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Vector‐borne diseases represent various sicknesses that are increasingly significant in human and veterinary health. Among the zoonotic agents transmitted by ticks, infections caused by the intracellular pathogens from the Anaplasmataceae family and piroplasmids (Babesia/Theileria spp.) are particularly notable due to the substantial economic losses they cause in the livestock sector. A study was carried out to assess the prevalence of these pathogens in ticks from ruminants in the province of Valencia (Eastern Iberian Peninsula). Between 2019 and 2022, 1674 ticks were collected from 163 domestic and wild ruminants. The tick species were identified using molecular and morphological features and included Rhipicephalus spp. (Rhipicephalus bursa and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) (88.7%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (5.9%), Ixodes ricinus (3.6%) and Dermacentor marginatum (1.2%). The Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) was found to be at greater risk of infestation by Haemaphysalis compared to other ruminants. Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on 108 individual ticks from different hosts, with 16.7% testing positive for members of the Anaplasmataceae family and 39.8% for Theileria spp. Sequencing of 10 positive samples from each pathogen group revealed the presence of Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia spp., Theileria ovis and Theileria capreoli. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Babesia spp. were detected. Further research is essential for improved management of ticks and the diseases they transmit in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study designs a theoretical model and simulation model that can explain the welfare impacts of disease transmission that occurs in livestock trade. A household production model and a SIR model are used to find theoretical profitable conditions for infectious livestock trading and prices and quantities for transactions. Under the theoretical conditions an agent-based model is used to simulate livestock transactions to compare social impacts based on the number of livestock, household wealth and income, and wealth inequality. Asymmetric information is used to assign tendencies of livestock trading agents. Buyers are assumed to be uninformed about the health status of livestock owned or used by sellers, while sellers are either uninformed for their herd's health status, and if informed, the sellers' behavior of selecting infectious livestock for transactions is divided into selfish selection and altruistic selection. The simulation results reveal that livestock losses are higher when trading occurs, but overall economic welfare tends to increase with trade. Interestingly, when sellers selfishly sell sick animals, average household wealth and income peak, albeit with greater wealth inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large carnivore species frequently predate and consume wild or domestic prey, which is referred to as food-related predation. Large carnivores can also hunt and kill prey exceeding their immediate needs (i.e., they do not consume prey), which is referred to as surplus predation. We used 173 records of livestock predations by gray wolves (Canis lupus; n = 133) and Persian leopards (Panthera pardus tulliana; n = 40) reported by governmental organizations of Iran during 2009–2019 to investigate food-related and surplus predation incidents of livestock. We found that for wolves, the number of reported surplus predation incidents was greater than that of food-related predation incidents during all 4 seasons (spring through winter), whereas for leopards, the number of food-related and surplus predation incidents were similar in all seasons. The number of livestock killed per surplus predation incident was greater for wolves than for leopards and that surplus predations by both species occurred more frequently within corrals than on free-range pastures. As corrals in most villages across Iran are poorly constructed and largely accessible to predators, we recommend that livestock owners enhance corral construction, use well-trained dogs during day and particularly at night, employ people to watch livestock at night, and use fire (e.g., torches) during night to scare carnivores. These strategies can mitigate predation incidents and corresponding economic losses, resulting in fewer losses of livestock, wolves, and leopards, as these two carnivore species are mainly killed by humans due to livestock predations across Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has caused serious economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Due to the rapid variation in the PEDV) genome, especially the spike (S) protein, the cross-protection ability of antibodies between different vaccine strains is weakened. Hence, the rapid development of safe, broad-spectrum and highly effective attenuated PEDV vaccine still needs further research. Here, we found that the replacement of the S2 subunit had little effect on S protein immunogenicity. Moreover, the chimeric virus (YN-S2DR13), the S protein of the YN strain was replaced by the DR13 S2 subunit, which lost its trypsin tropism and increased its propagation ability (approximately 1 titer) in Vero cells. Then, the pathogenesis of YN-S2DR13 was evaluated in neonatal piglets. Importantly, quantitative real-time PCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the virulence of YN-S2DR13 was significantly reduced compared with that of YN. Immunization with YN-S2DR13 induced neutralizing antibodies against both YN and DR13 in weaned piglets. In vitro passaging data also showed that YN-S2DR13 had good genetic stability. Collectively, these results suggest that YN-S2DR13 has significant advantages as a novel vaccine candidate, including a capacity for viral propagation to high titers with no trypsin requirement and the potential to provide protection against both PEDV G1 and G2 strains infections. Our results also suggests that S2 subunit replacement using reverse genetics can be a rapid strategy for the rational design of live attenuated vaccines for PEDV. IMPORTANCE Emerging highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) G2 strains has caused substantial economic losses worldwide. Vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine is a promising method to prevent and control PED because it can induce a strong immune response (including T- and B-cell immunity). Previous studies have demonstrated that the S2 subunit of the PEDV spike (S) protein is the determinant of PEDV trypsin independence. Here, we evaluated the pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and immunogenicity of the chimeric virus (YN-S2DR13) via animal experiments. We demonstrated that YN-S2DR13 strain, as a trypsin independent strain, increased intracellular proliferation capacity, significantly reduced virulence, and induced broad-spectrum neutralization protection against PEDV G1 and G2 strains. In vitro passaging data also validated the stability of YN-S2DR13. Our results showed that generating a chimeric PEDV strain that is trypsin-independent by replacing the S2 subunit is a promising approach for designing a live attenuated vaccine for PEDV in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Alpine region, the use of herd protection measures is assumed to not be reasonable in many places due to geographical, technical and economic limitations. In line with EU regulations, securing compensation for livestock damage or losses necessitates evidence of the feasibility of these measures. The aim of this study was to establish a scientifically validated classification framework for assessing the viability of employing herd protection measures (livestock guarding fences and guarding dog utilization) in alpine pastures. To achieve this, five representative Alps in the Italian alpine province of South Tyrol were considered using a devised classification framework and geospatial data. The resultant outcomes were validated through on-site inspections. Six categories were identified for the use of livestock guarding fences (proximity to roads, herding situation, topography, tourism, pasture geometry and proportion of not fencable area) and, in addition to these, two categories (herd homogeneity and number of herded livestock) for the use of livestock guarding dog utilization. The validation showed that the basic assumptions are plausible, but that the geodata partly show inaccuracies in the demarcation of hazard zones, hiking trails and pasture geometry. Despite these limitations, the developed classification framework was suitable for classifying the practicability of herd protection measures on alpine pastures. Therefore, it provides the necessary factual basis and logical reasoning for legally secure compensation payments. Additionally, our classification framework sets the stage for considering strategic predator management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Bovine babesiosis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks that causes important losses in livestock worldwide. Recent research performed on the drugs currently used to control bovine babesiosis reported several issues including drug resistance, toxicity impact, and residues in edible tissue, suggesting the need for developing novel effective therapies. The endochin-like quinolones ELQ-316 and buparvaquone (BPQ) act as cytochrome bc1 inhibitors and have been proven to be safe and efficacious against related apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium spp. and Babesia microti, without showing toxicity in mammals. The objectives of this study are investigating whether ELQ-316, BPQ, and their combination treatment could be effective against Babesia bovis in an in vitro culture model and comparing with imidocarb (ID), the routinely used drug. Methods: In vitro cultured parasites starting at 2% percentage of parasitemia (PPE) were treated with BPQ, ELQ-316, ID, and the combinations of BPQ + ELQ-316 and ID + ELQ-316 at drug concentrations that ranged from 25 to 1200 nM, during four consecutive days. The IC50% and IC99% were reported. Parasitemia levels were evaluated daily using microscopic examination. Data were compared using the non-parametrical Mann–Whitney and Kruskall–Wallis test. Results: All drugs tested, whether used alone or in combination, significantly decreased the survival (p < 0.05) of B. bovis in in vitro cultures. The combination of BPQ + ELQ-316 had the lowest calculated inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50%) values, 31.21 nM (IC95%: 15.06–68.48); followed by BPQ, 77.06 nM (IC95%: 70.16–86.01); ID + ELQ316, 197 nM (IC95%:129.0–311.2); ID, 635.1 nM (IC95%: 280.9–2119); and ELQ316, 654.9 nM (IC95%: 362.3–1411). Conclusions: The results reinforce the higher efficacy of BPQ at affecting B. bovis survival and the potential synergistic effects of its combination with ELQ-316, providing a promising treatment option against B. bovis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasmosis not only leads to abortion in humans but also in herbivores, which causes significant financial and quality-adjusted life-year losses. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in aborted fetuses via serological and molecular assays. Moreover, the genotypes of the obtained isolates were detected. Methods: Serological and molecular methods were used to study aborted fetuses from Bojnourd City, North Khorasan Province, Iran, which included 52 ovines and 16 bovines. Nested PCR of the B1 gene was used to detect parasite DNA in brain tissues. The PCR-RFLP method for the GRA6 gene was used to determine the genotype of T. gondii. Results: Out of 68 aborted fetuses, 16.1% showed the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG. Among these, 11.7% were identified in bovine fetuses and 4.4% in ovine fetuses. Additionally, two (2.94%) samples of ovine tested positive for anti-T. gondii IgM. Our PCR analysis detected parasite DNA in two cases (2.94%) among 11 IgG-positive samples. All obtained isolates belong to type I of T. gondii. Conclusion: Infection with Type I of T. gondii during the neonatal period may partly be responsible for abortion and economic losses in livestock farming in our studied region. To understand the molecular epidemiology and genotypes of T. gondii associated with abortion, further evaluation of aborted samples from different geographical locations is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: House flies are important carriers of diseases and can cause economic losses in livestock by reducing feeding activity. Overuse of chemical insecticides has led to resistance in many house fly populations worldwide. This study aimed to assess how two house fly populations in Antalya, Türkiye respond to the insecticides cyfluthrin and etofenprox. By exposing adult flies to these chemicals, the researcher found that the Kemer population showed very low resistance to cyfluthrin, while the Serik population exhibited moderate resistance. For etofenprox, Kemer flies showed no resistance, and Serik flies showed very low resistance. The findings suggest that integrated pest control methods and regular resistance monitoring are necessary to manage and prevent further resistance in house fly populations. The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant vector for many pathogens and parasites. Presence of this vector causes economic losses due to decreased feeding activity in livestock, resulting in reduced yields of products. The repeated and unconscious application of chemical insecticides has resulted in the development of resistance in the majority of house fly populations worldwide. The aim of this research was to determine the susceptibility levels of two field M. domestica populations to cyfluthrin and etofenprox in Antalya, Türkiye. The LD50 values, resistance ratios, and resistance status were determined by exposing adult house flies to the test chemicals for one hour. The Kemer population exhibited very low resistance to cyfluthrin, with a 5-fold increase, while the Serik population, in contrast, showed moderate resistance with a 29.67-fold increase. The resistance ratios of field populations to etofenprox were 2.33-fold (no resistance) for Kemer and 6.44-fold (very low resistance) for Serik, respectively. This is the first study to determine the resistance levels of house flies against cyfluthrin and etofenprox insecticides in Türkiye. To prevent or reduce the development of resistance to insecticides in house flies, integrated control methods and resistance management programs should be employed. Furthermore, it is advised that regular monitoring tests be conducted to observe the level of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) poses a significant threat to animal welfare and leads to economic losses in affected countries. LSD outbreaks may also impact trade and regional relationships. South and Southeast Asia, with its dense livestock population and intricate trade networks, are susceptible to LSD outbreaks. Indonesia confirmed its first LSD cases in March 2022, leading to substantial livestock losses by August 2023. Australia, an important player in the global beef industry, faced trade disruptions due to LSD concerns raised by Indonesia and Malaysia, claims that were refuted by Australian authorities. The dispute highlights the need for good surveillance. EPIWATCH®, employing artificial intelligence, provides real‐time outbreak signals, and spatial analysis can identify LSD hotspots, leading to timely interventions. This study uses data collected by the EPIWATCH® open‐source disease surveillance system at the University of New South Wales in 2022 and 2023 and compares it for timeliness and completeness with data available on the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). We found more timely reports of LSD outbreaks in EPIWATCH® compared to WAHIS. In conclusion, open‐source surveillance tools like EPIWATCH® can provide timely alerts of disease emergence, such as LSD outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, which can supplement formal reporting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colibacillosis caused by Escherichia coli causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector worldwide and is one of the calves' leading causes of diarrhea. Aim: This study aimed to identify the most frequent E. coli molecularly pathotypes in calves with diarrhea in six provinces of the Cajamarca region in the northern highlands of Peru. Methods: Twenty-eight herds of dairy cattle under a semi-intensive rearing system were evaluated; 95 samples were isolated from calves with diarrhea up to the first month of life, 62 males and 33 females, during the rainy season. Results: The presence of virulence genes of E. coli strains was more prevalent in males; the astA (89.47%), st (83.15%), and f5 (57.89%) genes were more expressed, and the lt (17.89%) and stx2 (1.05%) genes were less expressed. The eae gene (21.05%) was more present in females. Conclusion: When E. coli strains express virulence genes astA, st, and f5 and their atypical double, triple, and quadruple combination between different observed pathotypes, they give rise to the formation of several pathotypes by the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, which can cause colibacillosis processes in more virulent calves, which is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in calves in the region of Cajamarca, compromising the sanitary viability in the herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector by causing a loss in the quantity and quality of animal products and a loss in the breeding value of animals. Although the primary agent in CLA's etiology is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, some other opportunistic microorganisms also play a role. Therefore, the control and treatment of CLA necessitates the identification of the relevant etiological agents. This study aimed to conduct an in vitro culture and molecular characterization (PCR analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing) of the bacteria involved in sheep CLA cases reported in the Çankırı province of Türkiye and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the case isolates. In total, 82 (16.4%) of 500 sheep in five farms were diagnosed with CLA. Following the culture of the superficial abscesses samples, C. pseudotuberculosis was identified in 30 (36.59%) as a result of PCR, Pseudomonas spp. in 8 (9.76%), and Enterobacter cancerogenus in 1 (1.22%), as a result of 16S rRNA sequencing. These data revealed extensive heterogeneity among the Pseudomonas isolates, with hints of derivation from a common ancestry for some and phylogenetic similarity to isolates from Germany, Malaysia, and India. In contrast to the high susceptibility to cefoperazone and lincomycin, the high resistances of C. pseudotuberculosis and Pseudomonas spp. isolates to cephalothin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and bacitracin were remarkable. Based on these findings, it was concluded that for an effective treatment and control of ovine CLA cases, there is a need to consider the possible involvement of opportunistic bacteria other than the primary causative agent, C. pseudotuberculosis. It also contributed to increasing the country-specific sequence data and establishing new taxa from a universal perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a chronic and debilitating disease in humans, causing great economic losses in the livestock industry. Making an effective vaccine is one of the most important concerns for this disease. The new mRNA vaccine technology due to its accuracy and high efficiency has given promising results in various diseases. The objective of this research was to create a novel mRNA vaccine with multiple epitopes targeting Brucella melitensis. Seventeen antigenic proteins and their appropriate epitopes were selected with immunoinformatic tools and surveyed in terms of toxicity, allergenicity, and homology. Then, their presentation and identification by MHC cells and other immune cells were checked with valid tools such as molecular docking, and a multi-epitope protein was modeled, and after optimization, mRNA was analyzed in terms of structure and stability. Ultimately, the immune system's reaction to this novel vaccine was evaluated and the results disclosed that the designed mRNA construct can be an effective and promising vaccine that requires laboratory and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livelihoods of individuals in Ethiopia are severely affected by the livestock depredation from wild animals. The main objective of this study is to assess the incidences of livestock predation and pastoralist attitudes towards carnivore in the landscape of lions associated with Gambella National Park in the Abobo district of Western Ethiopia. The study was conducted between September 2017 and May 2018, utilizing a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Data analysis involved the utilization of multiple response analysis, Chi square test, Cramer's V and Cohen's Omega, Potential for Conflict Index2, and multinomial regression analysis. Anubis baboon (29.1%), leopard (20.5%), hyena (19.3%), lions (18.6%), and common fox (12.4%) were responsible for depriving cattle, sheep/goat, and fowls. The chi‐square test, along with Cramer's V and Cohen's Omega, indicated a relatively smaller effect size for the anubis baboon (ω = 0.220) and the common fox (ω = 0.164), implying a consistent trend of livestock depredation across villages. In contrast, medium effect size for leopards (ω = 0.466), hyenas (ω = 0.449), and lions (ω = 0.324) indicated that livestock depredation across villages was moderately inconsistent. In terms of preventive measures, barns and active guarding were reported options to protect their livestock, with a small effect size (ω = 0.257). Moreover, increased trend of livestock predation was perceived by informants with small effect size (ω = 0.227). Many respondents expressed a negative attitude (73.51%) towards wild animals than positive (8.60%) and neutral (17.90%) attitudes with a small effect size (ω = 0.181). The Potential for Conflict Index2 revealed a low consensus for acceptance of livestock depredation by different predators and skewed responses indicating the predominance of negative attitudes, regardless of livestock losses to predators. The regression model revealed that sociodemographic elements such as age, education, and occupation influence people's attitude. Hence, sustainable and culturally acceptable conservation measures are required to mitigate human‐wildlife​ conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, and Rift Valley fever virus are two under-researched zoonotic pathogens in Ethiopia. Potential outbreaks of these diseases, in light of the high dependency of nomadic pastoralists on their livestock, poses a risk to both human and animal health in addition to risking the pastoralists livelihoods. Our study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Q fever and Rift Valley fever in pastoral communities in the Afar region of north-eastern Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal findings: This cross-sectional study screened pastoralists (n = 323) and their livestock (n = 1377) for IgG antibodies to Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus. A seroprevalence for Q fever of 25.0% (95%CI 18.6–32.6) was found in pastoralists and 34.3% (95%CI 27.9–41.3) in livestock overall; with 51.9% in goats (95%CI 44.9–58.8), 39.9% in sheep (95%CI 24.6–51.2), 16.3% in camels (95%CI 10.4–24.6) and 8.8% in cattle (95%CI 5.0–15.0). For Rift Valley fever the seroprevalence in pastoralists was 6.1% (95%CI 3.3–11.0) and 3.9% (95%CI 2.6–5.7) in livestock overall; cattle had the highest seroprevalence (8.3%, 95%CI 3.3–19.2), followed by goats (2.7%; 95%CI 1.4–5.1), sheep (2.5%; 95%CI 1.0–5.9) and camels (1.8%; 95%CI 0.4–6.9). Human Q fever seropositivity was found to be associated with goat abortions (OR = 2.11, 95%CI 1.18–3.78, p = 0.011), while Rift Valley fever seropositivity in livestock was found to be associated with cattle abortions (OR = 2.52, 95%CI 1.05–6.08, p = 0.039). Conclusions/Significance: This study provides evidence for a notable exposure to both Q fever and Rift Valley fever in pastoralists and livestock in Afar. The outbreak potential of these pathogens warrants ongoing integrated human and animal surveillance requiring close collaboration of the human and animal health sectors with community representatives following a One Health approach. Author summary: Q fever and Rift Valley fever are two diseases that can affect both humans and animals, causing illness and death. These two diseases can cause large-scale outbreaks, not only affecting the health of individuals and communities but also resulting in a substantial economic loss at the individual, community, regional and national levels through losses in livestock products. We conducted a sero-epidemiological study in the Afar region of north-eastern Ethiopia to determine the presence of these two diseases in nomadic pastoralists and their livestock. Our results indicate that 25.0% of the pastoralists and 34.3% of their animals have had previous exposure to Q fever and 6.1% of the pastoralists and 3.9% of their animals have been exposed to Rift Valley fever. Goats appear to be the most common livestock species associated with Q fever in this region, while cattle are the most common species associated with Rift Valley fever. Our findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance; additionally, we would recommend the development of rapid response plans for potential outbreaks that integrate the human and animal health sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Getah virus (GETV) is an important zoonotic pathogen with an extensive host range, including horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, birds, and humans, resulting in substantial losses in the livestock and agricultural industries; as such, the prevalence and impact of GETV are significant concerns in China. In this study, the antigen domain of the E2 glycoprotein of GETV was expressed and purified in the Escherichia coli expression system, and an on-site immunochromatographic strip (ICS) was successfully developed to detect GETV antibodies in horses. The ICS has the advantages of being rapid, sensitive, specific, and is an effective method for the detection of GETV in horses that does not rely on special equipment or skilled personnel and can be used for the field diagnosis of GETV in horses. The prevalence and impact of Getah virus (GETV) are significant concerns in China. GETV can infect a wide range of animals, including horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, birds, and humans, resulting in substantial losses in the livestock and agricultural industries. GETV infection can cause the development of ulcers and inflammation in the mouth and gums of horses, which result in pain and discomfort and lead to symptoms such as reduced appetite, drooling, and difficulty chewing. As a result, there is a pressing need for efficient and rapid disease diagnosis methods. However, the currently available diagnostic methods have limitations in terms of operational time, equipment, and the experience of the individuals using them. In this study, a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection method was developed using a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) for the detection of antibodies against GETV in horses. To prepare the ICS, the antigen domain of the E2 glycoprotein of GETV was expressed using the Escherichia coli expression system after analysis with DNAstar v7.1 software. The nitrocellulose membrane was coated with rE2 protein or SPA to form the test line and control line, respectively. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the strip were verified. The results showed that the test strip had a detection limit of up to 1:320 dilutions for GETV-positive serum, with no cross-reactivity observed with other equine-susceptible pathogens such as equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-I), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Furthermore, the ICS exhibited a concordance rate of 94.0% when testing 182 clinical serum samples compared to the virus neutralization test. Overall, this ICS diagnosis method will be an effective tool for the rapid detection of GETV in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm)—a highly pathogenic gastric nematode of ruminants—causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. H. contortus has become a valuable model organism for both fundamental and applied research (e.g., drug and vaccine discovery) because of the availability of well-defined laboratory strains (e.g., MHco3(ISE).N1 in the UK and Haecon-5 in Australia) and genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data sets. Many recent investigations have relied heavily on the use of the chromosome-contiguous genome of MHco3(ISE).N1 in the absence of a genome for Haecon-5. However, there has been no genetic comparison of these and other strains to date. Here, we assembled and characterised the mitochondrial genome (14.1 kb) of Haecon-5 and compared it with that of MHco3(ISE).N1 and two other strains (i.e., McMaster and NZ_Hco_NP) from Australasia. We detected 276 synonymous and 25 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within Haecon-5. Between the Haecon-5 and MHco3(ISE).N1 strains, we recorded 345 SNPs, 31 of which were non-synonymous and linked to fixed amino acid differences in seven protein-coding genes (nad5, nad6, nad1, atp6, nad2, cytb and nad4) between these strains. Pronounced variation (344 and 435 SNPs) was seen between Haecon-5 and each of the other two strains from Australasia. The question remains as to what impact these mitogenomic mutations might have on the biology and physiology of H. contortus, which warrants exploration. The high degree of mitogenomic variability recorded here among these strains suggests that further work should be undertaken to assess the nature and extent of the nuclear genomic variation within H. contortus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orf virus (ORFV) poses a serious threat to the health of domestic small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats) and humans on a global scale, causing around $150 million in annual losses to livestock industry. However, the host factors involved in ORFV infection and replication are still elusive. In this study, we compared the RNA-seq profiles of ORFV-infected or non-infected sheep testicular interstitial cells (STICs) and identified a novel host gene, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 4 (KCNE4), as a key host factor involved in the ORFV infection. Both RNA-seq data and RT-qPCR assay revealed a significant increase in the expression of KCNE4 in the infected STICs from 9 to 48 h post infection (hpi). On the other hand, the RT-qPCR assay detected a decrease in ORFV copy number in both the STICs transfected by KCNE4 siRNA and the KCNE4 knockout (KO) HeLa cells after the ORFV infection, together with a reduced fluorescence ratio of ORFV-GFP in the KO HeLa cells at 24 hpi, indicating KCNE4 to be critical for the ORFV infection. Furthermore, the attachment and internalization assays showed decreased ORFV attachment, internalization, replication, and release by the KO HeLa cells, demonstrating a potential inhibition of ORFV entry into the cells by KCNE4. Pretreatment with the KCNE4 inhibitors such as quinidine and fluoxetine significantly repressed the ORFV infection. All our findings reveal KCNE4 as a novel host regulator of the ORFV entry and replication, shedding new insight into the interactive mechanism of ORFV infection. The study also highlights the K+ channels as possible druggable targets to impede viral infection and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are significant pathogen in both cattle and pigs, causing diarrhea in these animals and leading to economic losses in the livestock industry. Understanding the dissimilarity in genotype, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence between bovine and swine ETEC is crucial for development of targeted preventive and therapeutic approaches for livestock. However, a comprehensive study on this area remains lacking. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencingbased analyses of bovine (n = 554) and swine (n = 623) ETEC collected in the United States over a 53-year period. We identified distinct ETEC genotypes (fimH type, O antigen, H antigen, sequence type) in cattle and pigs. Furthermore, specific AMR and virulence profiles were associated with bovine and swine ETEC. Compared to swine ETEC, bovine ETEC were less diverse in genotypes and had a significantly (P < 0.001) lower number of AMR genes per isolate but higher co-occurrence of Shiga toxin and enterotoxin genes. Our results provide an overview of the key genomic differences between bovine and swine ETEC in the United States, which might be attributed to host adaptation and antibiotic usage practice. Ongoing surveillance and research are essential to monitor the genetic diversity and AMR patterns of ETEC in different host species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Theileria annulata infection in cattle causes major economic losses in livestock production in many Central Asian countries, including the southern region of Kazakhstan. This study aimed to obtain a recombinant T. annulata surface protein (TaSP) and to investigate its possible use as an antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of bovine theileriosis. Materials and Methods: Recombinant TaSP was obtained by cloning a polymorphic region of the TaSP gene, expressing it in Escherichia coli strain BL21, and purifying it by metal chelating chromatography. An indirect ELISA using recombinant TaSP as an antigen was developed and evaluated for the detection of T. annulata-specific antibodies in plasma samples from 69 cows polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive or PCR-negative for T. annulata and/or Theileria orientalis from southern Kazakhstan. Results: The obtained recombinant protein had a molecular weight of 32 kDa, and mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein identified it as a fragment of the surface protein of T. annulata. Initial testing of 69 field plasma samples from cattle showed that the results of indirect ELISA using TaSP as an antigen agreed substantially with those of T. annulata PCR (κ: 0.78). The relative sensitivity and specificity of indirect ELISA were 88.7% and 100%, respectively, using PCR as a reference. There was no evidence of cross-reaction with T. orientalis. Conclusion: Initial results using recombinant TaSP as an antigen in indirect ELISA are promising and support the widespread use of this assay for routine diagnosis and T. annulata seroprevalence studies in cattle in Kazakhstan and possibly neighboring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important etiological agents that causes serious economic losses to the global livestock industry. Vaccines usually provide limited efficacy against BVDV due to the emergence of mutant strains. Therefore, developing novel strategies to combat BVDV infection is urgently needed. Bergamottin (Berg), a natural furanocoumarin compound, possesses various pharmaceutical bioactivities, but its effect on BVDV infection remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the antiviral effect and underlying mechanism of Berg against BVDV infection. The results showed that Berg exhibited an inhibitory effect on BVDV replication in MDBK cells by disrupting the viral replication and release, rather than directly inactivating virus particles. Mechanistically, Berg inhibits BVDV replication by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis via reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Studies in vivo demonstrated that oral gavage of Berg at doses of 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg significantly reduced the viral load within the intestines and spleen in BVDV-challenged mice. Furthermore, histopathological damage and oxidative stress caused by BVDV were also mitigated with Berg treatment. Our data indicated that Berg suppressed BVDV propagation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it as a promising antiviral option against BVDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma (T.) gondii and Neospora (N.) caninum are two significant abortifacient apicomplexan protozoa causing severe economic losses in livestock farming. This study was designed to investigate the serological status of T. gondii and N. caninum in sheep and goats across the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye, including some provinces bordering Syria and Iraq. Totally, 906 serum samples collected from female sheep (n=510) and goats (n=396) were investigated for specific antibodies against these protozoa by recombinant TgSAG2 and NcSAG1 protein-based indirect ELISA (iELISA). The individual seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in sheep was determined as 32.6 and 3.1%, respectively, while the seroprevalence of infection with both species was 33.1%. On the other hand, T. gondii and N. caninum seroprevalence in goats were 32.1 and 20.2%, respectively, while the total seroprevalence of infection with both species was 39.4%. The highest seroprevalence values for T. gondii (P<0.05) and N. caninum (P>0.05) were determined in sheep from Diyarbakır and Mardin provinces, respectively, while in goats, higher seroprevalence values for both protozoa were determined in Diyarbakır province compared to other provinces (P<0.05). Statistical analyses revealed that seroprevalence values varying between provinces were significant (P<0.05), except for ovine neosporosis (P>0.05) and when seroprevalence values between animal species were compared, caprine neosporosis was statistically significantly higher (P<0.05). The fact that 35.9% of the small ruminants enrolled in the study had been exposed to abortive apicomplexan protozoa during their lives is a serious concern, given the zoonotic aspects of these protozoa and the economic damage they can cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) are the three members of the genus Capripoxvirus within the Poxviridae family and are the etiologic agents of sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD), respectively. LSD, GTP, and SPP are endemic in Africa and Asia, causing severe disease outbreaks with significant economic losses in livestock. Incursions of SPP and LSD have occurred in Europe. Vaccination with live attenuated homologous and heterologous viruses are routinely implemented to control these diseases. Using the gold standard virus neutralization test, we studied the ability of homologous and heterologous sera to neutralize the SPPV and LSDV. We found that LSD and SPP sera effectively neutralize their homologous viruses, and GTP sera can neutralize SPPV. However, while LSD sera effectively neutralizes SPPV, SPP and GTP sera cannot neutralize the LSDV to the same extent. We discuss the implications of these observations in disease assay methodology and heterologous vaccine efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus that affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic losses in the livestock industry. Given that this high-risk pathogen has to be handled in a biosafety level (BSL)-3 facility for safety reasons and the limited availability of BSL-3 laboratories, experiments on FMDV call for more attention. Therefore, we aimed to develop an FMDV experimental model that can be handled in BSL-2 laboratories. The NanoBiT luciferase (Nano-luc) assay is a well-known assay for studying protein–protein interactions. To apply the NanoBiT split luciferase assay to the diagnosis and evaluation of FMD, we developed an inactivated HiBiT-tagged Asia1 Shamir FMDV (AS-HiBiT), a recombinant Asia1 shamir FMDV with HiBiT attached to the VP1 region of Asia1 shamir FMDV. In addition, we established LgBiT-expressing LF-BK cell lines, termed LgBit-LF-BK cells. It was confirmed that inactivated AS-HiBiT infected LgBiT-LF-BK cells and produced a luminescence signal by binding to the intracellular LgBiT of LgBiT-LF-BK cells. In addition, the luminescence signal became stronger as the number of LgBiT-LF-BK cells increased or the concentration of inactivated AS-HiBiT increased. Moreover, we confirmed that inactivated AS-HiBiT can detect seroconversion in sera positive for FMDV-neutralizing antibodies. This NanoBiT split luciferase assay system can be used for the diagnosis and evaluation of FMD and expanded to FMD-like virus models to facilitate the evaluation of FMDV vaccines and antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to provide data on the incidence rates of congenital anomalies and their distribution by organs and systems in calves, lambs and kids brought to Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Vetrinary Medicine, Surgery Clinic between 2017-2023. The animal material of the study consisted of 1104 ruminants, including 886 calves, 183 lambs and 35 kids, aged 0-6 months. In addition to clinical examination, anomalies were diagnosed by using direct and indirect radiographic examinations when necessary. In some cases, a definitive diagnosis was made by performing experimental laparotomy based on clinical and radiological examinations. 341 out of 1104 ruminants, including 234 calves, 96 lambs and 11 kids, suffered from congenital anomalies. Of the ruminants with congenital anomalies, 208 (61.00%) were male, 132 (38.70%) female and 1 (0.30%) hermaphrodite. Abdominal wall anomalies were determined with the highest number of 112 (32.9%) cases. These were followed by musculoskeletal system anomalies in 83 (24.4%) cases and gastrointestinal system anomalies in 56 (16.5%) cases. Head region anomalies occurred in 41 cases (12.1%), urinary system anomalies in 23 cases (6.8%) and CNS anomalies in 9 cases (2.6%). Multiple anomalies were recorded in 16 (4.7%) cases. In conclusion, congenital anomalies are frequently seen as pathologies in ruminants in our country, especially in our region. Avoiding inbreeding, making artificial insemination widespread, improving the care and nutrition of the dam during pregnancy, correcting adverse environmental conditions and eliminating stress factors, avoiding over-the-counter medication misuse during pregnancy and most importantly informing field veterinarians and animal owners about the subject will contribute to the prevention of congenital malformations and losses in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contagious and economically devastating, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease affecting goats and sheep, causing significant losses in livestock productivity and posing a threat to food security and rural livelihoods worldwide. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the status of goat farmer's knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about PPR disease at Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Methods: A comprehensive cross‐sectional survey, conducted over 11 weeks, targeted 130 goat owners. Following a pilot study with 20 farmers, a set of 17 validated questions on PPR KAP was validated. Data collection was performed through face‐to‐face interviews by a trained team using KOBO Toolbox, with interpretation of responses based on established thresholds for knowledge (>65%), attitude (>75%) and practice (>70%). Results: Overall, 67.7% of participants demonstrated a good level of knowledge about PPR disease. Males exhibited 1.42 times higher odds of knowledge compared to females (odds ratio = 1.42). The middle age group (31–45 years) showed significantly higher knowledge levels (83.3%, p < 0.001). Within this age group, positive practice levels were also notably higher (54.8%). Those with a higher secondary education background exhibited the most positive practice levels (>80%). Participants whose additional income came from non‐governmental organization employment showed a higher positive practice level (71.4%), 1.46 times higher than other income sources. Conclusion: Strategic interventions should prioritize female farmers, educational empowerment and collaboration with non‐governmental organizations to bolster livestock health and rural livelihoods in Bangladesh as part of national PPR control strategy to fulfil the goals of Office International des Epizooties/World Organization for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) PPR eradication by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection that has significant effects on public health and causes economic losses in the livestock industry. The current study was designed to detect the Toxoplasma parasite in sheep blood samples and tissue samples of slaughtered sheep at the Sulaimani abattoir using molecular technique. A total of 300 peripheral sheep blood samples were randomly collected from 20 small ruminant flocks at 4 locations in the Sulaymaniyah province, northern Iraq. Also, 150 meat samples from thigh muscle, heart, and diaphragm were collected from slaughtered sheep. All collected blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to confirm Toxoplasma infection; in addition, meat samples were also analyzed for Toxoplasma by PCR following the digestion process. Of the 300 amplified blood samples, 94 were considered positive for Toxoplasma gondii, with a prevalence rate of 31.3%. The overall prevalence of Toxoplasma among meat samples was 34%. The diaphragm reported a higher infection rate (46%) than the heart (32%), while the femoral muscle reported an infection rate of 24%. Aged animals (older than 24 months) presented a higher infection rate (32.8%) than younger animals (28.9%). Contact with or consumption of uncooked meat from infected sheep increases the chance of parasite transmission to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is about calving in cattle and its stages. It is mentioned that the transition is a period of approximately 42 days that covers three weeks before and three weeks after calving. Calving is a key stage in the cow's transition, as it conditions her productive and reproductive life. Additionally, it is mentioned that dystocia, or difficulty in calving, causes economic losses in livestock due to increased calf mortality, calf morbidity in the first 30 days of life, trauma to the birth canal in the mother, decreased milk production, and increased risk of involuntary culling. The premonitory signs of calving and its stages are also mentioned. The cervix actively participates in its dilation before calving in cows. Uterine contractions begin at the end of gestation and gradually increase until the moment of calving. During the cervical dilation phase, the fetus acquires righting reflexes and extends its carpal joints. The expulsion of the fetus occurs through uterine and abdominal contractions. After calving, the expulsion of the placenta occurs. It is recommended to perform obstetric examination before and after calving to detect possible complications. The article discusses the importance of separating the calf from its mother immediately after calving to reduce the risk of infections and maternal stress. It is mentioned that contact between the mother and the calf improves antibody absorption in the newborn calf. The use of a "cuddle box" is recommended to maintain the mother-calf relationship and reduce the risk of infection for the calf. The importance of disinfecting the calf's umbilicus and applying navel dips is also mentioned. The article highlights the importance of proper calving management for the cow's future productivity and reproductive success. [Extracted from the article]

Dicrocoelium lancet flukes cause significant production loss in ruminant livestock. Although co-infection with multiple Dicrocoelium species within a host is common, techniques for studying the composition of these complex parasite communities are lacking. The pathogenicity, epidemiology, and therapeutic susceptibility of different helminth species vary, and little is known about the interactions that take place between co-infecting species and their hosts. Here, we describe the first applicationof metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method to studythe Dicrocoelium species in sheep and goats. First, rDNA ITS-2 sequences of four Dicrocoelium species (Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Dicrocoelium hospes, Dicrocoelium orientalis, and Dicrocoelium chinensis) were extracted from the NCBI public database. Phylogenetic analysis revealed separate clades of Dicrocoelium species; hence, molecular differentiation between each species is possible in co-infections. Second, 202 flukes belonging to seventeen host populations (morphologically verified as belonging to the Dicrocoelium genus) were evaluated to determine the deep amplicon sequencing read threshold of an individual fluke for each of the four species. The accuracy of the method in proportional quantification of samples collected from single hosts was further assessed. Overall, 198 (98.01%) flukes were confirmed as D. dendriticum and 1.98% produced no reads. The comparison of genetic distances between rDNA ITS-2 revealed 86% to 98% identity between the Dicrocoelium species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a distinct clustering of species, apart from D. orientalis and D. chinensis, which sit very close to each other in a single large clade whereas D. hospes and D. dendriticum are separated into their own clade. In conclusion each sample was identified as D. dendriticum based on the proportion of MiSeq reads and validated the presence of this group of parasites in the Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan. The metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing technology and bioinformatics pathway have several potential applications, including species interactions during co-infections, identifying the host and geographical distribution of Dicrocoelium in livestock, drug therapy response evaluation and understanding of the emergence and spread of drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia [CBPP] is a transboundary animal disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides [Mmm]. CBPP causes severe economic losses to livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to high mortality, morbidity, reduction in productivity as well as livestock trade restrictions. This study aimed at determining seroprevalence of Mmm in cattle from Karamoja region, north-eastern Uganda; data that are required to design and implement risk based CBPP control program. Methods: We randomly collected blood samples from 2,300 cattle spread across Karamoja region. Serum was extracted and screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides [Mmm] using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [cELISA]. Results: A quarter [25.4%; 95% CI: 23.7–27.3] of the screened cattle [n = 2,300] were sero-positive for Mmm. Amudat and Kaabong districts recorded the lowest [12.3%] and highest [30.7%] Mmm seroprevalence respectively. Increasing age, overnight stay in cattle kraals and location [certain districts, villages, herds and sub counties] of the cattle herds, the factors that promote animal commingling, were the most significant risk factors of seroconversion with Mmm. Conclusion: Results from this study indicated a higher seroprevalence of Mmm in Karamoja region cattle herds. This could be due to the increased frequency of CBPP outbreaks in recent years. To be effective, CBPP vaccination programs should target high risk herds along the international borders and other hotspot areas [e.g., parishes or sub counties] where cattle commingling is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas are important for wildlife conservation but they are also used by many local communities for livelihood activities. This often leads to conflicts and erodes the tolerance of local people for wildlife, particularly towards carnivores that prey on livestock. To enhance conservation success and improve the social carrying capacity of carnivores, it is essential to understand the factors influencing such conflicts and the attitudes of people interacting with carnivores. We used structured questionnaire surveys to assess the extent of livestock mortality and community responses to common leopards Panthera pardus in Kishtwar National Park, a relatively understudied protected area in the Greater Himalayan region of India. The mountainous Park and its surroundings have historically served as a haven for the local agro-pastoralists and transhumant pastoralists, resulting in complex human–wildlife interactions across the larger landscape. Our results showed that leopards were responsible for high livestock depredation (71 incidents in 2 years), and households with larger livestock holdings experienced a higher predation rate compared to those with smaller livestock holdings. An ordinal logistic regression model revealed that respondents' age and period of activity in the Park significantly influenced their opinions regarding leopards. Large losses suffered by otherwise low-income households resulted in more negative attitudes towards these predators. Our study indicates that financial compensation for livestock losses is a key factor in improving human–leopard coexistence. A comprehensive, cross-sector collaborative approach would help to improve conflict resolution and promote favourable attitudes towards these predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Bovine anaplasmosis (BA) is one of the most important diseases of ruminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses in the livestock industry due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. Anaplasma marginale is the main causative agent of BA occurring worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to investigate the first molecular detection and genetic diversity of A. marginale in dairy cattle in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 385 lactating cows from 40 dairy farms in five districts of Khon Kaen, regardless of age and health status. To detect A. marginale, all DNA preparations were used for molecular diagnosis using a single polymerase chain reaction with the msp4 gene target. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the msp4 gene sequences using molecular genetic characterization. Genetic diversity was calculated as haplotype diversity, haplotype number, number of nucleotide differences, nucleotide diversity, and average number of nucleotide differences. Results: The overall prevalence of A. marginale was 12.72% (49/385). The highest prevalence (17.19%) was found in Ubolratana district, followed by Muang, Kranuan, Khao Suan Kwang, and Nam Phong districts (14.94%, 14.74%, 13.79%, and 3.70%, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. marginale was closely related to isolates from Australia (98.96%), China (99.68%), Spain (99.74%), and the USA (99.63%). Conclusion: The molecular prevalence of BA in dairy cattle is the first to be observed in this area, and the genetic variability with separated clusters shown in the msp4 gene of A. marginale revealed species variation in dairy cattle. This significant genetic diversity contributes to the understanding of the diversity of A. marginale and will be important for the control and prevention of A. marginale in dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apicomplexan haemoparasites generate significant morbidity and mortality in humans and other animals, particularly in many low‐to‐middle income countries. Malaria caused by Plasmodium remains responsible for some of the highest numbers of annual deaths of any human pathogen, whilst piroplasmids, such as Babesia and Theileria can have immense negative economic effects through livestock loss. Diagnosing haemoparasites via traditional methods like microscopy is challenging due to low‐level and transient parasitaemia. PCR‐based diagnostics overcome these limitations by being both highly sensitive and specific, but they may be unable to accurately detect coinfections or identify novel species. In contrast, next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based methods can characterize all pathogens from a group of interest concurrently, although, the short‐read platforms previously used have been limited in the taxonomic resolution achievable. Here, we used Oxford Nanopore Technologies' (ONT) long‐read MinION™ sequencer to conduct apicomplexan haemoparasite metabarcoding via sequencing the near full‐length 18S ribosomal RNA gene, demonstrating its ability to detect Babesia, Hepatozoon, Neospora, Plasmodium, Theileria and Toxoplasma species. This method was tested on blood‐extracted DNA from 100 dogs and the results benchmarked against qPCR and Illumina‐based metabarcoding. For two common haemoparasites, nanopore sequencing performed as well as qPCR (kappa agreement statistics > 0.98), whilst also detecting one pathogen, Hepatozoon felis, missed by the other techniques. The long‐reads obtained by nanopore sequencing provide an improved species‐level taxonomic resolution whilst the method's broad applicability mean it can be used to explore apicomplexan communities from diverse mammalian hosts, on a portable sequencer that easily permits adaptation to field use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in eLife discusses the importance of monitoring livestock pregnancy loss in order to protect the health and productivity of food animals. The research, conducted in Tanzania, aimed to identify abortion-causing pathogens and their impact on livestock. The study found that abortions occurred more frequently during the dry season and in exotic and cross-bred animals. Identifying the causes of abortion can help prioritize disease control strategies and improve livestock management. However, the study was limited in the number of microorganisms tested, and expanding this number could provide further insights. [Extracted from the article]

Border disease virus (BDV), a member of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family, is known to inflict significant economic losses on livestock farms due to its association with reproductive disorders and persistent infections in sheep and goats. However, comprehensive epidemiological investigations of BDV in China are scarce. This study examined BDV infection in sheep from Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, utilizing metagenomic sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Among the 96 serum samples analyzed, only one tested positive for BDV nucleotide sequence, yielding a prevalence rate of 1.0%. A total of 11,985 nt long genome sequences was amplified, which showed nucleotide identities ranging from 76.6% to 87.2% and amino acid identities ranging from 85.2% to 93.2% with other BDV strains worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis unequivocally placed the viral strain within genotype BDV-3, showing a close genetic affinity with strain JSLS12-01 identified in Jiangsu province, China. Furthermore, selection pressure analyses suggested that purifying selection predominantly influenced the evolutionary dynamics of BDV genomes. This study marks the inaugural detection of BDV in sheep within Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, thereby enhancing our understanding of the extensive genetic diversity and geographical distribution of BDV strains across the country. These findings hold relevance for the livestock industry and disease surveillance efforts, offering valuable insights into the prevalence and genetic characteristics of BDV in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a significant bacterial pathogen that causes substantial economic losses to the livestock industry by infecting ruminants. In our previous study, we successfully isolated and identified a strain of M. haemolytica from Hainan Black goats. However, the pathogenicity of this strain and the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between M. haemolytica and animals have not been investigated. In this study, we constructed a M. haemolytica infection model in mice to analyze the histopathology of the bacterial infection and explore the immune mechanisms employed by the murine spleen to resist M. haemolytica infection. (1) Background: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse infection model was established using a M. haemolytica strain isolated from goats. Histopathological observations were conducted on various organs of the mice, and bacterial load determination and RNA-seq analysis were specifically performed on the spleens of the mice. (3) Results: The findings of this study suggest that chemokines, potentially present in the spleen of mice following a M. haemolytica challenge, may induce the migration of leukocytes to the spleen and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory factors through a negative feedback regulation mechanism. Additionally, an interesting observation was made regarding the potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells congregating in the spleen to differentiate into immune cells, which could potentially collaborate with leukocytes in their efforts to counteract M. haemolytica invasion. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the immune regulation mechanism induced by M. haemolytica in the mouse spleen, providing valuable insights into host–pathogen interactions and offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, control, and treatment of mannheimiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the primary cause of severe intestinal diseases in piglets. Porcine rotaviruses (PoRVs) are widely prevalent in Chinese farms, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. However, isolation of PoRVs is challenging, and their pathogenicity in piglets is not well understood. (2) Methods: We conducted clinical testing on a farm in Jiangsu Province, China, and isolated PoRV by continuously passaging on MA104 cells. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of the isolated strain in piglets was investigated. The piglets of the PoRV-infection group were orally inoculated with 1 mL of 1.0 × 106 TCID50 PoRV, whereas those of the mock-infection group were fed with an equivalent amount of DMEM. (3) Results: A G5P[23] genotype PoRV strain was successfully isolated from one of the positive samples and named RVA/Pig/China/JS/2023/G5P[23](JS). The genomic constellation of this strain was G5-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Sequence analysis revealed that the genes VP3, VP7, NSP2, and NSP4 of the JS strain were closely related to human RVAs, whereas the remaining gene segments were closely related to porcine RVAs, indicating a reassortment between porcine and human strains. Furthermore, infection of 15-day-old piglets with the JS strain resulted in a diarrheal rate of 100% (8 of 8) and a mortality rate of 37.5% (3 of 8). (4) Conclusions: The isolated G5P[23] genotype rotavirus strain, which exhibited strong pathogenicity in piglets, may have resulted from recombination between porcine and human strains. It may serve as a potential candidate strain for developing vaccines, and its immunogenicity can be tested in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) predominate in areas proximal to wildlife rich protected zones. Whereas herbivore driven HWC is easy to detect, the stealth, nocturnal and predacious nature of carnivores leads to human injury and fatality, livestock depredation and loss of livelihoods in communities proximal to Sengwa Wildlife Research Area (SWRA) in northwest Zimbabwe. This study aimed to: (1) determine the nature of human-hyaena conflicts (HHCs), (2) explore the drivers of HHCs and (3) investigate the spatial and temporal movement patterns of hyaenas in HHC hotspots in areas proximal to SWRA. The results indicated that prevalent HHC types include livestock depredation, property damage, harassment, nuisance and disruption of human movements around SWRA. Locals indicated removal of park fences, human settlement on wildlife migration corridors, increases in hyaena populations, easy stray livestock targets, increased poaching and removal of natural wildlife death carcasses by illegal hunters as key drivers of HHC. Hyaenas have a predetermined non-seasonal movement pattern following traditional wildlife migration corridors through SWRA into proximal communities. Human-hyaena conflict abatement strategies should be underpinned by indigenous local knowledge of hyaena movement and hunting patterns. Integrating citizen science data and remote sensing techniques aids to track and understand movement and hunting patterns of hyaenas inside and outside of protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation in the legal status and management of wolves (Canis lupus) across EU Member States provides a good opportunity to test the effectiveness of different practices to reduce livestock losses. This opportunity for testing is particularly useful for lethal interventions, as they are among the most controversial actions within the large carnivore management toolbox. We aimed to test a conservation compromise adopted in Slovakia, based on a public wolf‐hunting scheme and annual hunting quotas between 2014 and 2019, and partially justified to reduce livestock losses. We assessed whether this hunting scheme influenced livestock depredation levels (at the district level). Wolves in the area fed mainly on wild ungulates (98.9% of consumed biomass). While domestic sheep comprised only 0.5% of the diet, they were dominant among the reported livestock killed by wolves (91.1%). Using two different approaches, we did not observe a relationship between the number of killed wolves and livestock losses. Alternatively, a negative relationship between wild prey biomass and livestock losses was found. Since 2021, public wolf hunting has not been conducted in Slovakia, and there is no merit in the previous justification for this conservation compromise to reduce livestock losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enteric viruses in animals are responsible for severe and devastating losses to the livestock owners with a profound negative impact on animal, health, welfare, and productivity. These viruses are usually transmitted via the feco-oral route and primarily infect the digestive tract of the humans, bovines and different mammals as well as birds. Some of the important enteric viruses in ruminants are: Rotavirus A (RVA), Peste des petits virus (PPRV), Norovirus (NV), Bovine corona virus (BoCV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV). In the present study, sensitive, specific and reliable TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCRs were developed and standardized for the rapid detection and quantification of enteric viruses from fecal samples. The assays result in efficient amplification of the RVA, BTV and BoCV RNA with a limit of detection (LoD) of 5, 5 and 4 copies, respectively, which is 1000 times more sensitive than the traditional gel-based RT-PCR. The reproducibility of each assay was satisfactory, thus allowing for a sensitive and accurate measurement of the viral RNA load in clinical samples. In conclusion, real time PCR developed for these viruses are highly specific and sensitive technique for the detection of diarrheic viral pathogens of cattle and buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for solutions to relieve heat stress and its undesirable effects on broiler production increased, especially in hot climatic areas. The antioxidant and immune stimulant effects of herbal extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Cichorium intybus (Chicory) and Allium porrum (Leek) were examined against the adverse effects of heat stress in broilers. One thousand Cobb 500 one-day-old chicks were used for this experiment. Birds were divided into four equal groups. The first served as the control group. The second received Amla extract (3 g/kg diet), the third received Chicory extract (3 g/kg diet) and the last group received Leek extracts (3 g/kg diet). All groups were daily subjected to heat stress for 12 h by increasing house temperature to 8 ± 2 °C (10:00 am to 10:00 pm daily) using an electric heater, while relative humidity was kept at 47 ± 3%. Results revealed significant improvement in final body weight in treated groups, especially the Chicory and Amla-fed groups. Total weight gain was improved by dietary supplementation with herbal extracts, while feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality percentage were reduced. The positive impact of the herbal extracts was also clear on carcase traits in the treated groups. Meat and serum lipids were significantly reduced in treated groups. White blood cells, phagocytic index and antioxidant enzyme levels were positively improved by dietary supplementations. In conclusion, using Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts positively improved broilers' growth performance, immunity and oxidative stress status under heat stress conditions. Heat stress causes huge economic losses in livestock production worldwide. Herbal extracts are rich in antioxidants at low prices than other feed additives. Herbal extracts can enhance the defense system and reduce the negative effects of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pestiviruses, including classical swine fever virus, remain a concern for global animal health and are responsible for major economic losses of livestock worldwide. Despite high levels of vaccination, currently available commercial vaccines are limited by safety concerns, moderate efficacy, and required high doses. The development of new vaccines is therefore essential. Vaccine efforts should focus on optimizing antigen presentation to enhance immune responses. Here, we describe a simple herringbone‐dimer strategy for efficient vaccine design, using the classical swine fever virus E2 expressed in a rice endosperm as an example. The expression of rE2 protein was identified, with the rE2 antigen accumulating to 480 mg/kg. Immunological assays in mice, rabbits, and pigs showed high antigenicity of rE2. Two immunizations with 284 ng of the rE2 vaccine or one shot with 5.12 μg provided effective protection in pigs without interference from pre‐existing antibodies. Crystal structure and small‐angle X‐ray scattering results confirmed the stable herringbone dimeric conformation, which had two fully exposed duplex receptor binding domains. Our results demonstrated that rice endosperm is a promising platform for precise vaccine design, and this strategy can be universally applied to other Flaviviridae virus vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In much of southern Africa, the leopard (Panthera pardus) is the last remaining large carnivore outside protected areas. We collected leopard scat (n = 82) opportunistically to determine the diet of leopards on small livestock farms and an adjacent national park in semi‐arid Namaqualand, South Africa. We quantified prey availability using camera traps (n = 163 stations) in an 810 km2 grid. Leopards strongly preferred (D > 0.5) rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), but goats (Capra hircus) were consumed in highest biomass. Conservation strategies to decrease livestock losses and minimise leopard persecution are needed in Namaqualand and more broadly on livestock farmland neighbouring‐protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual crises of COVID-19 and climate change are impacting the lives of adolescents and young people as they transition to adulthood in an uncertain world, yet they are often excluded from research and political discourse. We surveyed young people about their needs and experiences, critical to engaging them and designing effective programs and policies to address these intersecting harms. The 2022 round of a national online survey through the Violence Outcomes in COVID-19 Epoch (VoCes) Study surveyed 152,088 Mexican youth (15–24 years). Logistic regressions were implemented to identify characteristics associated with four climate responses (economic, work-related, receiving government support, or social network support). Overall, 8.1% of participants experienced a recent climate hazard, with major impacts including housing damage from floods, and crop/livestock losses from drought. Participants who experienced a climate hazard were more likely to have experienced a pandemic-related harm, suggesting a dual impact. Poor youth were more likely to report economic losses from both the pandemic and a climate event but least likely to receive government support. Economic effects from the pandemic are exacerbating climate-related harms, unequally threatening the poorest youth. Engaging young people in decision-making and supporting the most vulnerable youth is critical for the next generation to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual crises of COVID-19 and climate change are impacting the lives of adolescents and young people as they transition to adulthood in an uncertain world, yet they are often excluded from research and political discourse. We surveyed young people about their needs and experiences, critical to engaging them and designing effective programs and policies to address these intersecting harms. The 2022 round of a national online survey through the Violence Outcomes in COVID-19 Epoch (VoCes) Study surveyed 152,088 Mexican youth (15–24 years). Logistic regressions were implemented to identify characteristics associated with four climate responses (economic, work-related, receiving government support, or social network support). Overall, 8.1% of participants experienced a recent climate hazard, with major impacts including housing damage from floods, and crop/livestock losses from drought. Participants who experienced a climate hazard were more likely to have experienced a pandemic-related harm, suggesting a dual impact. Poor youth were more likely to report economic losses from both the pandemic and a climate event but least likely to receive government support. Economic effects from the pandemic are exacerbating climate-related harms, unequally threatening the poorest youth. Engaging young people in decision-making and supporting the most vulnerable youth is critical for the next generation to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Parasitic diseases, including trematode invasions, result in losses to livestock in Indonesia, hindering the government's efforts to achieve meat self-sufficiency. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Amphistomes and Fasciola in large ruminants reared by smallholder farmers. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from 199 buffalo and cattle were collected from the districts of East Lampung (Lampung Province) and Lebak (Banten Province). Fecal samples were examined for the presence of trematode eggs using a sedimentation technique. Results: Parasite invasion rate was 48.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.3%-55.2%). Rate of invasion was 63.3% (95% CI: 52.7%-73.9%) in Lampung and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.6%-47.0%) in Lebak-Banten. The prevalence of multiple invasions of both Amphistomes and Fasciola was 20% in buffalo and local cattle, whereas invasion rate was 12.8% in crossbred cattle. Invasion rate of Amphistomes alone was 27.1%, and that of Fasciola was 4.5%. A higher invasion rate of Amphistomes (29.8%) occurred in crossbred animals. There were no significant differences between age groups for trematode invasion. The Chi-square test showed that the prevalence of trematode invasion in females was significantly higher than in males (51.5% and 30.0%, respectively). Amphistomes more commonly infected females than males (29.0% and 16.7%, respectively). Conclusion: All breeds were vulnerable to invasion by both trematode species and single invasions with different invasion rates. These findings contribute to determining the magnitude of the disease and provide a basis for studies on prevention and treatment of trematode invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a major concern for protected area management. Managing HWC around protected areas requires structured and replicable processes to reduce subjectivity and promote adherence to good governance principles. The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) is a widely-used process model for structured decision-making. This study demonstrates the novel application of CRISP-DM to HWC related decision-making. We apply CRISP-DM and conduct hotspot and temporal (monthly) analysis of HWC data from Ramnagar Forest Division, India. Based on the patterns of crop loss, livestock loss, and human loss, we propose conflict-type and species-specific preventive strategies. A qualitative assessment of the initial outcomes of the ongoing implementation finds the preventive strategies to be effective. We suggest a participatory approach, localization of strategy, and need for data management as opportunities for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis is one of the major zoonotic problems that exist worldwide. Brucellosis is clinically characterized by metritis, mastitis, repeat breeding, abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy, retention of placenta and reduced milk production in the female whereas epididymitis, orchitis and sterility in male. In humans can be highly variable, ranging from nonspecific, flu-like symptoms to undulant fever, arthritis, orchitis and epididymitis. Methods: A total of 567 bovine serum samples was taken from four districts of Brij region of UP. All the samples were processed to detection of prevalence of brucellosis by RBPT, STAT ELISA and confirmation of genes bcsp31, 16SrRNA, omp2 and IS711 by PCR. Result: The prevalence of brucellosis was found to be 07.93% (31/391), 08.69% (34/391) and 10.74% (42/391) shows positive by RBPT, STAT and I- ELISA respectively. In buffalo Out of 176 tested serum sample the seroprevalence was found to be 09.66% (17/176), 10.79% (19/176) and 12.5% (22/176) positive by RBPT, STAT and I- ELISA respectively. Out of 567 samples 18 were positive for Brucella genus specific gene. The higher prevalence of the disease in this region increases the risk of zoonotic transmission and it implies a serious threat to the human population as well as the huge impact on economy due to loss of productivity as well as loss of livestock population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite, causes neosporosis resulting in major losses in the livestock industry worldwide. However, no effective drugs or vaccines have been developed to control neosporosis. An in-depth study on the immune response against N. caninum could help to search for effective approaches to prevent and treat neosporosis. The host unfolded protein response (UPR) functions as a double-edged sword in several protozoan parasite infections, either to initiate immune responses or to help parasite survival. In this study, the roles of the UPR in N. caninum infection in vitro and in vivo were explored, and the mechanism of the UPR in resistance to N. caninum infection was analyzed. The results revealed that N. caninum triggered the UPR in mouse macrophages, such as the activation of the IRE1 and PERK branches, but not the ATF6 branch. Inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch increased the N. caninum number both in vitro and in vivo, while inhibition of the PERK branch did not affect the parasite number. Furthermore, inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch reduced the production of cytokines by inhibiting NOD2 signalling and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the UPR is involved in the resistance of N. caninum infection via the IRE1α-XBP1s branch by regulating NOD2 and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways to induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, which provides a new perspective for the research and development of anti-N. caninum drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella multocida , an encapsulated gram-negative bacterium, is a significant veterinary pathogen. The P. multocida is classified into 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) based on the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which is important for virulence. Serogroups B and E are the primary causative agents of bovine hemorrhagic septicemia that is associated with significant yearly losses of livestock worldwide, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. The P. multocida disease is currently managed by whole-cell vaccination, albeit with limited efficacy. CPS is an attractive antigen target for an improved vaccine: CPS-based vaccines have proven highly effective against human bacterial diseases and could provide longer-term protection against P. multocida. The recently elucidated CPS repeat units of serogroups B and E both comprise a N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminuronic acid/N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone with β-D-fructofuranose (Fru f) side chain, but differ in their glycosidic linkages, and a glycine (Gly) side chain in serogroup B. Interestingly, the Haemophilus influenzae types e and d CPS have the same backbone residues. Here, comparative modeling of P. multocida serogroups B and E and H. influenzae types e and d CPS identifies a significant impact of small structural differences on both the chain conformation and the exposed potential antibody-binding epitopes (Ep). Further, Fru f and/or Gly side chains shield the immunogenic amino-sugar CPS backbone—a possible common strategy for immune evasion in both P. multocida and H. influenzae. As the lack of common epitopes suggests limited potential for cross-reactivity, a bivalent CPS-based vaccine may be necessary to provide adequate protection against P. multocida types B and E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) are used to prevent livestock depredation and used in a number of conservation programmes as a human-wildlife coexistence tool. Although the livestock protection outcomes of LGD use are well studied, relatively little is known about the motivations or perceptions of the farmers involved. This mixed-methods study investigated recruitment and satisfaction in 108 South African commercial livestock farmers participating in an LGD programme. A semi-structured interview schedule and existing dataset were used to collect both qualitative data (analysed according to the principles of thematic analysis) and quantitative data (summarised using descriptive statistics). Word-of-mouth was the predominant source of programme awareness (n = 69), with direct recruitment by programme managers reducing proportionally over time, indicating programme self-perpetuation. Satisfaction was 'high' for most farmers (n = 90) and trust between farmers and programme managers was important in recruitment, motivation and satisfaction, along with perceived reductions in livestock losses. Concern for wildlife only motivated 21 farmers. LGD behavioural problems were reported by 49 farmers, but 95 would still use an LGD again. These novel findings demonstrate the importance of inter-stakeholder dialogue for obtaining crucial knowledge for LGD program development. Where non-conservation-related motivators predominate for key stakeholders, greater emphasis on these other factors during programme recruitment, advocacy and/or evaluation may improve stakeholder engagement and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]