlled high-temperature steam environment. The experiments were aimed at identifying key material degradation behavior under environments relevant to loss-of-coolant accidents of light water reactors. Mechanical tests of the SiC composite tubes at 1000 °C under steam and inert environments were conducted using a unique test capability. The material tested was a duplex tube with a thick monolithic SiC layer on the outer surface. The tubes were subjected to preloading at ∼100 MPa in tension before exposure to high-temperature steam with up to 75 % of the preload at a constant displacement. In the presence of matrix cracks, the steam exposure caused embrittlement of the SiC composite tubes and failure at a stress level below the pretest stress. The material degradation was explained by a fiber oxidation model, which can be applied to various SiC cladding concepts. The embrittlement could be a limiting factor for using SiC cladding subjected to loss-of-coolant accident conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world communication frequently requires language producers to address more than one comprehender at once, yet most psycholinguistic research focuses on one-onone communication. As the audience size grows, interlocutors face new challenges that do not arise in dyads. They must consider multiple perspectives and weigh multiple sources of feedback to build shared understanding. Here, we ask which properties of the group's interaction structure facilitate successful communication. We used a repeated reference game paradigm in which directors instructed between one and five matchers to choose specific targets out of a set of abstract figures. Across 313 games (N = 1,319 participants), we manipulated several key constraints on the group's interaction, including the amount of feedback that matchers could give to directors and the availability of peer interaction between matchers. Across groups of different sizes and interaction constraints, describers produced increasingly efficient utterances and matchers made increasingly accurate selections. Critically, however, we found that smaller groups and groups with less-constrained interaction structures ("thick channels") showed stronger convergence to group-specific conventions than large groups with constrained interaction structures ("thin channels"), which struggled with convention formation. Overall, these results shed light on the core structural factors that enable communication to thrive in larger groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across vertebrate species, the olfactory epithelium (OE) exhibits the uncommon feature of lifelong neuronal turnover. Epithelial stem cells give rise to new neurons that can adequately replace dying olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) during developmental and adult phases and after lesions. To relay olfactory information from the environment to the brain, the axons of the renewed ORNs must reconnect with the olfactory bulb (OB). In Xenopus laevis larvae, we have previously shown that this process occurs between 3 and 7 weeks after olfactory nerve (ON) transection. In the present study, we show that after 7 weeks of recovery from ON transection, two functionally and spatially distinct glomerular clusters are reformed in the OB, akin to those found in non‐transected larvae. We also show that the same odourant response tuning profiles observed in the OB of non‐transected larvae are again present after 7 weeks of recovery. Next, we show that characteristic odour‐guided behaviour disappears after ON transection but recovers after 7–9 weeks of recovery. Together, our findings demonstrate that the olfactory system of larval X. laevis regenerates with high accuracy after ON transection, leading to the recovery of odour‐guided behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number and coverage of weather observations over the oceans were considerably reduced during World War II (WW2) due to disruptions to normal trade routes. The observations that do exist for this period are often unavailable to science as they are still only available as paper records or scanned images. We have rescued the detailed hourly weather observations contained in more than 28,000 logbook images of the US Navy Pacific Fleet stationed at Hawai'i during 1941–1945 to produce a dataset of more than 630,000 records. Each record contains the date and time, positional information and several meteorological measurements, totalling more than 3 million individual observations. The data rescue process consisted of a citizen science project asking volunteers to transcribe the observations from the available images, followed by additional quality control processes. This dataset not only contains hourly weather observations of air temperature, sea surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction, mainly in the Pacific Ocean but also includes some observations from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The new observations are found to be of good quality by inter‐comparing independent measurements taken on ships travelling in convoy and by comparing with the 20th‐Century Reanalysis. This dataset provides invaluable instrumental weather observations at times and places during WW2, which fill gaps in existing reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report progress on the development of x-ray microcalorimeter thermal kinetic inductance detector (TKID) arrays, where each TKID is an independent pixel. Our goal in developing this detector technology is to arrive at high quantum efficiency, high fill factor, large-format, moderate energy resolution x-ray detector array which can be readily scaled to tens of kilo-pixels, to be used as an x-ray imaging spectrograph for astronomy and metrology applications. We discuss the evolution of the design, how it has been driven by fabrication related constraints, and the resulting impacts on detector performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple scattering of waves is eminent in a wide range of applications and extensive research is being undertaken into multiple scattering by ever more complicated structures, with emphasis on the design of metamaterial structures that manipulate waves in a desired fashion. Ongoing research investigates the design of structures and new solution methods for the governing partial differential equations. There is a pressing need for easy-to-use software that empowers rapid prototyping of designs and for validating other solution methods. We develop a general formulation of the multiple scattering problem that facilitates efficient application of the multipole-based method. The shape and morphology of the scatterers is not restricted, provided their T-matrices are available. The multipole method is implemented in the Tmatsolver software package, which uses our general formulation and the T-matrix methodology to simulate accurately multiple scattering by complex configurations with a large number of identical or non-identical scatterers that can have complex shapes and/or morphologies. This article provides a mathematical description of the algorithm and demonstrates application of the software to four contemporary metamaterial problems. It concludes with a brief overview of the object-oriented structure of the Tmatsolver code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique is developed for determining the sound field scattered by a compact body when it is close enough to an acoustic source to be in its near field. Our approach is based on the fact that large regions of many near fields may be well approximated at each point in space by a subsonic plane wave (also called an inhomogeneous plane wave, or an evanescent wave). Such a wave is defined by the property that in one direction it propagates with subsonic phase speed, while in a perpendicular direction it has exponential amplitude variation. Hence by defining a canonical problem, compact scattering of a subsonic plane wave, and solving it, we are able to give a unified analytical treatment of many near-field scattering problems. Our approach draws on the formulae of Rayleigh scattering (as applied to an incident field with complex wavenumber) and the asymptotic theory of the wave equation. For an arbitrary three-dimensional multipole, we determine in full detail how its subsonic wave structure depends on the spherical harmonic parameters (m,n) , and show that our approach has a very large region of validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Actinomycosis can be caused by periapical endodontic infection, trauma, or surgical dental procedures. Due to its rare occurrence in a healthy adult patient, persistent actinomycotic osteomyelitis around implants presenting as severe peri‐implantitis may be challenging to diagnose.A 26‐year‐old male patient with non‐contributory medical history presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic in 2018 with pain and edema associated with endodontically treated maxillary premolar teeth with poor prognosis. Oral examination revealed fair oral hygiene, heavily restored dentition, multiple carious teeth, failing restorations, endodontic treatments in both maxillary quadrants, and normal periodontal examination.Two years following extractions and restoration with implants, the patient returned with a bony sequestrum and fistula in the buccal gingiva adjacent to the implants. The patient reported shifting of implants and slight change in his occlusion. Clinical, radiographic, and endodontic examinations did not demonstrate a clear origin of the fistula. A periodontist was consulted regarding the possibility of peri‐implantitis and tracing of the fistula suggested intraosseous involvement of the implant surface. Flap surgery, biopsy, culture, implant removal, and surgical debridement were performed. Histologic examination revealed colonies of actinomycotic organisms and confirmed likely diagnosis of actinomycosis. The patient was placed on a long course of penicillin VK.The occurrence of actinomycosis in a healthy adult patient is rare. This case report describes persistent actinomycosis presenting as osteomyelitis with severe peri‐implantitis in a healthy patient, which may have been associated with a previously existing periapical endodontic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentially catastrophic loss of biodiversity happening around the globe is largely caused by economic activity that is not connected to its environmental impacts. To improve positive and reduce negative outcomes for nature, investment decision-makers in companies, governments, and the finance sector need data on the impacts of economic activity, especially production of food and other commodities, on biodiversity, at fine geographical scales. This Essay argues that the data allowing us to identify the most important factors causing biodiversity loss are already available. However, we need more data to track impacts on biodiversity up value chains into pathways, toolkits, and approaches that will facilitate verified, concrete actions by companies and consumers to reduce threats to biodiversity in particular places. Our current knowledge is insufficient to deliver complete responses to the biodiversity crisis, but this is no excuse for delaying action. Biodiversity is being lost because of economic activity that has no connection its impacts on biodiversity. This Essay argues that we need better spatially explicit and actionable data on the causes of biodiversity loss that can be conveyed to company decision-makers in a format that they can use easily and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A versatile division of apicomplexan parasites and a dearth of conserved regulators have hindered the progress of apicomplexan cell cycle studies. While most apicomplexans divide in a multinuclear fashion, Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites divide in the traditional binary mode. We previously identified five Toxoplasma CDK-related kinases (Crk). Here, we investigated TgCrk4 and its cyclin partner TgCyc4. We demonstrated that TgCrk4 regulates conventional G2 phase processes, such as repression of chromosome rereplication and centrosome reduplication, and acts upstream of the spindle assembly checkpoint. The spatial TgCyc4 dynamics supported the TgCrk4–TgCyc4 complex role in the coordination of chromosome and centrosome cycles. We also identified a dominant TgCrk4–TgCyc4 complex interactor, TgiRD1 protein, related to DNA replication licensing factor CDT1 but played no role in licensing DNA replication in the G1 phase. Our results showed that TgiRD1 also plays a role in controlling chromosome and centrosome reduplication. Global phosphoproteome analyses identified TgCrk4 substrates, including TgORC4, TgCdc20, TgGCP2, and TgPP2ACA. Importantly, the phylogenetic and structural studies suggest the Crk4–Cyc4 complex is limited to a minor group of the binary dividing apicomplexans. Synopsis: Apicomplexan parasite division can yield between two and thousands of progenies, and how this process is regulated remains a mystery. This study identifies a presumed missing G2 phase, and the complex TgCrk4-TgCyc4-TgiRD1 that regulates G2 phase, in Toxoplasma gondii. Expression of the CDK-related kinase TgCrk4, of the cyclin TgCyc4, and of the inhibitor of the DNA and centrosome reduplication TgiRD1 is essential for binary division of T. gondii tachyzoites. Removing TgCrk4 and TgiRD1 triggers the reduplication of chromosomes and centrosomes, revealing their role as guardians of the "once per cycle" duplication rule. Although distantly related to fungal and metazoan CDT1, TgiRD1 does not license DNA replication in G1 phase. Comparative genomic studies imply that expression of the Crk4-Cyc4 complex is restricted to apicomplexan parasites undergoing binary division. A previously unrecognized G2 phase in apicomplexan parasites undergoing binary division depends on a novel CDK-related kinase, an atypical cyclin, and a Cdt1-related inhibitor of re-duplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Vasopressin has systemic vasoconstrictive yet pulmonary vasodilatory effects, making it an ideal agent for hypotension management in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)- associated pulmonary hypertension. The side effects of vasopressin in this population, such as hyponatremia, are understudied. This study aims to characterize the effect of vasopressin on sodium concentrations in infants with and without CDH. METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients who received vasopressin while admitted to a level IV neonatal intensive care unit. The primary outcome was the incidence of hyponatremia (blood sodium <135 mmol/L) during vasopressin therapy. Secondary outcomes included time to hyponatremia, dose and duration of vasopressin, incidence of severe hyponatremia (blood sodium <125 mmol/L), and hypertonic saline use. Both blood serum and blood gas sample sodium concentrations were used to compare CDH vs non-CDH patients. RESULTS The average difference between baseline and lowest blood sodium was significant for both CDH and non-CDH patients for all samples (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome, nor in the secondary outcomes of time to hyponatremia or duration of vasopressin infusion. The average dose of vasopressin was higher in the CDH vs non-CDH group (p = 0.018). The incidences of severe hyponatremia and hypertonic saline use were greater in the CDH vs non-CDH group for patients who had blood serum sodium samples collected (p = 0.049 and p = 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that severe hyponatremia occurred more frequently in CDH vs non-CDH patients. Extreme caution is necessary when managing total body sodium in patients with CDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers advice on career advancements for academic scholars. Topics mentioned include the reasons why early entry into administration should be avoided, ways on how to be a good mentee, the advantages of having post doctoral degree, and the impact of artificial intelligence on research and writing.

The 21st century in Latin America began with a widespread shift to the left politically, a phenomenon called the 'pink tide'. Following a period of right‐wing re‐ascendancy, left wing governments are again gaining traction across the continent. This article analyses the end of the last pink tide via a dialogue between the post‐extractivism and degrowth literature by examining Bolivia, Ecuador, and Brazil. This is done through a look at the impacts of both economic growth as a normative policy aim and extractivism as the engine to produce this growth on political developments in these countries. In the tradition of Gramsci this is interpreted as a hegemonic force, recast here as growth‐through‐extraction, that serves to perpetuate the interests of wealthy classes despite political changes. This article concludes with a brief analysis of how academic debates and political processes have moved on since Escobar 2015 and what this might mean for the new left‐wing governments of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to protest and freedom of expression are core principles of democracy; however, on January 6th, 2021, the right to protest spiraled into a full-fledged assault on American ideals. While the smoke was still smoldering, millions were left dumbfounded—the actions were way beyond a traditional protest, instead, the attack on January 6th was classified as an insurrection. Months prior, during the Summer of 2020, then President Trump threatened to invoke the Insurrection Act of 1807 to curb the mostly peaceful Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests. Thus, a clear paradox emerges. On one hand, an unjustified insurrection was met with minimal force, but on the other hand, peaceful protests against state-sanctioned murder were quelled almost immediately. To hypothesize about the insurrection of January 6th without examining the racism and racial privilege embedded in the actions would be immoral; this is especially true considering the historical importance of slave insurrections in advancing Black liberation. Thus, we argue that advancing the narrative of the January 6th insurrection as justified is a disservice to the legacy of protests, rebellions, and insurrections. Utilizing Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a framework, the article analyzes and compares the BLM protests against the insurrection of January 6th and draws attention to ways in which race served as a tool of oppression. The insurrection of January 6th, along with the rhetorical construction and justification of the events that unfolded that day, is steeped in privilege and white supremacy—luxuries that were not afforded to racial justice protests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interprofessional education is a key component of preparing health professional students to become collaborative practice-ready graduates. In the design and delivery of activities, educators seek ways to enhance student participation and learning with the goal of developing students' collaborative practice capabilities. Traditionally, learning formats have largely maintained a clinical focus to enable students to learn with, from and about each other's roles as health professionals. In recent years, escape rooms have emerged as an innovative teaching approach within interprofessional education. Utilising gamification, escape rooms require students to work collaboratively, employing teamwork, communication, conflict resolution and problem-solving skills to 'escape' a set scenario. This article explores our experience of using escape rooms as an interprofessional education strategy. Additionally, we report on trialling a non-clinical focus within the activity as an alternative means of educating students for collaborative practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how early Cold War anti-communism transformed labor processes at the Port of Manila. In 1950 the threat of communism at the city's port gained the attention of the highest reaches of the US State Department. Shifting diplomatic discourses and a changing Cold War map imbued new meaning into trade union racketeering and Filipino dockworkers who were, it was dubiously argued, on the verge of joining the country's communists. Through archival analysis of diplomatic dispatches, intelligence reports, and newspaper sources, this article examines a series of spectacular events and covert political diplomacy. In particular it explains how an American Jesuit priest in Manila earned the trust of the State Department and played an outsized role in remaking pier-side labor politics. As concern grew in Washington, American diplomats covertly intervened to back the priest. In detailing how the piers staged global geopolitics, the article also situates these affairs in local political contexts to argue for a more nuanced understanding of anti-communism in Southeast Asia. Filipino trade union leaders and government officials colluded with but also subverted and remade American discourses and diplomacy to their own political and economic advantage. • Traces the shifting geographies of anti-communism in Manila during the early Cold War. • Examines the role of American government officials in reshaping Filipino trade union politics. • Contributes to studies of Manila's historical geographies and labor histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied in combination to investigate the dynamics of methane in H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts used for methanol-to-hydrocarbons reactions. Methane is employed as an inert model for the methanol reaction feedstock, and studies are made of the fresh catalyst and used catalysts with varying levels of coke buildup to investigate the effect of coking on reactant mobility. Measurements are made in the temperature range from 5 to 373 K. Methane mobility under these conditions is found to be extremely high in fresh ZSM-5, with the majority of movements occurring too fast to be resolved by the QENS instrument used. A small fraction of molecules undergoing jump diffusion on QENS time scales is identified and found to correspond with short-range jump diffusion within single zeolite pores as identified in MD simulations. Agreement between QENS and MD mobility measurements is found to be within 50%, validating the simulation approach employed. Methane diffusion is found to be minimally affected by moderate levels of coke buildup, while highly coked samples result in the confinement of methane to single pores within the zeolite with minimal long-range diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Protein domains are fundamental units of protein structure and play a pivotal role in understanding folding, function, evolution, and design. The advent of accurate structure prediction techniques has resulted in an influx of new structural data, making the partitioning of these structures into domains essential for inferring evolutionary relationships and functional classification. Results This article presents Chainsaw, a supervised learning approach to domain parsing that achieves accuracy that surpasses current state-of-the-art methods. Chainsaw uses a fully convolutional neural network which is trained to predict the probability that each pair of residues is in the same domain. Domain predictions are then derived from these pairwise predictions using an algorithm that searches for the most likely assignment of residues to domains given the set of pairwise co-membership probabilities. Chainsaw matches CATH domain annotations in 78% of protein domains versus 72% for the next closest method. When predicting on AlphaFold models, expert human evaluators were twice as likely to prefer Chainsaw's predictions versus the next best method. Availability and implementation github.com/JudeWells/Chainsaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing step rate has been proposed to reduce overuse injury risk in runners by reducing the magnitude of musculoskeletal loading. Although estimating structure-specific loads is challenging, during level running, changes in a runner's vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) may provide insight to changes in their musculoskeletal loading. Further, vGRF can be approximated using force sensing insoles. Purpose: The primary goal of this study was to examine changes in peak insole force and cumulative weighted peak force (CWPF)/km with increased step rate in collegiate runners. The secondary goal was to determine whether sacral acceleration correlates with insole force when increasing step rate. Methods: Twelve collegiate distance runners ran 1000 m outdoors at 3.83 m⋅s-1 at preferred and 10% increased step rates while insole force and sacral acceleration were recorded. Cumulative weighted peak force/km was calculated from insole force based on cumulative damage models. The effects of step rate on peak insole force and CWPF⋅km-1 were tested using paired t tests or Wilcoxon tests. Correlation coefficients between peak axial (approximately vertical) sacral acceleration times body mass and peak insole force were calculated on cohort and individual levels. Results: Peak insole force and CWPF⋅km-1 decreased (P < 0.001) with increased step rate. Peak axial sacral acceleration did not correlate with peak insole force on the cohort level (r = 0.3 5, P = 0.109) but did within individuals (mean, r = 0.69-0.78; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Increasing step rate may reduce peak vGRF and CWPF⋅km-1 in collegiate runners. Therefore, clinicians should consider step rate interventions to reduce peak and cumulative vGRF in this population. Individual-specific calibrations may be required to assess changes in peak vGRF in response to increasing step rate using wearable accelerometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]