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An experiment was conducted on the Qingtu Lake Observation Array (QLOA) to measure wind and dust information at various wall-normal heights during the sand and dust storm (SDS) process. According to the indicators of the non-stationary features in the flow field, the SDS process can be divided into three stages: ascending, stabilizing, and descending. Based on this division, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is employed to extract dominant flow structures, which carries a significant portion of the turbulent kinetic energy. Moreover, the HHT spectrum of stream-wise velocity component reveals that the scales of the dominant structures are approximately hundreds of meters in the horizontal direction, and hence suggests the presence of large and very large-scale coherence during the SDS. The hypotheses of Townsend [The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow (Cambridge University Press, 1976)] and Davenport ["The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near the ground in high winds," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 87, 194–211 (1961)] are utilized to demonstrate the vertical coherence of turbulence, which suggests the wall-similarity and evolution of inner/outer interactions for coherent structures during the SDS. Finally, the coherence spectrum [ γ L 2 = exp (− 2 c 1 Δ z / λ x) ] and the linear transfer kernel [ | H L 2 | = exp (d 1 − d 2 Δ z / λ x) ] are parameterized, where c 1 , d 1 , d 2 are fitting parameters, Δ z is wall-normal offset, and λx refers to streamwise wavelength, to illustrate the evolution of the interactions between near-wall and outer regions during the SDS, which highlights the strong connections during the stabilizing stage. In general, the present study analyzed horizontal and wall-normal structures for a comprehensive SDS process, and thus, these findings present abundant features of wall-attached eddies which further be used to improve/enrich existing near-wall models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent advances in machine learning, strategies based on data can be used to augment wall modeling in the turbulent boundary layer. Combined with the attached eddy hypothesis, the present work applies extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) to predict the large-scale wall-attached structures at a range of wall-normal locations based on a near-wall reference position ( z R + ≈ 4) spanning a Reynolds-number range R e τ ∼ O (10 3) − O (10 5). The input and output signals are selected as the large-scale structures; here, the input signals are set as in the fixed near-wall reference position by a series of streamwise velocity ({ X − N , ... , X − 1 , X 0 , X 1 , ... , X N }), and the output signal Y 0 is set directly above X 0 . Within each dataset, the large-scale wall-attached structures are identified from the prediction modeled by XGBoost between the turbulence in the upper region and at the near-wall reference position, resulting in a successful prediction of the large-scale structures inclination angles. Along the wall-normal offset Δ z and streamwise offset L x (distance between X i and X 0 ), the slope of the feature importance (represented by contour levels) is exactly equal to the degree of inclination of large-scale structures, indicating the turbulent inner and outer connection inferred by the machine learning input and output interactions perspective. This study shows that there is a great opportunity in machine learning for wall-bounded turbulence modeling by connecting the flow interactions between near-wall and outer regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although scaling laws and coherent structures have been well-studied in non-neutral boundary layer flows over a long period of time, a potential connection between them is still worth exploring. This work explores the structure inclination angle under non-neutral stratification conditions by way of a connection between turbulent scaling and Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. A model for theoretical structure inclination angles is built by extending the refined "turbulent eddy" model of H.-J. Huang [Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 114702 (2019)] under stratified stability conditions. The variations in the inclination angle values with the stability parameter from the current model are found to be in good agreement with results from the literature, laboratory results, and atmospheric surface layer observations. In addition, the results show that increasing positive/negative buoyancy leads to increasing/decreasing inclination angles and steeper/moderate angles at higher wall-normal heights. This variation is parameterized and can be used to improve existing near-wall models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periplaneta americana has been used medicinally for years to treat a wide variety of skin lesions or ulcers. However, a sizable portion of the drug residues that are retained after extraction are routinely thrown away, thus posing a hazard to the environment and depleting resources. In this study, low molecular weight Periplaneta americana chitosan (LPCS) and high molecular weight Periplaneta americana chitosan (HPCS) were extracted from Periplaneta americana residue (PAR) based on the conventional acid-base method and two deacetylation methods. Moreover, the physicochemical properties and structural differences between the above two chitosan and commercial chitosan (CS) were compared using different methods. Next, two nanofibers comprising different ratios of Periplaneta americana chitosan (LPCS or HPCS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were prepared and optimized. The above nanofibers exhibited excellent mechanical properties, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility while facilitating wound healing in an infected rat whole-layer wound model by promoting wound closure, epithelialization, collagen deposition, and inflammation reduction. In brief, this study produced an effective and affordable wound dressing and offered a suggestion for the comprehensive utilization of Periplaneta americana residue. [Display omitted] • Two different molecular weights of chitosan were obtained from the Periplaneta americana residue. • The optimal concentration ratio of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene oxide was screened for electrostatic spinning. • The differences between the two chitosan nanofiber membranes were compared. • These nanofiber membranes are potential for wound healing as a disinfectant wound dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative braking can extend the driving range and reduce PM emissions from abrasion for battery electric heavy-duty trucks (BETs). The composite braking control strategy including torque distribution and dynamic coordinated control for the four-axle BET equipped with the electromechanical braking system is studied. A segmented torque distribution strategy is proposed to maximize energy recovery while ensuring braking stability. The simulation results reveal that the strategy shows better comprehensive braking performance than the two benchmark strategies, and the energy recovery rate in different load states under CHTC-D is above 40%. The proposed coordinated control strategy takes advantage of regenerative braking's rapid response and precise control to compensate for torque deviations caused by the hysteresis of friction braking. For two common braking mode transition conditions, regenerative braking torque correction and advance of the mode switching timing are adopted to enable the motor to obtain the torque compensation ability. This method leads to a slight loss of braking energy, and the maximum torque deviation during the mode switching process is suppressed to less than 1.4 kN·m, and the jerk and braking distance is reduced accordingly, which is of great importance in improving driving comfort and braking safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three sites with different surface roughness were selected to explore the turbulent/synoptic separation and self-similar wall-attached coherent structures in the atmospheric surface layer. At each site, the facility permits synchronous multi-point measurements of three-dimensional wind velocity and temperature at different heights, as well as synchronous measurements via the global positioning system among the three sites. A filter based on the linear coherent spectrum between two sites (separated by 500 m) is adopted to separate turbulent and synoptic signals. After the separation, the two-point correlations of the filtered turbulent streamwise velocity component reveal that increasing surface roughness leads to less coherence in both the wall-normal and streamwise directions. The present results with unstable stratification and different surface roughness also demonstrate good agreement with the self-similar range of the wall-attached turbulence reported in Baars et al. (J Fluid Mech 823:R2, 2017). The aspect ratio of coherent structures (defined as the ratio of streamwise wavelength to the wall-normal offset) for the streamwise and spanwise velocity components and temperature increases with increasing surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, the corresponding HT ht shows a complex HT ht dependence. One reason to choose this location is to avoid the influence of human activities; e.g., the nearest city is around HT ht HT ht from this observation site; see the geolocation indicated in Fig. b. Dust weather in the Hexi Corridor is often caused by intense frontal systems. It first increases logarithmically with HT ht and reaches its peak, e.g., HT ht m at A, then decreases roughly logarithmically with HT ht . This is partially due to the influence of the ground that the scaling exponent HT ht demonstrates as height dependence. [Extracted from the article]

The present work explores the spanwise logarithmic decay of the turbulence intensity for wall-attached eddies per Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis. Within the dataset spanning a friction Reynolds number range R e τ ∼ O (10 3) − O (10 6) , the coherence between the turbulence in the logarithmic region along the spanwise direction and that at a near-wall reference location is used to assess the scale-dependent coherence. Linear coherence spectrum analysis is applied as a filter to separate the coherent and incoherent portions. After this separation procedure, the turbulence intensity decay for wall-attached eddies in the spanwise direction is described in a log-linear manner, which also identifies how the scaling parameter increases with the Reynolds number. This variation is parametrized and consequently can be used to improve existing near-wall models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out on a dry flat bed of Qingtu Lake in Minqin, China to measure the velocity and temperature in the atmospheric surface layer at high Reynolds number. The facility, the Qingtu Lake Observation Array, permits synchronous multi-point measurements of three-dimensional wind velocity and temperature at different wall-normal and spanwise positions. Data were selected to analyze the characteristics of the large-scale coherent structures under different stratification stability conditions. The results confirm the previous findings that the positive buoyancy can be considered as a wall-normal force to have a "lifting" effect increasing the size of large-scale structures and further illustrate that negative buoyancy in the stable condition has an opposite effect leading to small structures with less wall-normal coherence. The stability dependence of structure inclination angles for all three velocity components is built by a parametric model indicating a log-linear trend under near-neutral and unstable conditions. In addition, the unique measurement array at this facility also permits us to study the three-dimensional form of these features and the associated temperature fluctuations. By computing the space average for momentum and heat flux, we found that the threshold stability parameter z / L = − 0.1 , where z = 2.5 m and L is the Obukhov length scale, can act as a role to determine the dominant flow by shear-driven and buoyancy-driven, respectively. Last, the streamwise length scales for temperature component are investigated where a smaller length scale corresponds to a stronger buoyancy condition, but with larger values at higher heights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was designed to expound the underlying mechanism of microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistance induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in breast cancer. Materials and methods: We collected 10 microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistant breast tumor samples and 10 normal breast tumor samples to analyze the CAFs distribution by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We also detected the collagen expression in CAFs by real-time PCR. We detected the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in tumor cells by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The subcutaneous 4T1/MCF-7 bearing mice were used to investigate the anticancer effects of integrin β1 inhibitor combined with microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs. Results: In our studies, accumulation of CAFs was observed in tumor samples from microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistant patients. Those isolated CAFs could efficiently induce the acquisition of microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistance in breast cancer cells. More importantly, we found that CAFs could regulate the microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistance through the secretion of collagen to activate the integrin β1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Combination of integrin α2β1 inhibitor and paclitaxel/vincristine sulfate could efficiently overcome the microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs resistance induced by CAFs and enhanced the anticancer effects of chemotherapy in subcutaneous 4T1/MCF-7 bearing mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that CAFs constitute a supporting niche for cancer drug resistance acquisition. Thus, traditional microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic drugs combined with integrin β1 inhibitor may present an innovative therapeutic strategy for breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quadrant and octant analysis methods are used to investigate the characteristic of the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) turbulent flow based on the field observation data obtained from the Qingtu Lake Observation Array (QLOA). The results indicate that a stronger thermal convection intensity can lead to a larger intensity ratio of Reynolds stress from each quadrant to the total Reynolds stress. In the near-neutral ASL, the time ratios of Reynolds stress from each quadrant against the total Reynolds stress at different heights and friction velocities are approximately constant, i.e., D Q 1 ≈0.19, D Q 2 ≈0.296, D Q 3 ≈0.2 and D Q 4 ≈0.314. And the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) ratios of each quadrant against the total TKE (streamwise or vertical) for the ejection events and sweep events are pretty similar at different wall-normal heights. The flow characteristics tend to be isotropic with the increasing of the vertical distance. Moreover, a threshold value is also applied to separate the most important events from the less significant ones. Last, the contribution of Octant 2 and Octant 8 is dominant to the Reynolds stress, and the intensity ratios of Octant 2 and Octant 8 to the total Reynolds stress will be increased with the thermal convection intensity. The abundant dynamics behaviors revealed by the quadrant and octant analysis could benefit us a wider understanding of the ASL coherent structures. • The time ratio of Reynolds stress at different heights are approximately constant. • The flow characteristics tend to be isotropic with the increase of the vertical distance. • TKE ratio for the ejection events and sweep events are near similar at different heights. • The intensity ratios of Octant 2 and Octant 8 increase with the thermal convection intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its capabilities for wound healing, antimicrobial defense, hemostasis, and biodegradation, chitosan has seen increased use in biomedical disciplines in recent years. In the meantime, efforts have been made to develop and use insect chitosan as a source to address the seasonal, irritating, and regional shortcomings of traditional shrimp and crab chitosan. In this study, a new type of insect chitosan (DCS) was first extracted from Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker by a low-temperature intermittent method and was compared with commercially available pharmaceutical chitosan (CS). Firstly, the degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of DCS were determined, and DCS was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, and TGA-DTG. On this basis, DCS was mixed with PVA and PEO to create a novel electrospun nanofiber membrane. The air permeability, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility of the nanofiber membrane were evaluated, as well as the membrane's shape, structure, and mechanical characteristics. Finally, the activity of nanofiber membranes in promoting wound healing was verified with a rat full-thickness skin defect model, hoping to provide a reference for the development of new drug delivery carriers and wound dressings. [Display omitted] • A new insect chitosan (DCS) was first extracted from Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker. • Electrospun nanofiber membranes were prepared using PVA and PEO simultaneously. • A novel nanofiber wound dressing based on DCS, PVA, and PEO has been prepared. • The properties and wound healing ability of nanofiber membranes were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic polymorphisms of 21 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci included in the GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification Kit were evaluated in 3032 unrelated individuals Altay Han of Xinjiang, northwest China. All of the loci reached the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These loci were examined to determine allele frequencies and forensic statistical parameters. SE33 showed the greatest power of discrimination in Altay Han population, whereas TPOX showed the lowest. The combined discrimination power and probability of excluding paternity of the 21 autosomal STR loci were 0.999999999999999999999999889838 and 0.999999996664704, respectively. Both pairwise genetic distance and phylogenetic methods indicated that the Altay Han had the closest genetic relationship with the Han origin and Hui populations. The present results revealed that the GlobalFiler system had a high level of polymorphism in Altay Han population and hence could be a powerful tool for forensic application and population genetic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating interactions between large- and small-scale motions is essential for understanding turbulence over rough boundaries. The present work applies XGBoost models to predict the spatial distribution of ejections and sweeps and quantify their statistical dependence on scale-decomposed velocity fields. Based on large eddy simulation, the models are trained and validated at 20 horizontal planes in turbulence over two types of obstacle arrays. At each height, a default XGBoost model X0 and four comparison models ( X u L , w L , X u L , w S , X u S , w L , and X u S , w S ) are trained. The model X0 is trained by the set with four scale-decomposed velocity fields { u L , u S , w L , w S } , where u and w are the streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations and subscripts L and S refer to above-canyon and sub-canyon scales, while the comparison models are trained by subsets of the scale-decomposed velocity fields. The results indicate that the model X0 predicts the spatial distributions of both ejection and sweep events well, with the structure underestimation being less than 8% within the canopy layer and 3% above it. Along the vertical direction, the relative importance of scale-decomposed velocity fields on the prediction of ejections and sweeps is quantified by the feature importance and prediction errors. The feature importance profiles reveal that both sweeps and ejections are most strongly related to w S within the canopy, but ejections have a stronger dependence on u L well above the canopy. For the comparison models, those trained with w S (namely, X u L , w S and X u S , w S ) give better predictions within the canopy layer, whereas those trained with u L (namely, X u L , w S and X u L , w L ) perform better above the canopy. This study shows that a machine-learning-based approach can be designed to quantify the relative importance of different scale-decomposed velocity fields on predicting ejections and sweeps and to detect vertical changes of such relative importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CACTD is a life-threatening autosomal recessive fatty acid β-oxidation disorder caused by gene mutation. • We describe a rare case with a compound heterozygote with c.199–10 T > G and a novel c.1A > T mutation in SLC25A20 gene. This gene mutation poses a high risk of sudden death. • CACTD is often asymptomatic or with only some nonspecific symptoms, which increases the possibility of misdiagnosis and medical disputes due to unexpected sudden death of the patient. • Extensive vacuolar degeneration was often observed in the heart and liver at autopsy and histopathological examination. However, gene mutation detection is the gold standard for diagnosis of CACTD. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (CACTD) is a rare and life-threatening autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Most patients with CACTD develop severe metabolic decompensation which deteriorates progressively and rapidly, causing death in infancy or childhood. As CACTD in some patients is asymptomatic or only with some nonspecific symptoms, the diagnosis is easy to be ignored, resulting in sudden death, which often triggers medical disputes. Herein, we report a case of neonatal sudden death with CACTD. The neonate showed a series of severe metabolic crisis, deteriorated rapidly and eventually died 3 days after delivery. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) screening of dry blood spots before death showed that the level of long-chain acylcarnitines, especially C12-C18 acylcarnitine, was increased significantly, and therefore a diagnosis of inherited metabolic disease (IMD) was suspected. Autopsy and histopathological results demonstrated that there were diffuse vacuoles in the heart and liver of the deceased. Mutation analysis revealed that the patient was a compound heterozygote with c.199–10 T > G and a novel c.1A > T mutation in the SLC25A20 gene. Pathological changes such as heart failure, arrhythmia and cardiac arrest related to mitochondrial FAO disorders are the direct cause of death, while gene mutation is the underlying cause of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Constructing NPs-in-MPs to co-deliver MnO 2 nanozymes, Ber, and Mag. • Accelerating precise release of drugs by MnO 2 nanoenzymes. • Regulating microbiota and macrophage polarization to enhance the anti-UC effect. Due to the complex pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), particularly excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), gut microbiota dysbiosis, and hyperpolarization of M1 macrophages, the cocktail strategy is urgently needed to obtain a sufficient therapeutic outcome. Meanwhile, the accurate lesion location targeting of these combined therapeutic agents is still crucial. Herein, based on NPs-in-MPs approach, a novel integrated "all-in-one" oral delivery system (BMM/MPs), containing the natural gut microbiota regulator berberine, MnO 2 nanoenzymes, and cell penetrating peptides-decorated magnolol liposomes to regulate macrophage polarization, was constructed to address these above issues in sequence. BMM/MPs could non-destructively cross the gastrointestinal tract, enduringly detain, and dissociate in the colon site due to the pH-sensitive properties. Conceivably, the released MnO 2 nanoenzymes depleted the excess ROS at the colitis location into O 2 , sequentially promoting the acceleration of hydrogel microspheres rupture and oxidative damage remission. Accordingly, the oral administration of BMM/MPs exhibited remarkably satisfactory therapeutic effects against DSS-induced UC mice, by ameliorating the representative symptoms, scavenging ROS, relieving inflammation, and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization at colon sites. Meanwhile, the dysbiosis of microbes was effectively regulated by facilitating SCFAs production. This study provides a feasible strategy for administration in the treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Constructing NPs-in-MPs to co-deliver MnO 2 nanozymes, Ber, and Mag. • Accelerating precise release of drugs by MnO 2 nanoenzymes. • Regulating microbiota and macrophage polarization to enhance the anti-UC effect. Due to the complex pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), particularly excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), gut microbiota dysbiosis, and hyperpolarization of M1 macrophages, the cocktail strategy is urgently needed to obtain a sufficient therapeutic outcome. Meanwhile, the accurate lesion location targeting of these combined therapeutic agents is still crucial. Herein, based on NPs-in-MPs approach, a novel integrated "all-in-one" oral delivery system (BMM/MPs), containing the natural gut microbiota regulator berberine, MnO 2 nanoenzymes, and cell penetrating peptides-decorated magnolol liposomes to regulate macrophage polarization, was constructed to address these above issues in sequence. BMM/MPs could non-destructively cross the gastrointestinal tract, enduringly detain, and dissociate in the colon site due to the pH-sensitive properties. Conceivably, the released MnO 2 nanoenzymes depleted the excess ROS at the colitis location into O 2 , sequentially promoting the acceleration of hydrogel microspheres rupture and oxidative damage remission. Accordingly, the oral administration of BMM/MPs exhibited remarkably satisfactory therapeutic effects against DSS-induced UC mice, by ameliorating the representative symptoms, scavenging ROS, relieving inflammation, and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization at colon sites. Meanwhile, the dysbiosis of microbes was effectively regulated by facilitating SCFAs production. This study provides a feasible strategy for administration in the treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The distribution of 24 Y-STR loci in the Altay Hui and Kazakh populations were analyzed. • The observed haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity were calculated. • Pairwise Rst values were evaluated in AMOVA analysis and visualized using an MDS plot and a neighbor-joining tree. • Altay Kazakh population keeps a distantly genetic relationship with Xishuangbanna Dai. 24 Y-STR loci were analyzed in 223 Altay Hui individuals and 209 Altay Kazakh individuals. Haplotype diversity (HD) and discrimination capacity (DC) values were calculated. Population pairwise genetic distances (Rst) were evaluated in AMOVA analysis and compared between two studied populations and other populations. The relationships between populations were visualized through multidimensional scaling (MDS) and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. The results indicated higher discrimination power in the Altay Kazakh and Hui populations. The Altay Kazakh was the most distantly related to Xishuangbanna Dai, while Altay Kazakh was the most closely related to Gansu Kazakh. The results may provide useful information for paternal lineages and increase our understanding of genetic relationships between two studied populations and other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical injury is a relatively uncommon but potentially devastating form of multi-system injury with high morbidity and mortality. In common electric injury cases, it is usually difficult to find characteristic changes of electric injury in major organs by using routine histopathological test methods unless there are landmark traces of electric injury, known as electric marks. How to determine electric shock death, especially in the absence of typical electrical marks on the body surface in some cases (which account for about two-thirds of electric injury cases), remains a challenging problem in forensic practice. Our summary shows that many current related studies have focused their efforts to find characteristic histopathological changes in major organs of the body caused by electric injury. Based on the results obtained through comparison of the literature, we find that it may be more urgent and important to find the optimal autopsy or sampling sites in cases with no typical electric marks, knowing that these sites may often reflect the most significant histopathological changes of electric injury, for instance anatomy and sampling of the anterior wrist and the medial malleolus in cases involving the hand-to-foot electric circuit pathway. In this article, we make a summary of advances in identification methods of electric injury, hoping that it could provide some new insights for further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Holographic molecular representations were used to construct Holo-Mol. • Holo-Mol performed better than state-of-the-art models. • Fusion gate and 2D/3DGAT enhanced molecular feature extraction. • Different dimensional representations contributed differently to Holo-Mol's learning. • Holo-Mol provided interpretation of the reaction mechanism of OH. The reaction rate constants of hydroxyl radical (OH) in the aqueous phase are crucial physicochemical parameters for assessing the persistence of organic compounds in water environments. However, the continuous influx of newly emerging organic compounds into water creates both experimental and theoretical challenges in understanding the reactivity of their degradation processes. Recently, deep learning (DL) methods have proven their ability to predict chemical properties. This study presented Holo-Mol, a DL model for predicting the OH rate constants in the aqueous phase. Holo-Mol utilized a fused learning approach based on holographic molecular representations, which provides comprehensive molecular information from three dimensions. Also, the 2D/3D graph attention mechanism were utilized to enhance molecular feature extraction. The model was evaluated on a dataset of 1374 organic compounds and resulted in a high goodness-of-fit that outperforms previous methods. This research further used interpretability methods to analyze the effects of combining representations from different dimensions based on accurate predictions of the model. It demonstrated that different dimensions of representations can provide different patterns of "knowledge" to the model, assisting in its learning process in molecular property prediction. Finally, based on interpretability techniques, this study identified key substructures susceptible to attack by OH. In summary, the results demonstrated the potential of Holo-Mol in expanding the application of advanced oxidative technologies for treating contaminants in water. Additionally, it can provide supportive insights into the reaction mechanism of OH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising crime rate associated with document forgery has a significant impact on public safety and social stability. In document fraud cases, determining the origin of a particular stamp-pad ink is the most important objective. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the volatile compounds in quick-drying stamp-pad inks from six commonly used brands were performed for the first time, utilizing a combination of headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and multivariate statistical analysis methods. Visual and comparative analysis of the differential volatile components among different stamp-pad ink samples was conducted using fingerprints and volcano plots. A total of 127 volatile compounds were accurately identified, with ketones, esters, alcohols, and aldehydes being the most abundant compounds in the stamp-pad inks. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), including dendrograms and clustering heatmaps, was utilized to explore the correlations between these compounds and the samples. Additionally, the precise identification of positional isomers and functional group isomers of aliphatic compounds was achieved. To achieve accurate discrimination of various stamp-pad ink samples, a multivariate statistical analysis method was utilized to establish a classification model for them. Based on the results obtained from HS-GC-IMS, effective discrimination among different brands of stamp-pad ink samples was achieved through principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The model exhibited excellent performance, with the fit index of dependent variables (R2Y) and the predictive index of the model (Q2) values of 0.99 and 0.984, respectively. These results provided significant theoretical evidence for the application of HS-GC-IMS as an efficient technique in the analysis of volatile compounds, identification of positional isomers and functional group isomers, as well as tracing the origin of stamp-pad ink and analyzing the formation time of documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese Marine Medicine (TCMM) represents one of the medicinal resources for research and development of novel anticancer drugs. In this study, to investigate the presence of anticancer activity (AA) displayed by cold or hot nature of TCMM, we analyzed the association relationship and the distribution regularity of TCMMs with different nature (613 TCMMs originated from 1,091 species of marine organisms) via association rules mining and phylogenetic tree analysis. The screened association rules were collected from three taxonomy groups: (1) Bacteria superkingdom, Phaeophyceae class, Fucales order, Sargassaceae family, and Sargassum genus; (2) Viridiplantae kingdom, Streptophyta phylum, Malpighiales class, and Rhizophoraceae family; (3) Holothuroidea class, Aspidochirotida order, and Holothuria genus. Our analyses showed that TCMMs with closer taxonomic relationship were more likely to possess anticancer bioactivity. We found that the cluster pattern of marine organisms with reported AA tended to cluster with cold nature TCMMs. Moreover, TCMMs with salty-cold nature demonstrated properties for softening hard mass and removing stasis to treat cancers, and species within Metazoa or Viridiplantae kingdom of cold nature were more likely to contain AA properties. We propose that TCMMs from these marine groups may enable focused bioprospecting for discovery of novel anticancer drugs derived from marine bioresources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aroma components are one of the crucial factors in dynamic processes analysis, quality control, and origin traceability. Various categories of Huaguo Tea possessed different taste due to the generation of aroma. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of volatiles was conducted for five popular Huaguo Tea samples (Lemon Slices , Bitter Gourd Slices , Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium , Red Lycium Barbarum , and Black Lycium Barbarum) via gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) combining with multivariate statistical strategies. Comparison analysis was achieved with the properties of visually and intuitively by drawing of topography plots. A total of one hundred and eighty volatiles were distinguished. Aliphatic isomers were identified simultaneously by fingerprint spectra. Alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones were the most abundant volatiles in Huaguo Tea samples. To characterize the Huaguo Tea precisely and establish an analysis model for their classification, multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish different Huaguo Tea. Satisfied discrimination was obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the HS-GC-IMS results with the robustness parameter (R2Y) of 99.4%, and prediction ability parameter (Q2) of 98.6%, respectively. The results provide a theoretical basis for aroma discrimination, isomer identification, and categories analysis of Huaguo Tea. [Display omitted] • Fingerprint spectra profiles can be applied to detect volatile compounds visually. • Discrimination of aliphatic isomers of volatiles in Huaguo Tea by HS-GC-IMS. • Largely alcohols and esters in aroma components contributed greatly to classify. • Multivariate statistical models estimated the categories of Huaguo Tea precisely. • Theoretical basis for categories analysis and isomer identification of Huaguo Tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ultra-lightweight fruit detection algorithm RTFD for edge devices is proposed. • An online 8-bit quantization training strategy for a specified network layer is proposed. • An Android app (RTFD-CPU) using only CPU for computation was developed to test the RTFD algorithm performance. • The proposed method contributes to the development of practical applications of edge smart farming machines. Intelligent harvesting can greatly reduce the manual labor for fruit harvesting and is one of the main application areas of intelligent agricultural machinery. Smart edge sensors must detect the growth status of tomatoes and strawberries in real-time for intelligent harvesting to be possible. Due to edge devices' relatively low image processing power, it remains challenging to implement deep learning algorithms for real-time detection in field applications. Therefore, scholars are strongly interested in utilizing computationally small, accurate, and quick models for edge harvesting machinery. In this research, we propose RTFD, a lightweight algorithm for edge CPU devices that detects fruit. Based on the PicoDet-S model, RTFD optimizes the efficiency of real-time detection for edge CPU computing devices by enhancing the model's structure, loss function and activation function. The experimental results demonstrate that the mAP of RTFD for tomato and strawberry datasets at various growth phases is 0.78 and 0.96, respectively, with a computational effort of 1.44 GFLOPs. RTFD improves mAP by 1.9% and 2.3% on the tomato and strawberry datasets, respectively, with minimal loss in computation and model parameters, making it more suitable for edge device deployment. Meanwhile, we proposed an approach for 8-bit quantization-aware training of the Conv2D and Linear layers of the model for improved edge deployment. This approach quantizes 32-bit floating-point values in the Conv2D and Linear layers into 8-bit integers, thereby reducing the model's size and accelerating detection speed. The testing findings indicate that the quantized RTFD model has a size of 1.33 MB and a CPU detection speed of around 11 FPS. Using the quantified trained model, we developed the Android application RTFD-CPU to evaluate the model's performance in test scenarios. RTFD-CPU was assessed on the smartphone Redmi K30pro (Qualcomm Snapdragon 865 CPU and 8 GB of RAM) with a detection speed of 19 FPS utilizing only the CPU. In summary, the proposed RTFD has great potential for intelligent picking machines, and the concept of redesigning the model structure, loss function, and activation function, as well as training by quantization to speed up the detection of deep neural networks, is anticipated to be successfully implemented in edge computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ATR-FTIR combined with Raman realized the rapid classification of the adhesives. • The HS-GC-IMS method was first applied to identify the adhesive species. • Multivariate statistical models provided a precise classification explanation. • Visual and digital expressions were used to accurately distinguish adhesives. Identifying the species and origin of adhesives in criminal investigations aids in narrowing inquiry scope and supporting case detection. This study introduces two advanced combined analytical techniques for distinguishing adhesive species, including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) combined with Raman spectroscopy, and headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) together with multivariate statistical analysis. ATR-FTIR categorized seven adhesives into three groups based on the base materials, with further differentiation achieved via Raman spectra. Analysis of volatile components identified 79 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with esters being the most concentrated. The fingerprint profile clearly illustrated the characteristic fingerprint sequence and unique marker compounds of each adhesive, effectively enabling their differentiation. Multivariate statistical analysis methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), heatmap, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were utilized to visually interpret the classification of adhesives. This integrated analytical approach provides a comprehensive analysis of adhesive compositions, facilitating the diversification and precision of adhesive species identification, and broadening the scope for detecting and analyzing trace evidence in forensic science. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Determination of volatiles to facilitate the characterization of inks by HS-GC-IMS. • Topographic plots provided the differentiation of various inks with intuitively. • Fingerprint spectra serve as an effective method to distinguish the markers of inks. • Clustering and similarity analysis as chemometric models for inks classification. • HS-GC-IMS acts as a reliable way to detect the volatiles of inks in forensic science. Handwriting is usually suspected of any alterations or falsifications in litigation activities. Hence, handwriting verification of documents is an important part to solve legal dispute caused by parties in the field of forensic science. For the first time, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was applied for the reliable analysis of the distinguishment of sophisticated compositions in ink samples. The volatile organic compounds of seven common ink species were investigated. Topographic photographs of HS-GC-IMS provided the differentiation of various gel-pen inks with quickly and intuitively. Based on visual assessments and precise qualitative analysis, a total of 95 selected volatile compounds were characterized on feature map. Ketones, eaters and alcohols were the significant components from the recognizable fingerprint gallery in HS-GC-IMS. Chemometric models, such as Principal component analysis (PCA), heatmap and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), clearly identified the differences of volatile substances and discriminated the origins of gel-pen ink samples. Therefore, HS-GC-IMS as an effective and accurate comprehensively instrument was appropriate for the discrimination of various gel-pen ink species, which would contribute to establish the corresponding ink database and further explain the document dating in forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is a medicinal mushroom commonly used to treat inflammation, gastric disorders, epilepsy, and cancers due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of AR and its underlying mechanism of action against ulcerative colitis (UC) in vitro and in vivo. A UC mouse model was established by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). AR extract was administered intragastrically to mice for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, histopathology, macrophage phenotype, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status were examined in vivo. Furthermore, RAW 264.7, THP-1, and Caco-2 cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of action of AR in vitro. AR extract (0.5–2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced M1 macrophage (pro-inflammatory) polarization in both RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6) were reduced by AR extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, AR extract downregulated MAPK signaling activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. AR extract elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype markers (CD206, Arg-1, Fizz-1, and Ym-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AR extract suppressed DSS-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in Caco-2 cells. The in vivo experiment revealed that AR extract (200 mg/kg) increased colon length compared to the DSS-treated group. In addition, disease activity index, spleen ratio, body weight, oxidative stress, and colonic inflammation were markedly improved by AR treatment in DSS-induced UC mice. Finally, AR suppressed M1 and promoted M2 macrophage polarization in UC mice. The AR extract protected against DSS-induced UC by regulating macrophage polarization and suppressing oxidative stress. These valuable findings suggest that adequate intake of AR can prevent and/or treat UC. [Display omitted] • AR prevents DSS-induced UC. • AR regulates macrophage polarization. • AR inhibits oxidative stress in UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other drug-resistant bacteria have become more common in recent years, which has made it extremely difficult to treat and heal many different kinds of wounds and caused enormous financial losses. Because of its unique "Trojan horse" function, Ga3+ has been recognized as a new possible candidate for inhibiting and eradicating drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, natural polysaccharide materials with outstanding biological characteristics, such as insect chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL), have attracted significant interest. In this study, we used quaternized-catechol chitosan (QDCS-PA), methacrylate-dialdehyde pullulan (DPUL-GMA), and gallium ion (Ga) to create a multi-crosslinked photo-enhanced hydrogel (Q-D/Ga/UV) with antimicrobial, hemostatic, self-healing, and injectable properties for promoting MRSA-infected wound healing. In vitro, the Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrated good mechanical properties, antioxidant capabilities, biocompatibility, hemostatic properties, and antibacterial activity. The addition of gallium ions enhanced the hydrogels' mechanical properties, hemostatic capabilities, antibacterial activity, and ability to induce wound healing. Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogel significantly promoted wound contraction, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis while also suppressing inflammation in a whole-skin wound model of MRSA-infected rats. In conclusion, Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrate significant promise for healing wounds infected with drug-resistant bacteria. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The HS-GC-IMS method was first applied to examine laser-printed documents. • Multivariate statistical models accurately distinguish and classify ink marks. • Trace VOCs in ink marks can be detected in situ without any pretreatment. • Visual and digital expression contributed to precise identification of typescripts. • The aliphatic isomers in the samples were identified using reduced mobility values. Examination and analysis of ink marks printed by laser printers are of significant importance in both criminal investigation and forensic expertise. In this paper, a novel method, headspace gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), combined with multivariate statistical analysis, has been developed for the identification of laser-printed ink marks. Ninety-six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), potentially originating from residual volatile compounds in paper preparation and toner transfer, were detected in five typescripts containing different toners and blank paper. Among all the detected VOCs, aldehydes exhibited the highest concentration. Visual identification was conducted through fingerprint analysis, clearly revealing the distinctive markers of all the samples. Aliphatic isomers were effectively discriminated in this analytical system. After eliminating the paper background, five printed ink marks were efficiently classified using principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), heatmap analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). These findings provide a feasible new idea for identifying, classifying, and tracing the sources of different types of printed ink marks via trace and non-destructive detection and visual analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastromalacia, a postmortem dissolution of the stomach, is caused by endogenous enzymes resulting in thinning and softening of the stomach wall with focal perforation. Thus, identifying gastromalacia and differentiating it from other causes of gastric perforation is essential to avoid misdiagnosis. Herein, three cases of gastromalacia are described. The victims died due to hyperthermia, leukemia complicated by cerebral hemorrhage, and asphyxia due to inhaled vomitus, respectively. The macroscopic and microscopic appearance in three cases indicated gastromalacia, although multiple factors confused the diagnosis. Furthermore, the differential diagnosis and the underlying mechanism are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease with diffuse mucosal inflammation limited to the colon. A topical drug delivery system that could be facilely performed and efficiently retained at colon are attractive for clinical ulcerative colitis treatment. Herein, a novel platform for rectal administration of thermosensitive hydrogel co-loaded with nanoparticles to treat ulcerative colitis was developed. Thiolated-hyaluronic acid was synthesized, and prepared nanoparticles with zein and Puerarin. And the Bletilla striata polysaccharide with colonic mucosa repair effect was oxidized, and mixed with chitosan and β-sodium glycerophosphate to prepare thermosensitive hydrogel. Thermosensitive hydrogels were combined with nanoparticles to investigate their mucosal adhesion, retention, and permeability, as well as their therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis. Thiolated-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles had good stability, and could be quickly converted into hydrogel at body temperature when combined with thermosensitive hydrogel. The nanoparticles-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel also was excellent at mucosal penetration, enhancing the retention time of drugs in colon, and effectively controlling drug release. In vivo ulcerative colitis treatment revealed that the nanoparticles-loaded hydrogel significantly repaired the colonic mucosa and inhibit colonic inflammation. Therefore, the thermosensitive hydrogel co-loaded nanoparticles will have a promising application in effective treatment of ulcerative colitis by topical administration. [Display omitted] • Prepared a mucosal adhesive drug-loaded thiolated-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles. • A novel Bletilla striata polysaccharide thermosensitive hydrogel was developed. • Nanoparticles-assembled thermosensitive hydrogel as a new platform. • Future perspectives of in - situ drug delivery of ulcerative colitis were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound-healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections has always been a clinical challenge. The design and development of effective and economically safe wound dressings with antimicrobial activity and healing-promoting properties is highly desirable, especially in the context of wound-infections. Herein, we designed a physical dual-network multifunctional hydrogel adhesive based on polysaccharide material for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydrogel utilized ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy)-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as the first physical interpenetrating network for providing some brittleness and rigidity; and then branched macromolecules formed after cross-linking Fe3+ with dopamine-conjugated di-aldehyde-hyaluronic acid as the second physical interpenetrating network for providing some flexibility and elasticity. In this system, BSP and hyaluronic acid (HA) are used as synthetic matrix materials to provide strong biocompatibility and wound-healing ability. In addition, ligand cross-linking of catechol-Fe3+ and quadrupole hydrogen-bonding cross-linking of UPy-dimer can form a highly dynamic physical dual-network structure, which imparts good rapid self-healing, injectability, shape-adaptation, NIR/pH responsiveness, high tissue-adhesion and mechanical properties of this hydrogel. Meanwhile, bioactivity experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel also possesses powerful antioxidant, hemostatic, photothermal-antibacterial and wound-healing effects. In conclusion, this functionalized hydrogel is a promising candidate for clinical treatment of full-thickness bacteria-stained wound dressing materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Joint estimation of battery model parameters, SOC, and capacity is achieved. • The IGGIII weight function in M robust estimation is introduced into the UKF. • Receding horizon-based adaptive filtering tuning is applied to robust UKF. • SOC estimation methods under various cases are evaluated and compared. • The proposed ARUKF performs well with system disturbance. State-of-charge (SOC) estimation is one of the key technologies for the development and application of battery management system (BMS). To achieve high accuracy in SOC estimation, which can adapt to any conditions, an adaptive robust unscented Kalman filter (ARUKF) based on multi-parameter update is proposed herein. First, the DP battery model is applied to replicate the dynamic behavior of lithium-ion batteries, and the model parameters are identified online by the improved forgetting factor recursive least square (IFFRLS). Then, the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics (IGGIII) weight function is introduced into unscented Kalman filter (UKF) as the form of a robust factor to adjust the weights of observation residuals, and receding horizon based adaptive filter tuning is employed to obtain the time-varying noise covariance. Subsequently, joint estimation of battery model parameters and SOC with capacity updating is implemented which can suppress the system disturbance caused by outliers, mistuning, unknown initial value, and aging. Finally, the superior performance of accuracy and convergence is verified by cycle and aging tests. The maximum absolute error of SOC estimation under the proposed method is kept within 2%. The convergence speed of SOC estimation utilizing ARUKF is nearly 80 s faster than that of robust UKF (RUKF) and UKF under a 20% SOC initial error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electrospray as a novel method to prepare micro/nanoparticles are described. • Illustrated a variety of polymer used in electrosprayed microspheres. • Presented the application of electrosprayed micro/nanoparticles in drug delivery. • Future perspectives of electrospray in combination with medical field are discussed. Micro/nanoparticles-based drug delivery system has emerged significantly and has influenced the pharma industry up to considerable extent. At the same time, the development of production methods that are cost effective, scalable and reproducible becomes crucial to ensure the clinical translation of any development. The application of electrospray (ES) technology in micro-nano drug delivery system not only has the above advantages, but also can quickly obtain uniform and stable micro/nanoparticles as drug carriers through its own characteristics. Natural or synthetic polymers are often used as raw materials for these micro/nanoparticles. The micro/nanoparticles carriers prepared by these polymers can change the solubility and bioavailability of drugs and reduce the toxicity caused by mass accumulation after sudden drug release. And after reaching the target site, they're easy to degrade and will not accumulate in the body. In this review, taken together, we briefly describe the principle and advantages of ES, as well as the common polymers for the preparation of micro/nanoparticles by this method. The types of electrosprayed micro/nanoparticles and their advantages as micro-nano drug delivery systems in different drug delivery routes and different diseases were also discussed. And prospects are made for the future development of electrospray in the field of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of 17 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci, included in the AmpF l STR®Yfiler™ amplification kit, were analyzed in six different samplings (N = 878) from Sichuan, China. Haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity (DC) values were calculated. Pairwise Rst values were evaluated in AMOVA analysis and visualized through multidimensional scaling (MDS). A total of 547 unique haplotypes were detected. The observed haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity were 0.9995 and 0.7745, respectively. The homogeneity of Sichuan Han population was detected when microareas were analyzed. This population exhibited no significant genetic difference to both of the minorities in reference databases, Mongolian and Manchu, which had been through mass ethnic amalgamation with Sichuan Han population in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that seriously impairs people's physical function and quality of life. Triptolide (TP), as a promising anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of OA, has limited clinical application due to its severe systemic toxicity, poor solubility and rapid elimination in the body. To extend its application prospect for OA treatment. We have developed a liposome-loaded dissolving microneedle (DMN) system, which can effectively deliver poorly water-soluble TP and improve OA symptoms. To incorporate TP into DMNs, triptolide liposome (TP-Lipo) with entrapment efficiency of 90.25% was prepared by ethanol injection. Subsequently, TP-Lipo was concentrated by ultrafiltration tube and mixed with hyaluronic acid solution to prepare DMNs, TP-Lipo-loaded DMNs (TP-Lipo@DMNs) showed sufficient mechanical and insertion properties to penetrate about 200 μm of rat skin. The drug distribution in vivo showed that TP-Lipo@DMNs had a slow-release effect compared with intra-articular injection. In vivo pharmacodynamic research showed that TP-Lipo@DMNs significantly reduced knee joint swelling and the level of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Micro-CT and histological evaluation showed that TP-Lipo@DMNs effectively reduced cartilage destruction and alleviated OA symptoms. These results support that TP@Lipo@DMNs may be a promising option for OA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has attracted much attention as a useful model for studying social behaviors [ 1–3 ]. They naturally live in a monogamous family group and exhibit cooperative breeding [ 4 ], in which parents and older siblings help to carry infants less than 2 months old [ 5–7 ]. Marmoset parents also transfer foods to their offspring, a process that may help them learn the food diet [ 8 ]. Furthermore, marmosets show spontaneous altruistic behaviors, such as providing food to non-reciprocating and genetically unrelated individuals [ 9 ]. These social habits indicate that marmosets may be a useful non-human primate model for studying parenting and altruistic behaviors, as well as underlying neural mechanisms. Using a novel rescue paradigm, we found that marmoset parents and older siblings showed strong motivation to rescue trapped young infants but not juvenile marmosets beyond 2 months of age, and infant calls alone could trigger these parents' rescue behaviors. The marmoset parents showed little rescue of each other, but young infants or infant calls could also induce such parents' mutual rescue. Moreover, all these infant- and mate-rescue behaviors depended on currently having young infants in the family group. Functional MRI studies on awake adult marmosets showed that calls from young infants, but not juvenile marmosets, elicited a large-scale activation of specific brain areas including auditory and insular cortices, and such activation was absent in marmosets not living with infants. Thus, such infant-induced modification of neural activity offers a window for examining the neural basis of altruistic behaviors in marmoset monkeys. • We developed a novel rescue paradigm for studying altruistic behaviors in marmosets • Marmoset parents and older siblings show strong motivation to rescue infants • Having infants in the group promotes infant- and mate-rescue behaviors in marmosets • Having infants alters infant-call-elicited brain activation in marmoset parents Using a novel rescue paradigm, Huang et al. find that marmoset monkeys show altruistic behavior by rescuing trapped group members including young infants and mates. All these rescue behaviors depend on currently having young infants in the group. Furthermore, having infants alters infant-call-elicited brain activation in marmoset parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitogen-inducible gene (MIG) is a natural negative regulator of the oncogenic HER kinase signaling by binding at the activation interface of kinase domain to disrupt the kinase dimerization. In this study, we systematically examine the binding structures, dynamics and energetics of MIG region 2 to four HER kinases based on their crystal or modeled complex structures, and identify an 8-mer phosphopeptide segment pYpY from the core strand sequence of MIG region 2 as the binding hotspot of MIG protein to HER kinases. We demonstrate that the small pYpY phosphopeptide can partially restore the binding affinity of full-length MIG protein, but exhibit a moderate selectivity over different HER kinases (S = 2.3-fold). In addition, the two phosphotyrosine residues pTyr394 and pTyr395 play an essential role in MIG–HER binding; dephosphorylation of them would fully eliminate the binding capability. A machine evolution algorithm is used to optimize the wild-type pYpY phosphopeptide, aiming to simultaneously improve affinity for these kinases and to maximize the affinity gap between different kinases. Consequently, a population is computationally evolved as selective phosphopeptide candidates; the dissociation constants of four representatives with HER kinases are systematically determined using binding affinity analysis, from which their selectivity is derived. The designed pYpYp3 phosphopeptide possesses a high selectivity over different HER kinases (S = 4.8-fold) and satisfactory affinity profile to these kinase (K D = 140–1000 μM). Structural analysis observes that the global binding modes of pYpYp3 to different kinases are roughly consistent, but its local conformation may vary considerably, thus conferring specificity to the phosphopeptide. Image 1 • A phosphopeptide pYpY is derived from the interface hotspot of MIG region 2 in complex with HER kinase domain. • The phosphotyrosine residues pTyr394 and pTyr395 play an essential role in MIG–HER binding. • A machine evolution algorithm is applied for the directed optimization of pYpY selectivity over HER kinases. • Several selective phosphopeptides are designed and confirmed by binding affinity analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]