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Background: Snakebite is a commonly neglected tropical disease globally. According to the World Health Organization, tens of thousands of deaths have been reported due to the venomous snakes previously. Among such snakes, vipers of the genus Echis are extremely important clinically. In folk medicine, plants are commonly used for the treatment of snakebites even though snake venom antiserum is the only efficacious treatment currently known. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory potential of extracts from Pakistani medicinal plants against protease enzyme abundant in Echis carinatus venom. Materials and Methods: Organic extracts from different indigenous plant species and parts were used for in vitro determination of their inhibition against protease activity in snake venom. Active methanolic extracts were further fractioned using different solvents, and these fractions were also tested for antiprotease activity. Results: Results of this study show that Calotropis procera (Wild.) R. Br., Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br., and Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn were able to neutralize the protease enzyme by 63%, 71%, and 66%, respectively. Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. showed 51% inhibition of protease activity. Conclusion: The present study indicated about C. procera (Wild.) R. Br., M. incana (L.) R. Br., and T. arjuna Wight and Arn possessed inhibitor (s) against protease enzyme present in E. carinatus venom and would be worthwhile for development as treatment against envenomation in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The present paper aimed to solve the problems of poor air permeability and serious Cd contamination in direct utilization of bottom mud. 【Method】 The physical and chemical properties of bottom mud compound substrates with different proportion and their effect on growth of Matthiola incana are studied by taking pure bottom mud as CK. 【Result】 (i) The p H, conductivity and Cd content of compound substrates increase gradually with increase of addition proportion of bottom mud and the compound substrates are beneficial to growth of Matthiola incana compared with CK. (ii) The height, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of Matthiola incana seedlings cultured on the compound substrate with 10% bottom mud, 20% pelelith, 10% perlite, 15% mushroom residue, 10% peat, 5% sawdust and 30% earthworm cast can reach 24.8 cm, 39.48, 4.16 and 43.25 g/kg respectively.(iii) The Cd absorption dose of Matthiola incana seedlings cultured on the compound substrates is 0.65-1.25 mg/kg, lower than 1.34 mg/kg of pure bottom mud treatment. The Cd content of Matthiola incana seedlings cultured on the compound substrates is within the normal content, which explains that Cd content of bottom mud has no obvious effect on Cd absorption of plants 【Conclusion】 The compound substrate with 10% bottom mud, 20% pelelith, 10% perlite, 15% mushroom residue, 10% peat, 5% sawdust and 30% earthworm cast is beneficial to normal growth of Matthiola incana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double flower is one of the most important traits in the floricultural plant Matthiola incana . Although a “doubleness” locus ( S / s ) was defined by genetic analysis a century ago, the gene responsible for double flowers has not been identified in M. incana . We isolated MiAG from M. incana cultivars, and its sequence and genomic structure were found to be highly similar to the AGAMOUS gene in Arabidopsis . Two independent mutated alleles miag1 and miag2 were identified from the double-flowered individuals of M. incana cultivars. Deletions of 135 bp (from the 2nd exon to the 2nd intron) and 89 bp (from the 7th intron to the 8th exon) were detected in miag1 and miag2 , respectively. No transcript was detected in flower buds from miag1 alleles in corresponding cultivars, whereas three mRNA variants with frameshifts were transcribed from the miag2 allele in other cultivars. Thus, two mutated alleles corresponding to the s locus contributed to the ‘eversporting’ type double-flower cultivars in M. incana . Moreover, we also developed co-dominant molecular markers to describe the genotypes of the three alleles of MiAG . Using these DNA markers allows for selection of single- or double-flowered individuals among seedlings that do not display phenotypic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different growing media on the growth and development of stock (Matthiola incana). Seven different growing media including soil (100%), leaf mold (100%), coconut husk (100%), soil + leaf mold (50:50), soil + coconut husk (50:50), leaf mold + coconut husk (50:50) and soil + leaf mold + coconut husk (33:33:33) were used to check the growth of Stock plants in pots. Data was recorded for different parameters including days to flower initiation, days to flowering, plant height (cm), leaves per plant, branches per plant, flowering clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, flowers per plant and flower persistence life (days), during this course of study. The overall performance of Stock was better in media having leaf mold as it took least days to flower initiation (75.83), maximum plant height (21.43 cm), flowering clusters per plant (4.11), number of flowers per cluster (8.45 days), flowers per plant (34.66). For better growth and flowering of Stock plant, leaf mold can be used as growing media in pots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity of Matthiola incana flowers extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, methanol water (9.5:0.5) methanol water (9:1) extracts of stock flower (Matthiola incana) were analyzed. The total phenolics content (TPC) were found in the range of 0.327-1.872 mg GAE/g and total flavonoids content (TFC) were found in the range 2.06-6.067 CE mg/g. Other parameters studied were reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation. The antioxidant activity of the Matthiola incana was also evaluated by measuring the conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated triene (CT), p-anisidine value (PAV), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) by using canola oil as an oxidative substrate. The n-hexhane extract was also analyzed by GC-MS. The methanolic extracts of Matthiola incana flowers showed maximum antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity studies was also studied by haemolytic activity of the plant extracts against the human erythrocytes (RBC's) was found to be in the range of 0.91-4.47 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity of Matthiola incana flowers extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, methanol water (9.5:0.5) methanol water (9:1) extracts of stock flower (Matthiola incana) were analyzed. The total phenolics content (TPC) were found in the range of 0.327-1.872 mg GAE/g and total flavonoids content (TFC) were found in the range 2.06-6.067 CE mg/g. Other parameters studied were reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation. The antioxidant activity of the Matthiola incana was also evaluated by measuring the conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated triene (CT), p-anisidine value (PAV), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) by using canola oil as an oxidative substrate. The n-hexhane extract was also analyzed by GC-MS. The methanolic extracts of Matthiola incana flowers showed maximum antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity studies was also studied by haemolytic activity of the plant extracts against the human erythrocytes (RBC's) was found to be in the range of 0.91-4.47 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Glucoraphenin and glucoraphasatin were found to be the major glucosinolates. • Desulfoglucoraphenin showed notable instability during storage in water. • Formation of thioimidate N -oxides from desulfoglucoraphenin was observed. • During storage of plant material, glucoraphasatin may oxidize into glucoraphenin. • Transformation of glucoraphenin in intestinal phase was observed in ex vivo model. The glucosinolates (GSLs) of Matthiola incana were characterized and quantified as desulfoGSLs in different plant tissues (seeds, siliquae, stems, leaves, and flowers) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The major GSL detected in all plant parts was 4-(methylsulfinyl)but-3-enyl GSL (glucoraphenin, 1), followed by 4-(methylsulfanyl)but-3-enyl GSL (glucoraphasatin, 2), while indol-3-ylmethyl GSL (glucobrassicin, 3) was also found in the flowers. GSL 2 was found to be the dominant in the plants analysed after only 2 days of drying, contrary to all analyses performed after longer storage of plant material, thus suggesting an oxidation of 2 into 1. The stability of GSLs was monitored over a one-month period. The desulfo-counterpart of 1 was unstable in water, showing a dramatic decrease (ca 80%) during the observation time, with spontaneous conversion into cyclic thioimidate N -oxides. Bioaccessibility of GSLs through the simulated ex vivo gastrointestinal digestion was determined using human gastrointestinal juices. Glucoraphenin 1 showed high bioaccessibility in the gastric phase (>90%), while both GSLs 1 and 2 were transformed in the intestinal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]