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This article explores the relationship between extreme temperatures and allergic asthma in a mouse model. The study found that exposure to extreme temperatures, particularly high temperatures, promoted the development of allergic asthma in mice. It was observed that extreme temperatures exacerbated oxidative stress and airway inflammation in the mice, leading to increased asthma symptoms. The study also identified the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TRP channel receptors as potential mechanisms through which extreme temperatures impact asthma. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind the association between extreme weather events and allergic asthma. [Extracted from the article]

Energy transfer accompanying with current is usually described by using Poynting's vector. Here, combining Kirchhoff's law, Joule's law and Slepian's postulation, we demonstrate that, for the case of a current travels along a wire, component of total energy flow flux parallel to the wire (CTEFFPW) may be equivalently described by using product of current intensity and electric potential (voltage), furthermore, the law of conversion and conservation of energy accompanying with current, which is equivalent to Poynting's theorem, may be obtained based on circuit method. Noting that product of current intensity and voltage relates to CTEFFPW instead of the electric power, physical meaning of usual definitions of powers adopted in electric power theory are readdressed. Our work may provide possibility to achieve the long-time expectation that power properties of power systems are described on the basis of Poynting's theorem and Poynting's vector, and to address the unsolved problems arised in the electric power theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing studies linked outdoor air pollution (OAP), indoor environmental factors (IEFs), and antibiotics use (AU) with the first wave of allergies (i.e., asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema), yet the role of their exposures on children's second wave of allergy (i.e., food allergy) are unknown. To investigate the association between exposure to OAP and IEFs and childhood doctor-diagnosed food allergy (DFA) during the pre-pregnancy, prenatal, early postnatal, and current periods, and to further explore the effect of OAP and IEFs on DFA in children co-exposed to antibiotics. A retrospective cohort study involving 8689 preschoolers was carried out in Changsha, China. Data on the health outcomes, antibiotic use, and home environment of each child were collected through a questionnaire. Temperature and air pollutants data were obtained from 8 and 10 monitoring stations in Changsha, respectively. Exposure levels to temperature and air pollutants at individual home addresses were calculated by the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations of childhood DFA with exposure to OAP, IEF, and AU. Childhood ever doctor-diagnosed food allergy (DFA) was linked to postnatal PM 10 exposure with OR (95% CI) of 1.18 (1.03–1.36), especially for CO and O 3 exposure during the first year with ORs (95% CI) = 1.08 (1.00–1.16) and 1.07 (1.00–1.14), as well as SO 2 exposure during the previous year with OR (95% CI) of 1.13 (1.02–1.25). The role of postnatal air pollution is more important for the risk of egg, milk and other food allergies. Renovation-related IAP (new furniture) and dampness-related indoor allergens exposures throughout all time windows significantly increased the risk of childhood DFA, with ORs ranging from 1.23 (1.03–1.46) to 1.54 (1.29–1.83). Furthermore, smoke-related IAP (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS], parental and grandparental smoking) exposure during pregnancy, first year, and previous year was related to DFA. Additionally, exposure to pet-related indoor allergens (cats) during first year and total plant-related allergens (particularly nonflowering plants) during previous year were associated with DFA. Moreover, exposure to plant-related allergy during first and previous year was specifically associated with milk allergy, while keeping cats during first year increased the risk of fruits/vegetables allergy. Life-time and early-life AU was associated with the increased risk of childhood DFA with ORs (95% CI) = 1.57 (1.32–1.87) and 1.46 (1.27–1.67), including different types food allergies except fruit/vegetable allergy. Postnatal OAP, life-time and early-life IEFs and AU exposure played a vital role in the development of DFA, supporting the "fetal origin of childhood FA" hypothesis. [Display omitted] • Postnatal exposure to outdoor CO, O 3 , SO 2 , and PM 10 was related with children's food allergy (FA). • Renovation- and smoke-related indoor air pollution (IAP) elevated the risk of childhood FA. • Dampness- and plant- related indoor allergens exposure increased risk of childhood FA. • Life-time and early-life antibiotic use increased the risk of childhood FA. • Children without using antibiotic had higher FA risk of outdoor and indoor environment exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SWEETs (sugars will eventually be exported transporters), a well-known class of sugar transporters, are involved in plant growth and development, sugar transport, biotic and abiotic stresses, etc. However, to date, there have been few investigations of SWEETs in Orchidaceae. In this study, 23 SWEET genes were identified in Bletilla striata for the first time, with an MtN3/saliva conserved domain, and were divided into four subgroups by phylogenetic tree. The same subfamily members had similar gene structures and motifs. Multiple cis-elements related to sugar and environmental stresses were found in the promoter region. Further, 21 genes were localized on 11 chromosomes and 2 paralogous pairs were found via intraspecific collinearity analysis. Expression profiling results showed that BsSWEETs were tissue-specific. It also revealed that BsSWEET10 and BsSWEET18 were responsive to low temperature and oxidative stresses. In addition, subcellular localization study indicated that BsSWEET15 and BsSWEET16 were localized in the cell membrane. This study provided important clues for the in-depth elucidation of the sugar transport mechanism of BsSWEET genes and their functional roles in response to abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common cold is usually considered to be associated with outdoor climate, but the evidence linking with indoor environmental factors is lacking. The role of indoor renovations during which critical timing window on childhood common cold remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exposure to new furniture and/or redecoration during prenatal and postnatal periods on the occurrence and duration of common cold in preschool children. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 39 782 children aged 3–6 years in seven cities of China. The occurrence and duration of common cold in children, and their lifetime exposures to indoor new furniture and redecoration (including pregnancy, the first year of life, and after one year old) were assessed using a questionnaire administered by the parents. Associations between high frequency (>5 colds) and long duration (≥2 weeks per cold) of common cold during past 12 months and exposure to indoor new furniture/redecoration were examined by logistic regression models in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We found that the prevalence of high frequency and long duration of common cold in preschool children in China were, respectively, 9.2% and 11.9%. Frequent common cold was significantly associated with exposure to indoor new furniture/redecoration during pregnancy, first year, and after 1 year old, respectively, with the ORs (95% CI) = 1.25 (1.12–1.39), 1.11 (1.00–1.25), and 1.09 (1.01–1.18). Furthermore, childhood long duration per cold was associated with exposure to indoor new furniture/redecoration during pregnancy with OR (95% CI) of 1.14 (1.03–1.25) but not with postnatal exposure. We identified that prenatal exposure to home renovation was more critical than postnatal exposure for an increased risk of high frequency and long duration of common cold. Sensitivity analysis showed that the association between prenatal exposure to indoor renovations and the risk of childhood common cold was consistent and robust, and the associations were modified by some personal and indoor environmental factors. Our findings indicated that prenatal and postnatal exposure to home renovation played an important role in the risk of childhood common cold, supporting the hypothesis of "fetal origin of childhood infection." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the higher proportion of non-synchronous power resources in microgrids, adequate frequency regulation supports are required to maintain acceptable system frequency stability. As one of the sources for frequency regulation support in microgrid operation, via proper droop controller operations, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) could deliver kinetic energy stored in their turbines to the grid when needed. However, as the system inertia becomes smaller, the droop controller's response to system disturbances could cause the WECS to resonate with the grid and lead to torsional stress and fatigue damage in the WECS drivetrain. To protect the WECS against such damage, a resonance damper based on pole-zero cancellation technique is proposed in this paper. Simulation results depict the possible resonance phenomenon, and the reduction of undesired fatigue damage by the proposed damper retrofitted to the droop controller while improving the overall frequency regulation. Sensitivity analysis results are also provided to verify its robustness for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining vascular function and kinetic homeostasis, but excessive accumulation of palmitic acid (PA) may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress and trigger endothelial cell dysfunction. Baicalin (BCL), a natural plant extract, has received widespread attention for its biological activities in anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of BCL on PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether BCL could inhibit PA-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus attenuate endothelial cell dysfunction.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were divided into Control, PA, PA + BCL-10 μM, PA + BCL-20 μM, and PA + BCL-50 μM groups. The PA group was treated with PA (200 μM), while the PA + BCL groups were co-treated with different concentrations of BCL (10 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected by MTT. Cell migration ability was determined by Transwell assay, apoptosis level by flow cytometry, and tube formation ability by tube formation assay. Finally, the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) and angiogenesis-related proteins (VEGFA and FGF2) were detected by western blot, MMP-9, as well as the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarkers (GRP78, CHOP, PERK, and ATF4).The results at the cellular level showed that cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of PA-induced HUVECs were significantly reduced, while apoptosis level was significantly increased. However, administration of different concentrations of BCL significantly enhanced PA-induced cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of HUVECs while inhibiting apoptosis. The results of protein levels showed that the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were observably up-regulated in the cells of the PA group, while the protein level of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated; compared with the PA group, the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were much lower and the Bcl-2 protein level was much higher in the PA + BCL group. Additionally, the protein levels of VEGFA, FGF2 and MMP-9 were raised and those of GRP78, CHOP, PERK and ATF4 were lowered in the PA + BCL group of cells in a concentration-dependent manner.BCL significantly attenuates PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To analyze the risk factors for the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head after reduction surgery in children with developmental hip dysplasia (DDH), and to establish a prediction nomogram. Methods: The clinical data of 134 children with DDH (169 hips) treated with closure reduction or open reduction from December 2016 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Independent risk factors for AVN after DDH reduction being combined with cast external immobilization were determined by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression and used to generate nomograms predicting the occurrence of AVN. Results: A total of 169 hip joints in 134 children met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age at surgery of 10.7 ± 4.56 months (range: 4–22 months) and a mean follow-up duration of 38.32 ± 27.00 months (range: 12–94 months). AVN developed in 42 hip joints (24.9%); univariate analysis showed that the International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) grade, preoperative development of the femoral head ossification nucleus, cartilage acetabular index, femoral head to acetabular Y-shaped cartilage distance, residual acetabular dysplasia, acetabular abduction angle exceeding 60°, and the final follow-up acetabular index (AI) were associated with the development of AVN (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the preoperative IHDI grade, development of the femoral head ossification nucleus, acetabular abduction angle exceeding 60°, and the final follow-up AI were independent risk factors for AVN development (P < 0.05). Internal validation of the Nomogram prediction model showed a consistency index of 0.833. Conclusion: Preoperative IHDI grade, preoperative development of the femoral head ossification nucleus, final AI, and acetabular abduction angle exceeding 60° are risk factors for AVN development. This study successfully constructed a Nomogram prediction model for AVN after casting surgery for DDH that can predict the occurrence of AVN after casting surgery for DDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to delays in network reinforcement, many utilities adopt System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS) as the short-term last defense to prevent system instability after critical disturbances. One of the challenges in the design of a SIPS is to handle the effects of intermittent renewable generation. Penetration level, geographic distribution, forecast errors, inverters control modes, and synchronous generation displacement are among the sources of effects of renewables that affect the reliable operation of an SIPS. To adapt to variations in system conditions, a new proposition of Adaptable System Integrity Protection Scheme (ASIPS) utilizing offline, online, and edge computing resources is proposed in this article. It aims to maintain reliable operation and reduce control costs under the presence of output variations of renewables. Possible impacts of renewables to the SIPS operations are demonstrated. Based on continuous system state monitoring using Phasor Measurement Units, the proposed response-based ASIPS would trigger optimal controls determined online by using a linearized formulation, or due to time criticality, activate quasi-optimal controls periodically updated and stored in look-up tables using offline computing power. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ASIPS in preventing system instability by using reduced control efforts and costs according to real-time operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D heterojunction based on g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets with other semiconductor nanosheets is a promising way to improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) activity over g-C 3 N 4. However, current 2D heterojunction based on g-C 3 N 4 are unsatisfactory due to their insufficient absorption of visible light and inefficient charge separation. In this work, Ag/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites based on 2D heterojunction coupling with Ag surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were synthesized by a method combining facile wetness impregnation calcination. The PHE activity of Ag/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites is attributed to the TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 2D heterojunction and bare g-C 3 N 4 nanosheet under visible light irradiation, indicating a cooperative effect between Ag and TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 2D heterojunction. As a result of SPR effect, the composites strongly absorb visible light. In addition, the oscillating hot electrons from Ag can easily transfer to 2D heterojunction. This synergistic effect lead to sufficient visible light absorption and efficient charge separation of 2D heterojunction, which improved the PHE activity of g-C 3 N 4. This work indicates that loading metal nanoparticles on 2D heterojunction as metal SPR-2D heterojunction nanocomposites may be a potential method for harvesting visible light for PHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite mounting evidence linking outdoor air pollution with otitis media (OM), the role of air pollutant(s) exposure during which critical window(s) on childhood OM remains unknown. We sought to identify the key air pollutant(s) and critical window(s) associated with the onset and recurrent attacks of OM in kindergarten children. A combined cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study involving 8689 preschoolers aged 3–6 years was performed in Changsha, China. From 2013–2020, data on air pollutants were collected from ambient air quality monitoring stations in Changsha, and the exposure concentration to each child at their home address was calculated using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. The relationship between air pollution and OM in kindergarten children was studied using multiple logistic regression models. Childhood lifetime OM was associated with PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NO 2 , with ORs (95% CI) of 1.43 (1.19–1.71), 1.18 (1.01–1.37) and 1.18 (1.00–1.39) by per IQR increase in utero exposure and with PM 2.5 , PM 2.5–10 and PM 10 , with ORs = 1.15 (1.00–1.32), 1.25 (1.13–1.40) and 1.49 (1.28–1.74) for entire post-natal exposure, respectively. The 2nd trimester in utero and the post-natal period, especially the 1st year, were key exposure time windows to PM 2.5 and PM 10 associated with lifetime OM and the onset of OM. Similarly, the 4th gestational month was a critical window for all pollutants except CO exposure in relation to lifetime OM and OM onset, but not recurrent OM attacks. PM 2.5 exposure during the nine gestational months and PM 10 exposure during the first three years had cumulative effects on OM development. Our subgroup analysis revealed that certain children were more susceptible to the OM risk posed by air pollution. Early-life exposure to air pollution, particularly PM 2.5 during the middle of gestation and PM 10 during the early post-natal period, was associated with childhood OM. [Display omitted] • Children's otitis media (OM) is mainly affected by pre-natal PM 2.5 and post-natal PM 10 exposures. • The 2nd trimester and the first year are critical windows for PM 2.5 and PM 10 exposures, respectively. • The 4th gestational month is critical for pollution exposure in relation to lifetime OM and OM onset. • Cumulated pre-natal PM 2.5 and post-natal PM 2.5–10 and PM 10 exposures play key roles in OM risk. • Our study supports and expands upon the "fetal origin of OM" hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We studied indoor sources of indoor particulate matter (PM), outdoor air pollution and antibiotic use in relation to asthma, rhinitis and eczema among pre-school children and investigated synergistic effects between PM and antibiotics use. Children (3-6y) from randomly selected day care centres in seven cities across China were included (n = 39,782). Data on ambient temperature and air pollution were collected from local monitoring stations. Data on indoor PM sources (ETS, burning of incense or mosquito coils and biomass for cooking), antibiotics use and health (doctor diagnosed asthma and rhinitis, lifetime eczema, current wheeze and current rhinitis) were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression. Asthma diagnosis was associated with outdoor temperature, NO 2 and burning mosquito coils. Rhinitis diagnosis was associated with NO 2 , ETS, gas cooking and burning biomass for cooking. Lifetime eczema was associated with temperature, PM 10, NO 2 , ETS, biomass cooking and burning mosquito coils. Burning incense was associated with current wheeze and current rhinitis. Children using antibiotics had more asthma, wheeze, rhinitis, and eczema. Excluding children with respiratory infections did not change associations with antibiotics use. Antibiotics use enhanced the effects of ETS and PM 10 (a synergistic effect). In conclusion, a warmer climate, outdoor NO 2 and PM 10, ETS, gas cooking and burning biomass, incense and mosquito coils can increase the risk of asthma, wheeze, rhinitis and eczema among pre-school children in China. Antibiotics use is a risk factor for childhood asthma, wheeze, rhinitis and eczema and ETS and outdoor PM 10 can enhance the effect. Highlights • Burning incense and mosquito coils can increase asthma, rhinitis, wheeze and eczema. • Outdoor PM 10 can increase the risk of childhood eczema. • Traffic-related air pollution (NO 2) can increase the risk of asthma, rhinitis and eczema. • Early life antibiotics use can increase the risk of asthma, rhinitis and eczema. • PM10 and ETS can enhance the adverse health effects of antibiotics use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Few longitudinal studies exist on childhood exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution and respiratory illness in China. We studied associations between indoor and outdoor environment and prevalence, onset and remission of wheeze and rhinitis among children across China. Methods Children (3–6 y) were recruited from randomized day care centres in six cities. The main data analysis was restricted to children not moving since birth (N = 17,679). Data on wheeze, rhinitis and the home environment were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Prevalence in the first two years of life (baseline) and the last year (follow-up) was used to calculate onset and remission. Outdoor PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 at the day care centre were modelled from monitoring station data. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression. Results Prenatal NO 2 was associated with decreased remission of wheeze and increased prevalence and increased onset of rhinitis. Prenatal PM 2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of wheeze. Postnatal NO 2 and postnatal PM 10 were associated with increased prevalence and lower remission of wheeze and rhinitis. Mould, window pane condensation, renovation and cockroaches at home were associated with increased prevalence and increased onset of wheeze and rhinitis. Gas cooking was associated with increased onset of rhinitis. Children of mothers with industrial work had more wheeze. Conclusions Outdoor PM 2.5 , PM 10 and NO 2 can increase childhood wheeze and rhinitis. Dampness and mould can increase onset and decrease remission. Crowdedness, cockroaches at home and emissions from new building materials and gas cooking can be risk factors for wheeze and rhinitis. Highlights • Outdoor air pollution (PM 2.5 , PM 10 and NO 2) can increase wheeze and rhinitis symptoms among pre-school children in China. • Indoor mould, and dampness and window pane condensation can increase onset and decrease remission of wheeze and rhinitis. • Chemical emissions from renovation and cockroaches at home can increased onset of wheeze and rhinitis. • Gas cooking can increase onset of rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mounting evidence have linked high temperature with increased incidence of preterm birth (PTB), but which time period(s) of increase in temperature within a day and a year during pregnancy play an important role in PTB is not clarified. Objective This study aims to determine the critical time period(s) of heat exposure on the development of PTB by exploring the risk of PTB for temperature increase during 24 h of a whole day and each of four seasons during pregnancy. Methods A cohort study was performed with 3509 preschool children in Changsha, China, which evaluated the prevalence of PTB using a questionnaire filled out by the children's parents. The authors estimated the temperature at which each mother was exposed to outdoor air temperature during three trimesters and for 24 h in different seasons of pregnancy. The logistic regression models in regard to odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to study associations of PTB with an increase in temperature during different time windows. Results Prevalence of PTB (4.1%) was associated with outdoor temperature with adjusted ORs (95% CI) = 1.34 (1.11–1.62) for increase of 1 °C in temperature exposure during pregnancy, and this association was significantly higher in spring and summer than autumn and winter. Specifically, high temperature during summer night posed the highest risk of PTB, with peaks during 03:00–04:00 a.m. We further found that PTB was associated with exposure to temperature and extreme heat day during the 2nd trimester, with ORs = 1.03 (1.00–1.06) and 1.01 (1.00–1.02) respectively. Foetus with male sex and older mothers were more sensitive to the impact of heat exposure during pregnancy on PTB, with higher risk observed during night time. Conclusion Our study indicates that heat exposure was related to an elevated risk of PTB, with higher risk of PTB for nocturnal exposure and warm seasons. Our findings have implications for the adverse effect of elevated temperature in the future as global warming continues. Highlights • Preterm birth (PTB) was associated with increase in ambient temperature. • We identified 2nd trimester as a critical timing window for the PTB risk of heat exposure. • Temperature increase in warm season posed a significantly higher risk compared to cold season. • PTB risk due to increase in temperature was higher during night time than daytime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-order radially polarized modes (RPMs), including Bessel-Gaussian, Gaussian, Super Gaussian, and multi-order hollow Gaussian are respectively utilized as the illumination laser to achieve tip-enhanced spectroscopy (TES). Based on the vector diffraction theory and finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis, we achieve the optimization of RPM illuminated TES system, including the focal spot size, focal depth, and electric field enhancement factor, in which the focal spot size of 5th order hollow Gaussian RPM is smallest (0.54λ) and the focusing depth of super Gaussian RPM is longest (4.71λ). Specially, it is found that the multi-order hollow Gaussian RPM illuminated TES system with the tip cone angle of 45° reveals better focusing ability and 40~60-fold electric field enhancement factor compared to the linearly polarized mode (LPM) illuminated TES system. These results will supply a useful reference for spectral signal enhancement of TES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Biomass burning is associated with childhood pneumonia but few studies exist on other indoor factors. Aim To study pneumonia in relation to pre-natal and post-natal exposure among children across China. Methods Children (3–6 y) (n = 39,782) from randomized day care centres in seven cities in China. Information on pneumonia and pre-natal and post-natal exposure to home environment factors were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Life-time outdoor temperature and GDP per capita were assessed on city level. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression adjusting for fourteen co-variates. Results Totally 32.0% had ever had pneumonia diagnosed by a physician. Children of farmer mothers (OR = 0.65), with breastfeeding (OR = 0.91) and living in rural (OR = 0.85) or suburban (OR = 0.90) areas had less pneumonia. Buying new furniture one year before conception (OR = 1.11) and after first year of life (OR = 1.10) increased the risk. Redecoration one year before conception (OR = 1.20), during pregnancy (OR = 1.18) and after first year of life (OR = 1.17) increased pneumonia risk. Children with mould (OR = 1.17), window pane condensation (WPC) (OR = 1.20) and mould odour (OR = 1.15) at home at birth only had a higher risk of pneumonia. Similar associations were seen for dampness and mould in the current home. Children in the oldest and newest homes had less pneumonia. Cockroaches (OR = 1.08), mosquitos or flies in the current home (OR = 1.18), an exhaust fan in the bathroom (OR = 1.10) and higher economic development level, measured as GDP per capita on city level (OR 1.11 per 10,000 RMB/year) were associated with childhood pneumonia. Conclusions Perinatal and postnatal exposure to mould, mould odour and window pane condensation at home can be early life risk factors for childhood pneumonia in China. Moreover, pre-natal and post-natal exposure to chemical emissions from new furniture and renovation could increase the risk of childhood pneumonia. Breastfeeding, farm exposure, and living in rural or suburban areas could be protective. Highlights • Childhood pneumonia can be influenced by prenatal and perinatal indoor exposure. • Mould and window condensation at birth is a risk factor for childhood pneumonia. • Prenatal exposure to redecoration and new furniture can increase the risk. • Cockroaches, mosquitos and flies are other risk factors in the home environment. • Farm exposure, breastfeeding and suburban or rural environment can be protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite mounting evidence linking allergic rhinitis (AR) to air pollution, it remains unclear which major air pollutant(s) and critical window(s) of exposure play important roles in children's AR. To examine the effects of intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution on children with doctor-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (DDAR). A retrospective cohort study involving 8689 kindergarten children was conducted in Changsha, China, from 2019 to 2020. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on the health status of children and their family members, as well as their living habits and home environment. Personal exposure to daily outdoor air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 2.5-10 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO) was estimated during 40 gestational weeks, three trimesters, the entire pregnancy, and the first year after birth. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between air pollution and children's DDAR. Children's DDAR was associated with intrauterine CO exposure, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.18 (1.03–1.34) for each IQR increase in CO exposure. The second and third trimesters were critical windows for PM 2.5 and CO exposure in relation to DDAR. Furthermore, early postnatal exposure to PM 2.5-10 and PM 10 in first year of life was associated with DDAR development, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.11 (1.01–1.22) and 1.27 (1.09, 1.47). The entire pregnancy and the first year of life were critical windows for CO and PM 10 exposure. Some children were predisposed to DDAR risk due to exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). Our findings support the hypothesis of "fetal origin of allergic rhinitis" by demonstrating that intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to air pollution plays an important role in children's DDAR. [Display omitted] • Allergic rhinitis (AR) was affected by traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). • Prenatal exposure to CO and PM 2.5 enhanced the risk of childhood AR. • Early postnatal exposure to PM 10 and NO 2 was associated with childhood AR. • Some sub-groups were more susceptible to AR risk of air pollution exposure. • Our study supports and develops the hypothesis of "fetal origin of allergic rhinitis". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite mounting evidence linked pneumonia with air pollution, it is unclear what main pollutant(s) exposure in which critical window(s) play a key role in pneumonia. To examine effects of intrauterine and post-natal exposure to air pollution on children's doctor-diagnosed pneumonia (DDP). A combination of cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study was conducted at Changsha, China during 2019–2020. Personal exposure to outdoor air pollutants at each child's home address was estimated using inverse distance weighted (IDW) method based on data from 10 air quality monitoring stations. Associations between personal air pollution exposure and DDP were evaluated. Children's DDP was associated with intrauterine and post-natal exposure to PM 2.5 , PM 2.5–10 , and PM 10 , adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.17 (1.04–1.30), 1.09 (1.01–1.17), and 1.07 (1.00–1.14) for IQR increase in intrauterine exposure and 1.12 (1.02–1.22), 1.13 (1.06–1.21), and 1.28 (1.16–1.41) for post-natal exposure. Intrauterine PM 2.5 exposure and post-natal PM 10 exposure were associated with a higher risk of pneumonia. We identified the 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester, and first year as critical windows respectively for PM 2.5 , PM 2.5–10 , and PM 10 exposure. Daytime exposure to traffic-related air pollution especially during early life increased DDP. Intrauterine and post-natal exposure to particulate matters played a dominant role in children's DDP. [Display omitted] • Childhood pneumonia was dominantly affected by particulate matters (PMs) exposure. • Intrauterine exposure to PM 2.5 especially in 2nd trimester enhanced pneumonia risk. • Postnatal exposure PM 10 particularly in first year elevated pneumonia risk. • Daytime was identified as key time for traffic pollution in relation to pneumonia. • Our study supports and develops the hypothesis of 'fetal origin of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is a widespread air pollutant. Epidemiological evidence indicates that NO 2 is associated with an increase of incidence rate and mortality of asthma, but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we exposed mice to NO 2 (5 ppm, 4 h per day for 30 days) intermittently to investigate the development and potential toxicological mechanisms of allergic asthma. We randomly assigned 60 male Balb/c mice to four groups: saline control, ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization, NO 2 alone, and OVA+NO 2 groups. The involved mechanisms were found from the perspective of airway inflammation and oxidative stress. The results showed that NO 2 exposure could aggravate lung inflammation in asthmatic mice, and airway remodeling was characterized by significant thickening of the airway wall and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, NO 2 would aggravate the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which is characterized by significantly elevated inspiratory resistance (Ri) and expiratory resistance (Re), as well as decreased dynamic lung compliance (Cldyn). In addition, NO 2 exposure promoted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and serum immunoglobulin (IgE) production. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 cell differentiation (IL-4 increased, IFN-γ reduced, IL-4/IFN-γ significantly increased) played a key role in the inflammatory response of asthma under NO 2 exposure. In a nutshell, NO 2 exposure could promote allergic airway inflammation and increase asthma susceptibility. The levels of ROS and MDA among asthmatic mice exposed to NO 2 increased significantly, while GSH levels sharply decreased. These findings may provide better toxicological evidence for the mechanisms of allergic asthma risk due to NO 2 exposure. [Display omitted] • Despite many epidemiological evidence linking NO 2 with asthma, toxicological studies are highly lacking. • NO 2 exposure aggravates the airway inflammatory in mice with allergic asthma by airway remodeling. • Oxidative stress participates in the process of exacerbating asthma through NO 2 exposure. • Our study provides potential toxic mechanisms underlying asthmatic risk of NO 2 exposure. • We suggest avoiding from traffic-related air pollution exposure especially for asthmatic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Few data exist on asthma and rhinitis across China in relation to indoor and outdoor air pollution, climate and socioeconomic factors. The main aim was to study associations between asthma, rhinitis and current respiratory symptoms among pre-school children across China and selected indoor and outdoor exposure and indicators of socio-economic status (SES) in mutually adjusted models. Methods Chinese children (3–6 yr.) (n = 39,782) were recruited from randomly selected day care centres in seven cities in China. Data on asthma, respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, indoor and outdoor exposure at home and SES were assessed by a parentally administered questionnaire. Lifetime mean ambient temperature, PM 10 , NO 2, and GDP per capita on city level were calculated. Results Totally 7.4% had ever doctors' diagnosed (DD) asthma and 8.7% DD-rhinitis, 19.7% had current wheeze, 45.0% rhinitis and 16.9% cough. DD-asthma was associated with ambient temperature (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.11–1.20 per °C), NO 2 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.33 per 10 μg/m 3 ), indoor mould/dampness (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.13–1.39) and living near major roads (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.25). DD-rhinitis was associated with ambient temperature (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.05–1.10 per °C), NO 2 (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09–1.32 per 10 μg/m 3 ), GDP (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06 per 10,000 RenMinBi/year), indoor mould/dampness (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.11–1.35), passive smoking (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.21), and living near major roads (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.25). Children in suburban or rural areas, in larger families (≥5 persons) and with prenatal farm exposure had less DD-asthma and DD-rhinitis. Conclusions Economic development level of the city, higher SES, ambient temperature, NO 2 , PM 10 , traffic air pollution and mould/dampness can be risk factors for asthma and rhinitis and respiratory symptoms among pre-school children in China. Breastfeeding, large family size and early-life farm exposure could be protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pneumonia is a common early-childhood respiratory infection that leads to long-term health impacts, but its risk factors remain unclear. Objective To examine the association between early life exposure to both outdoor and indoor air pollution and childhood pneumonia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2598 children aged 3–6 years in Changsha, China (2011-2012). Children's life-time prevalence of pneumonia and exposure to indoor air pollution related to home renovation were surveyed by a questionnaire answered by the parents. Children's exposure to outdoor air pollution, including nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ), was estimated using the measured concentrations at monitoring stations. Association between childhood pneumonia and exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution during both prenatal and postnatal periods were examined by using logistic regression model in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Life-time prevalence of pneumonia in preschool children in Changsha is high, up to 38.6%.We found that childhood pneumonia was associated with postnatal exposure to outdoor particulate air pollutant PM 10 , adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.26 (1.00–1.57) for per 6 μg/m 3 increase in the concentration. Pneumonia was also associated with postnatal exposure to indoor renovation, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.30 (1.02–1.64) for new furniture and 1.30 (1.00–1.69) for redecoration. Combined exposure to outdoor high PM 10 and indoor renovation significantly increased the pneumonia risk. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the association was heterogeneous in different subgroups, but stronger in male and younger children. Conclusion High prevalence of childhood pneumonia in China may be associated with postnatal exposure to ambient particulate air pollution and house renovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition to a sustainable energy environment results in aggregated generator and load dynamics in the distribution network. State estimation is a key function in building adequate network models for online monitoring and analyzes. The requirements of distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is becoming stringent because of the needs of new system modeling and operation practices associated with integration of distributed energy resources and the adoption of advanced technologies in distribution network. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art technology, major hurdles, and challenges in DSSE development. The opportunities, paradigm shift, and future research directions that could facilitate the need of DSSE are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background There is some evidence that dampness, mould and cockroaches can increase the risk of respiratory infections in children but few studies exist from China on this topic. Aim To study associations between domestic early life exposure to biological indoor factors (dampness, mould, cats, dogs, rats, cockroaches), cleaning habits and common cold among pre-school children across China. Methods Children aged 3–6 years (n = 39,782) were recruited from randomly selected day care centres in seven cities in China. Data on common cold and prenatal and postnatal exposure to dampness, mould, windowpane condensation in wintertime (WPC), cats, dogs, cockroaches and rats were assessed by a parentally administered questionnaire. Data on annual ambient temperature and PM 10 was assessed on city level. Associations between high frequency (> 5 colds per year) and long duration (≥ 2 weeks) of common colds in the past year and exposure were calculated by multilevel logistic regression. Results A total of 9.2% had a high frequency and 11.9% had long duration of common cold. Exposure to mould (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.24–1.53) and WPC (OR 1.23, 95%CI 1.13–1.33) at birth was associated with frequent common cold. Exposure to dogs at birth was associated with long duration of common cold. (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.41). Exposure to mould (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.22–1.54), WPC (OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.17–1.39) and water leakage (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.49) in the current home was associated with frequent common cold. Presence of cockroaches were positively (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.24) and presence of rats (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.96) negatively associated with high frequency of common cold. Daily cleaning was negatively associated with frequent common cold (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.97). Similar associations for mould, WPC, cockroaches and rats were found for long duration. Ambient PM 10 (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.21–1.35 per 10 μg/m 3 ) and temperature (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.35 °C) on city level were associated with high frequency of common cold. Associations between cat keeping and high frequency of common cold were found only in southern China. Associations with cockroaches were stronger in northern China. Associations with dampness and mould were the same in the north and south. Conclusions Indoor mould, water damage, windowpane condensation, cockroaches and keeping cats or dogs as pets can be risk factors for common cold while daily cleaning can be protective factor. PM 10 and a warmer climate zone can be other risk factors for common cold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Otitis media (OM) is a common infection in early childhood with repeated attacks that lead to long-term complications and sequelae, but its etiology still remains unclear. Objective To examine the association between early life exposure to air pollution and childhood OM, with the purpose of identifying critical windows of exposure and key components of air pollution in the development of OM. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1617 children aged 3–4 years in Changsha, China (2011–2012). The prevalence of OM was assessed by a questionnaire administered by the parents. Individual exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ) during prenatal, postnatal, and current windows were estimated using the measured concentrations at monitoring stations. We used logistic regression model to examine the OM risk in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for exposure to different air pollutants during different timing windows, adjusting for covariates, multi-pollutants, and multi-windows. Results Life-time prevalence of doctor-diagnosed OM in preschool children in Changsha was 7.3%. Childhood OM was associated only with prenatal exposure to the industrial air pollution with adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.09–1.88) for a 27 μg/m3 increase in SO 2 , particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy. We further found that prenatal SO 2 exposure was not associated with the repeated attacks but was associated with the onset of OM, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.47 (1.10–1.96). The association between prenatal SO 2 exposure and early childhood OM was robust after adjusting for other pollutants and windows. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the association was stronger in females, children with parental atopy, and children living in houses with cockroaches, new redecoration, and condensation on window pane during winter. Conclusion We provide new evidence that prenatal exposure to industrial air pollution is associated with early childhood OM in China and may contribute to the onset of childhood OM. Our findings are helpful in developing more effective preventative strategies for childhood OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Childhood pneumonia is one of the leading single causes of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide, but its etiology still remains unclear. Objective We investigate the association between childhood pneumonia and exposure to diurnal temperature variation (DTV) in different timing windows. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 2,598 children aged 3–6 years in Changsha, China. The lifetime prevalence of pneumonia was assessed by a questionnaire administered by the parents. Individual exposure to DTV during both prenatal and postnatal periods was estimated. Logic regression models was used to examine the association between childhood pneumonia and DTV exposure in terms of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Lifetime prevalence of childhood pneumonia in preschool children in Changsha was high up to 38.6%. We found that childhood pneumonia was significantly associated with prenatal DTV exposure, with adjusted OR (95%CI) =1.19 (1.02–1.38), particularly during the second trimester. However, childhood pneumonia not associated with postnatal DTV exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that boys are more susceptible to the pneumonia risk of diurnal temperature variation than girls. We further observed that the prevalence of childhood pneumonia was decreased in recent years as DTV shrinked. Conclusions Early childhood pneumonia was associated with prenatal exposure to the diurnal temperature variation (DTV) during pregnancy, particularly in the second trimester, which suggests fetal origin of childhood pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Otitis media (OM) is a common infection in early childhood with repeated attacks that lead to long-term complications and sequelae, but its risk factors still remain unclear. Objective To examine the risk of childhood OM for different indoor and outdoor air pollutants during different timing windows, with a purpose to identify critical windows of exposure and key components of air pollution in the development of OM. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1617 children aged 3–4 years in Changsha, China (2011–2012). Children's life-time prevalence of OM and exposure to indoor air pollution related to home renovation activities were surveyed by a questionnaire administered by the parents. Children's exposure to outdoor air pollution, including nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ), was estimated using the measured concentrations at municipal monitoring stations. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of childhood OM for prenatal and postnatal exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution were examined by using logistic regression model. Results Life-time prevalence of OM in preschool children (7.3%) was associated not only with prenatal exposure to industrial air pollutant with adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.09–1.88) for a 27 μg/m 3 increase in SO 2 but also with postnatal exposure to indoor renovations with OR (95% CI) = 1.62 (1.05–2.49) for new furniture and 1.81 (1.12–2.91) for redecoration, particularly in girls. Combined exposure to outdoor SO 2 and indoor renovation significantly increased OM risk. Furthermore, we found that exposure to outdoor SO 2 and indoor renovation were significantly associated with the onset but not repeated attacks of OM. Conclusion Prenatal exposure to outdoor industrial air pollution and postnatal exposure to indoor renovation are independently associated with early childhood OM in China and may cause the OM onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence linking prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution with eczema in early childhood is scare, and the role of components of air pollution and exposure timing remains unclear. Objectives We investigated the association between exposure to air pollution during preconceptional and perinatal period and the risk of eczema in preschool children. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 2598 children aged 3–6 years in Changsha, China. The prevalence of eczema was assessed by a standardized health questionnaire administered by the parents. Individual exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ) during the 4th-6th and 1st-3rd month before pregnancy, entire pregnancy, and three trimesters were estimated by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method based on concentrations measured at monitoring stations. Association between childhood eczema and exposure to air pollution was examined by logistic regression models in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure. Results Life-time prevalence of eczema in preschool children in Changsha was 28.6%. Childhood eczema was associated with traffic-related air pollutant NO 2 during 3 months before pregnancy and entire pregnancy with adjusted ORs = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.04–1.37) and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.03–1.42) respectively. The highest risk of eczema was observed for the 1st trimester exposure to NO 2 [OR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09–1.46)]. However, no association was detected for SO 2 and PM 10 exposure during any window. High-level exposure to NO 2 during the whole time period significantly increased the effect of NO 2 in all windows on eczema risk as compared with low-level exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the association between both preconceptional and perinatal exposure to NO 2 and childhood eczema was consistent and robust, and this association was modified by some personal, parental hereditary and indoor environmental factors. Conclusion Our findings support the hypothesis that early childhood eczema is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollutant during both preconceptional and perinatal period, especially at a high level of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase of food allergy (FA) has become the "second wave" of allergy epidemic and is now a major global public health concern. Mounting evidence indicates that early life exposure to air pollution is associated with the "first wave" of allergy epidemic (including asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) in children, but little is known about its association with FA. We hypothesize FA has triple exposure pathways, gut-skin-airway, and investigate the effects of airway exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution on childhood FA. A cohort study of 2598 preschool children aged 3–6 years old was conducted in Changsha, China. The prevalence of FA was surveyed using a standard questionnaire by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Exposure to indoor air pollution was assessed by four indicators: new furniture, redecoration, mold or dampness, and window condensation. Exposure to outdoor air pollution was evaluated by the concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2, which were obtained from the monitored stations. Both prenatal and postnatal exposure windows were considered. The association between exposure to outdoor/indoor air pollution and childhood FA was estimated by multiple logistic regression models using odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 14.9% children reported FA. The prevalence was significantly associated with exposure to indoor air pollution, OR (95% CI) = 1.93 (1.35–2.75) for prenatal exposure to mold/dampness and 1.49 (1.07–2.10) and 1.41 (1.04–1.89) respectively for postnatal exposure to new furniture and window condensation. The prevalence of FA was also associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution, particularly the traffic-related air pollutant NO2, with adjusted ORs (95% Cls) respectively 1.24 (1.00–1.54) and 1.38 (1.03–1.85) per interquartile range (IQR) increase. Sensitivity analysis showed that the association between outdoor/indoor air pollution and childhood FA was significant only in young children aged 3–4 years. Early-life exposure to high levels of outdoor and indoor air pollution in China due to the rapid economic growth and fast urbanization in the past decades may contribute to the rapid increase of food allergy (FA) in children. Our study indicates that, in addition to gut and skin, airway may be a new route of food sensitization. Air pollution leads to the first and second waves of allergy epidemics, suggesting a concept of 'one allergy' disease. [Display omitted] • The association between air pollution and food allergy (FA) in children is unclear. • Airway is a new pathway contributing to FA, in addition to gut and skin. • Prenatal exposure to both outdoor and indoor air pollution increased FA risk. • High levels of outdoor and indoor air pollution may cause the rapid increase of FA in China. • Air pollution leads to the first and second waves of allergy epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of childhood allergies has increased during past decades leading to serious hospitalization and heavy burden worldwide, yet the key factors responsible for the onset of early symptoms and development of diagnosed diseases are unclear. To explore the role of early life exposure to ambient air pollution and indoor environmental factors on early allergic symptoms and doctor diagnosed allergic diseases. A retrospective cohort study of 2598 preschool children was conducted at 36 kindergartens in Changsha, China from September of 2011 to February of 2012. A questionnaire was developed to survey each child's early onset of allergic symptoms (wheeze and rhinitis-like symptoms) and doctor diagnosis of allergic diseases (asthma and rhinitis) as well as home environments. Each mother's and child's exposures to ambient air pollutants (PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2) and temperature were estimated for in utero and postnatal periods. The associations of early symptoms and diagnosed diseases with outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental variables were examined by logistic regression models. Childhood early allergic symptoms (33.9%) including wheeze (14.7%) and rhinitis-like symptoms (25.4%) before 2 years old were not associated with outdoor air pollution exposure but was significantly associated with maternal exposure of window condensation at home in pregnancy with ORs (95% CI) of 1.33 (1.11–1.59), 1.30 (1.01–1.67) and 1.27 (1.04–1.55) respectively, and was associated with new furniture during first year after birth with OR (95% CI) of 1.43 (1.02–2.02) for early wheeze. Childhood diagnosed allergic diseases (28.4%) containing asthma (6.7%) and allergic rhinitis (AR) (7.2%) were significantly associated with both outdoor air pollutants (mainly for SO 2 and NO 2) during first 3 years and indoor new furniture, redecoration, and window condensation. We found that sex, age, parental atopy, maternal productive age, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), antibiotics use, economic stress, early and late introduction of complementary foods, and outdoor air pollution modified the effects of home environmental exposure in early life on early allergic symptoms and diagnosed allergic diseases. Our study indicates that early life exposure to indoor environmental factors plays a key role in early onset of allergic symptoms in children, and further exposure to ambient air pollution and indoor environmental factors contribute to the later development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. [Display omitted] • Early life home environment exposure plays a key role in allergic symptoms onset. • PM 10 and SO 2 exposure in first 3 years elevate risk of persistent allergic symptom. • Later outdoor and indoor environment exposures elevate risk of asthma and rhinitis. • Antibiotics use in early life increases risk of childhood early allergic symptoms. • Indoor and outdoor exposures play different roles in allergy onset and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mounting evidence suggests that exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with the development of childhood allergic diseases, but the effect of prenatal exposure to air pollution on the risk of childhood asthma and allergy is unclear. Objectives We evaluated the association between maternal exposure to outdoor air pollution during different trimesters of pregnancy and incidence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in 2598 preschool children aged 3–6 years in China. Methods Children's lifetime incidence of allergic diseases was obtained using questionnaire. Individual exposure to outdoor air pollutants during trimesters of pregnancy was estimated by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method based on the measured concentrations at monitoring stations. We used multiple logistic regression method to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema for per interquartile range (IQR) increase in the exposure to air pollutant in each trimester, which was adjusted for the effect of other air pollutants and its effect in other trimesters by a multi-pollutant/trimester model. Results Incidence of asthma (6.8%), allergic rhinitis (7.3%), and eczema (28.6%) in children was associated with maternal exposure to traffic-related pollutant NO 2 during entire pregnancy with OR (95% confidence interval [CI]) respectively 1.63 (0.99–2.70), 1.69 (1.03–2.77), and 1.37 (1.04–1.80). After adjustment for other pollutants and trimesters, we found the association was significant only in specific trimester: the first trimester for eczema (1.54, 1.14–2.09), the second trimester for asthma (1.72, 1.02–2.97), and the third trimester for allergic rhinitis (1.77, 1.09–2.89). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the trimester sensitive to the development of allergic diseases was stable. Conclusion Maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollutant NO 2 during pregnancy, especially in specific trimesters, is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in children. Our results support the hypothesis that childhood allergic diseases originate in fetal life and are triggered by traffic-related air pollution in sensitive trimesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence have associated pneumonia with early exposure to ambient air pollution. However, the role of indoor environmental factors exposure in early life on childhood pneumonia remains unclear. To examine the association between indoor environmental factors exposure during different timing windows and childhood pneumonia, and to identify the key indoor factor(s) in different critical window(s). A retrospective cohort study of 8689 pre-schoolers was performed in Changsha, China during 2019–2020. Our questionnaire survey was designed to collect information on pre-schooler's outcome and residential environmental exposure containing indoor pollution and allergens during 1 year before pregnancy, pregnancy, first year, and past year. The associations were further estimated stratified by personal exposure level of outdoor NO 2 , CO, temperature (T) and different covariates. Associations were assessed by multiple logistic regression model in terms of odds ratio (OR) of 95% confidence interval (CI). Pre-schooler's pneumonia was significantly related with exposure of new furniture, redecoration, mold/damp stains, and mold or damp clothing or bedding exposure during the four periods, with the strongest associations observed during 1 year before pregnancy based on multi-window model, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.27 (1.12–1.44), 1.26 (1.09–1.46), 1.34 (1.14–1.57), and 1.28 (1.05–1.56) respectively. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) including both parental and grandparental smoking were significantly related with increased risk of pre-schooler's pneumonia, and ETS played a more important role in early life, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.17 (1.01–1.36) and 1.19 (1.02–1.39) in pregnancy and first year. Indoor plants particularly nonflowering plants significantly elevated pneumonia risk but only in past year, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.17 (1.05–1.30) and 1.14 (1.03–1.26). Higher pneumonia risk was observed for renovation exposure in pre-birth compared to post-birth, while mold/dampness exerted an accumulative effect with the highest risk for exposure during both pre- and post-birth. Living near traffic road and exposure to high level of traffic-related air pollution and high temperature significantly increased pneumonia risk. Sensitivity analysis found that some sub-groups were more susceptible to pneumonia risk of home environment exposure. Early life exposure to indoor environmental factors plays an important role in pneumonia development, supporting the hypothesis of "Preconceptional and Fetal Origin of Childhood Pneumonia" and "Developmental Origins of Health and Pneumonia". [Display omitted] • Pre- and post-birth exposure to indoor pollution and allergen were related with childhood pneumonia. • 1 year before pregnancy was identified as a critical window for pneumonia risk of indoor exposure. • Renovation and mold/dampness exposure posed higher risk of pneumonia in pre-birth periods. • Mold or damp stains and clothing or bedding have a cumulative effect on childhood pneumonia. • Traffic pollution and high temperature increased pneumonia risk of indoor environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor environment is associated with the sick building syndrome (SBS), but little is known about the contribution of outdoor air pollution and meteorological conditions to SBS. We studied associations between outdoor air pollution, meteorological parameters and selected indoor exposure and building characteristics at home and weekly SBS symptoms in a standardized questionnaire study among 3485 randomly selected adults in China. Outdoor factors included particulate matters with diameter < 10 μm (PM 10 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), outdoor temperature (T), relative air humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS) during last three months. Multiple logistic regression was applied calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Asthma or allergic rhinitis (atopy) was associated with all types of SBS symptoms except fatigue. Indoor factors played a major role in SBS symptoms. Mold/dampness on the floor/ceiling was associated with fatigue OR = 1.60 (1.11–2.30) and headache OR = 1.80 (1.07–3.04). Moldy odor was associated with fatigue OR = 1.59 (1.07–2.37) and dermal symptoms OR = 1.91 (1.21–3.02). Window pane condensation in winter was associated with fatigue OR = 1.73 (1.30–2.31) and throat symptoms OR = 1.53 (1.01–2.31). Damp bed clothing was related with throat symptom OR = 1.62 (1.09–2.40). Home redecoration was associated with fatigue OR = 1.49 (1.07–2.06). Frequent window opening was associated with less nose symptoms OR = 0.54 (0.36–0.82) and mechanical ventilation in the bathroom reduced dermal symptoms OR = 0.66 (0.44–0.99). Females were more susceptible to redecoration and window pane condensation than men. No associations with SBS were observed for outdoor air pollutants or meteorological parameters in the final models combining indoor and outdoor factors, although SO 2 , T, and RH were associated with some SBS symptoms (fatigue, eyes and nose symptoms) in the separate outdoor models. In conclusion, indoor mold/dampness, air pollution from redecoration and poorer ventilation conditions in dwellings can be risk factors for SBS symptoms in an adult Chinese population, especially among females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Environmental factors have been found to be associated with allergic diseases, but it is unclear which environmental factor during which exposure window causes what kind of allergic diseases. Objectives We investigated association between exposure to some predominant outdoor and indoor environmental factors during preconceptional, prenatal, and postnatal periods and allergic diseases/symptoms in 2598 children in China. Methods Children's lifetime incidence of allergic diseases and current prevalence of allergic symptoms and exposure to indoor new furniture/redecoration and mold/dampness was surveyed by a questionnaire. Exposure to outdoor air pollutants was estimated by the concentrations measured at air quality monitoring stations. Multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations between outdoor air pollutants and indoor environmental factors and allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema) and symptoms (wheezing, night cough, and rhinitis-like). Results We found that preconceptional, prenatal, and postnatal exposure to outdoor industrial and traffic air pollutants were significantly associated with increase in the risk of childhood asthma, and also positively associated with allergic rhinitis and eczema. However, we cannot distinguish the effect of outdoor air pollutants and exposure windows because of their high correlations. New furniture was associated with eczema and allergic rhinitis during postnatal exposure, but redecoration associated with asthma and eczema during prenatal exposure. Indoor visible mold/damp stains was significant for eczema during prenatal exposure and asthma during postnatal exposure respectively, but window condensation was significant for all childhood allergic diseases during both prenatal and postnatal exposures. Allergic symptoms in children were found to be associated with exposure to indoor factors only. Conclusions Associations between outdoor air pollutants and indoor environmental factors and childhood allergic diseases/symptoms were divergent and related to the timing of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Early life is suggested to be a critical time in determining subsequent asthma development, but the extent to which the effect of early-life exposure to ambient air pollution on childhood asthma is unclear. Objectives We investigated doctor-diagnosed asthma in preschool children due to exposure to ambient air pollution in utero and during the first year of life. Methods In total 2490 children aged 3–6 years participated in a questionnaire study regarding doctor-diagnosed asthma between September 2011 and January 2012 in China. Children’s exposure to critical air pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) as proxy of industrial air pollution, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) as proxy of traffic pollution, and particulate matter≤10 µm in diameter (PM 10 ) as a mixture, was estimated from the concentrations measured at the ambient air quality monitoring stations by using an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the relationship between early-life exposure and childhood asthma in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Association between early-life exposure to air pollutants and childhood asthma was observed. SO 2 and NO 2 had significant associations with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.45 (1.02–2.07) and 1.74 (1.15–2.62) in utero and 1.62 (1.01–2.60) and 1.90 (1.20–3.00) during the first year for per 50 µg/m 3 and 15 µg/m 3 increase respectively. Exposure to the combined high level of SO 2 and NO 2 in China significantly elevated the asthmatic risk with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.76 (1.18–2.64) in utero and 1.85 (1.22–2.79) during the first year compared to the low level exposure. The associations were higher for males and the younger children aged 3–4 than females and the older children aged 5–6. Conclusions Early-life exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with childhood asthma during which the level and source of air pollution play important roles. The high level and nature of combined industrial and traffic air pollution in China may contribute to the recent rapid increase of childhood asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Early life exposure to traffic pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) plays a key role in childhood asthma. • Pre- or post-natal exposure to increased temperature and extreme hot day elevates asthma risk. • Co-exposure to both high temperatures and air pollution significantly increases risk of asthma. • Boys and younger children are more susceptible to postnatal heat-particle interaction on asthma. • Our study suggests a hypothesis of "fetal origin of asthma" via temperature-pollution interaction. Although mounting evidence has associated air pollution and environmental temperature with children's health problems, it is unclear whether there is an interaction between these factors on childhood asthma. To explore the effects of temperature-pollution interactions during pre- and post-natal periods on asthma among pre-schoolers. A retrospective cohort study of 39,782 pre-schoolers was performed during 2010–2012, in seven cities in China. Exposure to three temperature indicators (TI) and three critical ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM 10), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) as proxies of industrial and vehicular air pollution, was estimated by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Two-level logistical regression analysis was used to examine the association between both pre- and post-natal exposure and childhood asthma in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Asthma prevalence in pre-schoolers at age of 3–6 years (6.9 %) was significantly associated with traffic-related air pollutant (NO 2) exposure, with ORs (95 % CI) of 1.17 (1.06, 1.28), 1.19 (1.05–1.34) and 1.16 (1.03–1.31) for an IQR increase in NO 2 exposure during lifetime, pregnancy, and entire postnatal period respectively. Furthermore, childhood asthma was positively associated with exposure to increased temperature during lifetime, pregnancy, and entire postnatal period with ORs (95 % CI) = 1.89 (1.66, 2.16), 1.47 (1.34, 1.61), and 1.15 (1.11, 1.18) respectively, while was negatively associated with decreased temperatures. Childhood asthma was positively related with exposure to extreme heat days (EHD) during postnatal period particularly in first year of life respectively with ORs (95 % CI) = 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) and 1.26 (1.07, 1.47), but was not related with extreme cold days (ECD) exposure. A combination of high air pollutant levels and high temperatures significantly increased the risk of asthma during both pre- and post-natal periods. Strikingly, we found a significantly positive interaction of temperature and PM 10 or SO 2 on asthma risk among boys and younger children. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to ambient air pollution and high temperatures are independently and jointly associated with asthma risk in early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence of allergic rhinitis has rapidly increased among Chinese children, but the reasons are unclear. Recent findings have suggested that exposure to outdoor air pollutants may increase the risk of allergic rhinitis, but the results were inconsistent. This study further investigated the effect of outdoor air pollutants on allergic rhinitis among preschool children. A standardized questionnaire on health, home and environmental factors was conducted for 4988 children aged 1–8 in the city of Changsha, and the concentrations of PM 10 (particle diameter ⩽10 μm), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) during 2006–2011 were acquired from the official web of Changsha Environmental Protection Agency. Results showed that the prevalence of children’s doctor diagnosed rhinitis was 8.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.0%–10.0%). It was found that the prevalence of rhinitis was not associated with site-specific background concentrations of air pollutants, but significantly positively correlated with age-related accumulative personal exposure of PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2. We conclude that age-related accumulative personal exposure to ambient air pollution may play an important role in the development of rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to enhance power system reliability and manage network congestions, many power utilities around the world have deployed various forms of system protection schemes (SPS) in their systems. In a deregulated environment, SPS could offer immediate solutions to network congestion that are beneficial to both utilities and customers. This paper presents a framework for quantitative risk and benefit assessments of SPS operations. The risk of SPS operations and its effect to the system security are evaluated by a probabilistic risk assessment approach. The benefits obtainable from power market and the customer interruption costs resulting from SPS operations are appraised. The proposed methodology can be used by power system operators and planners to assess the applications of SPS for system reliability enhancement and compare different alternatives for managing network congestion. Numerical results obtained from an actual event-based SPS example are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a competitive electric energy market, service quality and reliability are two of the essential issues of the business. Distribution automation has been chosen by many utilities around the world as one of the most reliable measures for reducing outage time in their distribution networks. Considering network reliability data and the customer interruption costs, a value-based planning method is proposed in this paper to find the optimal numbers and locations of switches in feeder automation systems. The proposed method takes reliability costs, maintenance and investment costs into account to obtain a feeder automation plan that has a maximum benefit and a proper system reliability requirement. Three stages are involved in the search for optimal solution. Using minimum feeder data and assume equally distributed feeder loads, stage 1 gives initial estimates of reliability indices and costs, and benefit/cost ratios of different feeder automation options. To gain the maximum benefits from feeder automation with reasonable costs, results of stage 1 are used to select feeders with highest priorities for automations. Stage 2 determines the optimum locations of switches that minimize feeder outage costs, and in stage 3, the best locations for tie switches in the automated network are determined. Numerical processing procedure is described and the solution efficiency and results are compared with those obtained from a genetic algorithm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The main target of retrosynthesis is to recursively decompose desired molecules into available building blocks. Existing template-based retrosynthesis methods follow a template selection stereotype and suffer from limited training templates, which prevents them from discovering novel reactions. To overcome this limitation, we propose an innovative retrosynthesis prediction framework that can compose novel templates beyond training templates. As far as we know, this is the first method that uses machine learning to compose reaction templates for retrosynthesis prediction. Besides, we propose an effective reactant candidate scoring model that can capture atom-level transformations, which helps our method outperform previous methods on the USPTO-50K dataset. Experimental results show that our method can produce novel templates for 15 USPTO-50K test reactions that are not covered by training templates. We have released our source implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adoption of the IEC flicker standard by IEEE would encourage countries currently using \DeltaV10 flicker standard to consider either updating the \DeltaV10 calculation to make it more suitable for modern day applications, or switching to the IEC standard. In the process of revising the flicker standard, the design of flicker planning level is important. For this purpose, this letter presents comparative statistical analyses of flicker measurements based on present Pst and \DeltaV10 standards. Besides the comparison of synchronous flicker severity indices in 10-min intervals, analyses are also conducted using daily flicker statistical reference values measured at the point of common coupling (PCC) of ac and dc electric arc furnace facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated associations between prenatal and postnatal environmental factors and onset and remission of preschool childhood eczema across China. The study population was preschoolers in randomized day care centers in seven cities (N = 39,782). Data on eczema and prenatal and postnatal indoor and outdoor environment were obtained from a cross-sectional questionnaire sent to parents or other guardians. Reports on eczema in the first 2 years and in the past year was used to retrospectively calculate onset and remission (changes of reported eczema). Prenatal and postnatal outdoor temperature, NO 2 and PM 10 were modelled from official air pollution data. Associations were estimated by two-level logistic regression. Calculated onset rate was 3.2%/y and remission rate 29.2%/y. Exposure to NO 2 during pregnancy was associated with onset of eczema, similarly for all trimesters. Postnatal PM 10 and NO 2 were related to decreased remission. Postnatal outdoor temperature was associated with onset of eczema. Pre-natal and current redecoration or buying new furniture, and perinatal as well as current dampness and indoor mould, were associated with increased onset and decreased remission. Cockroaches in current home was another indoor risk factors. Prenatal exposure to farm environment and large family size were all negatively associated with eczema. In conclusion, a warmer climate and prenatal NO 2 can be associated with increased onset of eczema in Chinese preschoolers. Postnatal PM 10 and NO 2 can be associated with reduced remission. Perinatal and current dampness, indoor mould and cockroaches may increase onset and decrease remission. Exposure to chemical emissions from indoor materials after first year of life may increase onset. Prenatal exposure to farm environment and large family size could be protective. Unlabelled Image • Exposure to NO 2 during pregnancy was associated with onset of eczema. • Postnatal PM 10 and NO 2 were related to decreased remission of eczema. • Dampness and mould were associated with increased onset and decreased remission. • Pre-natal and current redecoration and new furniture were other risk factors. • Prenatal farm environment and large family size could be protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied associations between reported common cold and home dampness and mould, cleaning habits and ventilation, climate and outdoor air pollution in China among young adults without asthma or allergic rhinitis. Parents of children attending day care in eight Chinese cities answered a questionnaire on their health and home environment (75% response rate). We restricted the population to subject without asthma or allergic rhinitis (N = 37,275). Temperature and air pollution data was obtained from monitoring stations. Associations were estimated by multilevel logistic regression. Totally 12.5% reported common cold (≥3 colds) and 1.6% frequent common cold (≥5 colds) in the past 12 months. Female gender (OR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.37–1.71), residents in southern China (OR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.16–3.07) and living in homes with water leakage (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50), mould odour (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.28–1.72), indoor mould (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.28–1.70), condensation on window panes (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.32–1.52) and damp bed clothing (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.28) were associated with common cold. Having many signs of dampness increased ORs. Daily cleaning (OR = 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.97) and mechanical ventilation in kitchen or bathroom (OR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.64–0.89) were protective. Higher mean ambient temperature (OR = 1.11 per °C; 95% CI 1.02–1.21), PM 10 (OR = 1.17 per 10 μg/m3; 95% CI 1.14–1.21) and PM 2.5 (OR = 1.28 per 10 μg/m3; 95% CI 1.20–1.37) were associated with common cold. The association with particulate air pollution was stronger in southern China. Similar associations were found for frequent common cold. In conclusion, indoor dampness and mould, a warmer climate and PM 10 and PM 2.5 can be associated with reported common cold. Further intervention and prospective studies are needed to verify causality of observed association in this cross-sectional study. Unlabelled Image • Indoor dampness and mould were associated with adult common cold in China. • Daily cleaning and mechanical ventilation in kitchen or bathroom were protective. • Adult common cold was more prevalent in a warmer climate. • Outdoor PM 10 and PM 2.5 were associated with adult common cold. • The association with particulate air pollution was stronger in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prenatal air pollution (PM 2.5 and PM 10) can increase furry pet related symptoms among pre-school children in China. • Indoor mould, dampness and window pane condensation can increase furry pet related symptoms and diagnosed rhinitis. • Early life cat and dog keeping can increase furry pet related symptoms and diagnosed rhinitis. • Prenatal farm exposure and living in less urbanized areas can protect against rhinitis not related to furry pets. Few Chinese population studies exist on early life risk factors for furry pet allergy. We studied childhood respiratory symptoms when in contact with furry pets in relation to early life exposure. Moreover, we studied similar environmental associations for rhinitis not related to furry pets. Children aged 3–6 y from day care centres in seven Chinese cities participated (N = 39,782). Parents answered a questionnaire on home environment and children's health, including rhinoconjunctivitis and wheeze when in contact with furry pets, and diagnosed rhinitis. Prenatal and postnatal outdoor temperature, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 were calculated using data from monitoring stations. Associations were estimated by multilevel logistic regression. Totally 2% had cats, 4% dogs, and 3.2% had rhinoconjunctivitis or wheeze when in contact with furry pets (FP symptoms). Moreover, 1.1% had furry pet related diagnosed rhinitis and 7.5% had diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets (other diagnosed rhinitis). Prenatal PM 2.5 and PM 10 , especially in second trimester, and a colder climate were risk factors for FP symptoms. ETS, dampness and mould, condensation on windows in wintertime, and cats and dog keeping were associated with FP symptoms. Breast feeding and frequent window opening were protective. Similar indoor associations were found for furry pet related diagnosed rhinitis. ETS, dampness and mould, window condensation, urbanization and mechanical exhaust ventilation were risk factors for other diagnosed rhinitis. Cooking with an electric stove and early life exposure to animals (cats, dogs, farm environment during pregnancy) were protective for diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets. Prenatal outdoor PM 10 and PM 2.5 can be risk factors for symptoms suggestive of furry pet allergy. Early life dampness and mould can be risk factors for rhinitis related and not related to furry pets. Exposure to animals (cats, dogs, farm environment) may reduce diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ziziphus spinosa (Bunge) H.H. Hu ex F.H. Chen is a woody plant species of the family Rhamnaceae (order Rhamnales) that possesses high nutritional and medicinal value. Predicting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Z. spinosa is of great significance for the investigation, protection, and exploitation of this germplasm resource. For this study, optimized maximum entropy models were employed to predict the distribution patterns and changes of its present (1970–2000) and future (2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) potential suitable regions in China under multiple climate scenarios (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 & SSP5‐8.5). The results revealed that the total area of the present potential suitable region for Z. spinosa is 162.60 × 104 km2, which accounts for 16.94% of China's territory. Within this area, the regions having low, medium, and high suitability were 80.14 × 104 km2, 81.50 × 104 km2, and 0.96 × 104 km2, respectively, with the high suitability regions being distributed primarily in Shanxi, Hebei, and Beijing Provinces. Except for SSP‐1‐2.6‐2070s, SSP‐5‐8.5‐2070s, and SSP‐5‐8.5‐2090s, the suitable areas for Z. spinosa in the future increased to different degrees. Meanwhile, considering the distribution of Z. spinosa during different periods and under different climate scenarios, our study predicted that the low impact areas of Z. spinosa were mainly restricted to Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin Provinces. The results of core distributional shifts showed that, except for SSP1‐2.6, the center of the potential suitable region of Z. spinosa exhibited a trend of gradually shifting to the northwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major public health problem worldwide, yet its crucial environmental risk factors are still unclear. To examine the association between LBW (term and preterm LBW) and prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and home environmental factors as well as their combination, in order to identify critical time window for exposure and key outdoor and indoor factors in LBW development. A cohort study of 3509 preschool children was performed in Changsha, China during the period 2011–2012. A questionnaire was conducted to survey each child's birth outcome and each mother's exposure to home environmental factors including parental smoking, new furniture, redecoration, mold/damp stains, window pane condensation, and household pets during pregnancy. Maternal exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM 10), industrial air pollutant (SO 2), and traffic air pollutant (NO 2) was estimated during different time windows of gestation, including conception month, three trimesters, birth month, and whole gestation. Associations of term and preterm LBW with ambient air pollutants and home environmental factors were assessed by multiple logistic regression models in terms of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Term LBW (TLBW) was significantly associated with exposure to ambient PM 10 during pregnancy, with OR (95% CI) = 1.47 (1.00–2.14) for per IQR increase after adjustment for the covariates and home environmental factors. Specifically, we identified the significant association in early phase of pregnancy including conception month (1.90, 1.09–3.30) and the first trimester (1.72, 1.10–2.69). We further found that TLBW was significantly related with parental smoking at home, OR (95% CI) = 2.17 (1.09–4.33). However, no association was observed for preterm LBW (PLBW). The TLBW risk of ambient air pollution and home environmental factors was independent each other and hence the combined exposure to ambient PM 10 and indoor parental smoking caused the highest risk. Sensitivity analysis suggested that foetus with younger mothers were significantly more susceptible to risk of indoor parental smoking, while those with smaller house and cockroaches were more sensitive to risk of outdoor PM 10 exposure. Prenatal exposure to combined outdoor and indoor air pollution, particularly in critical window(s) during early pregnancy, significantly increases the risk of term LBW. • Air pollution was associated with term low birth weight (LBW) but not with preterm LBW. • We found term LBW was associated with prenatal exposure to ambient inhalable particle (PM 10). • Term LBW was also related with parental smoking at home during pregnancy. • Exposure to combined outdoor and indoor air pollution posed the highest risk of term LBW. • Early pregnancy was identified as the most critical time window for exposure susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Retrosynthesis is a critical task in drug discovery, aimed at finding a viable pathway for synthesizing a given target molecule. Many existing approaches frame this task as a graph-generating problem. Specifically, these methods first identify the reaction center, and break a targeted molecule accordingly to generate the synthons. Reactants are generated by either adding atoms sequentially to synthon graphs or by directly adding appropriate leaving groups. However, both of these strategies have limitations. Adding atoms results in a long prediction sequence that increases the complexity of generation, while adding leaving groups only considers those in the training set, which leads to poor generalization. Results In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end graph generation model for retrosynthesis prediction, which sequentially identifies the reaction center, generates the synthons, and adds motifs to the synthons to generate reactants. Given that chemically meaningful motifs fall between the size of atoms and leaving groups, our model achieves lower prediction complexity than adding atoms and demonstrates superior performance than adding leaving groups. We evaluate our proposed model on a benchmark dataset and show that it significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, we conduct ablation studies to investigate the contribution of each component of our proposed model to the overall performance on benchmark datasets. Experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in predicting retrosynthesis pathways and suggest its potential as a valuable tool in drug discovery. Availability and implementation All code and data are available at https://github.com/szu-ljh2020/MARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest families involved in plant physiological processes such as biotic and abiotic responses, growth, and development, etc. In this study, 66 members of the bZIP family were identified in Bletilla striata, which were divided into 10 groups based on their phylogenetic relationships with AtbZIPs. A structural analysis of BsbZIPs revealed significant intron–exon differences among BsbZIPs. A total of 63 bZIP genes were distributed across 16 chromosomes in B. striata. The tissue-specific and germination stage expression patterns of BsbZIPs were based on RNA-seq. Stress-responsive expression analysis revealed that partial BsbZIPs were highly expressed under low temperatures, wounding, oxidative stress, and GA treatments. Furthermore, subcellular localization studies indicated that BsbZIP13 was localized in the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays suggested that BsbZIP13 could interact with multiple BsSnRK2s. The results of this study provide insightful data regarding bZIP TF as one of the stress response regulators in B. striata, while providing a theoretical basis for transgenic and functional studies of the bZIP gene family in B. striata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]