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The article "Scolopia crenata Leaf Essential Oil as a Rich and Novel Source of Benzaldehyde" published in Chemistry of Natural Compounds explores the chemical composition and bioactivity of the essential oil of Scolopia crenata leaves. The essential oil was found to contain benzaldehyde as the predominant compound, making it a potential natural source of benzaldehyde for various industries. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was moderate to low, attributed to the presence of benzaldehyde. The study suggests that the essential oil of Scolopia crenata leaves could be valuable for perfumery, food, and pharmaceutical applications. [Extracted from the article]

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae), commonly called catmint, is an essential oil-bearing herb used in traditional systems of medicine against rheumatism, convulsions, inflammatory skin disorders, and epilepsy. However, the efficacy and mechanism of action of its essential oil against inflammatory conditions remain elusive. The current study aims at the chemical characterization of the essential oil of A. indica leaves (AILEO) and understanding the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effects by an integrated approach of network pharmacology and in vitro assays. GC–MS analysis of AILEO revealed a total of 30 constituents representing 94.19 % of the total oil. The majority of the chemical groups include diterpene hydrocarbons with abietatriene (58.13 %) and abietadiene (7.18 %) as the major constituents. Out of 30 compounds, 20 passed the ADME screening and were considered as active constituents. A total of 524 compound targets, 409 anti-inflammation targets, and 88 compound-disease intersecting targets were obtained. Multi-level network analysis revealed that the pharmacological mechanisms of alleviation of inflammation by AILEO are due to its interaction with five core inflammatory targets such as PI3K, AKT1, MEK1, ERK1, and RXRA involved in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. AILEO did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells, but it significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in vitro assays. Further, AILEO enhanced the expression levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH) in comparison to the LPS-induced group. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that AILEO modulated the level of mRNA expression of all five core targets associated with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which further supported the findings of network pharmacology. This study provides valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms by which AILEO exerts anti-inflammatory action indicating its pharmacological potential as a promising candidate for the treatment of disorders linked with inflammation. [Display omitted] • Anisomeles indica leaf essential oil (AILEO) is rich in abietane diterpenoids. • AILEO did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells. • Network pharmacology analysis identified 5 key targets linked with PI3K-AKT pathway. • AILEO exerts anti-inflammatory activity by regulating proinflammatory mediators. • AILEO may prove to be a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Harpullia arborea" discusses the chemical composition and biological activity of the leaf essential oil of Harpullia arborea, a tree found in tropical wet evergreen forests. The oil has been traditionally used for treating various conditions such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and urinary tract infections. The article presents the results of a phytochemical analysis, revealing the presence of 47 chemical constituents with antioxidant properties. The major components of the oil include phytol and (E)-β-ionone, which have demonstrated beneficial effects in recent studies. The essential oil of H. arborea has moderate antioxidant activity and its major constituents may have applications in industries such as perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and food. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Isothiocyanate-Rich Essential Oil from Leaves of Drypetes assamica and Its Antioxidant Activity" explores the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Drypetes assamica, a tree species found in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indo-China, and Thailand. The essential oil was found to contain a high concentration of isothiocyanates, which have antioxidant properties. This study is the first to report on the essential oil of D. assamica and its potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. Other species of Drypetes also contain isothiocyanates, which have been found to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium salicifolium" provides information on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Syzygium salicifolium, a tree native to India. The essential oil contains 47 constituents, with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons being the main group. The dominant components of the oil are β-vetivenene, γ-amorphene, δ-elemene, β-elemene, β-gurjunene, trans-dauca-4(11),7-diene, δ-selinene, and cis-muurol-5-en-4-α-ol. This study is the first to explore the volatile profile and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of this Indian endemic Syzygium species. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the chemical composition and antityrosinase activity of the leaf essential oil of Litsea nitida, a tree native to Eastern Himalaya, Myanmar, and parts of India. Litsea is a genus of plants with over 300 species found in tropical Asia, the Pacific, Australia, and North and Central America. The essential oils of Litsea species have various medicinal and aromatic uses, and this study provides the first report on the chemical composition and tyrosinase activity of Litsea nitida's essential oil. The oil was found to contain sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, aldehydes, oxygenated diterpenes, and oxygenated monoterpenes. The document also mentions the chemical composition of the essential oil of Litsea glutinosa, collected from Bangladesh, and the presence of β-caryophyllene in other Litsea species. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Litsea nitida's essential oil was found to be less effective than kojic acid. The authors express gratitude for the support and facilities provided for the research. [Extracted from the article]

Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze (Syn. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.) is a wild essential-oil-bearing plant having multiple uses in traditional medicine, perfumery, food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The present paper is the first report on the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf essential oil of M. suaveolens (MSLEO) and unravels its molecular mechanism in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil (EO) isolated from the leaves by hydro-distillation led to the identification of 48 constituents, accounting for 90.55% of the total oil, and β-caryophyllene (16.17%), phyllocladene (11.85%), abietatriene (11.46%), and spathulenol (7.89%) were found to be the major components. MSLEO treatment had no effect on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL, and the EO was responsible for a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, a decrease in intracellular ROS production, and the restoration of oxidative damage by elevating the levels of endogenous antioxidative enzymes like CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that MSLEO reduced the mRNA expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as compared to the LPS-induced group. In addition, a confocal microscopy analysis showed that MSLEO inhibited the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus. The results of this experiment demonstrate that MSLEO possesses significant anti-inflammatory potential by preventing the activation of NF-κB, which, in turn, inhibits the downstream expression of other inflammatory mediators associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, the leaf essential oil of M. suaveolens may prove to be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation, and targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway may be considered as an attractive approach for anti-inflammatory therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil of Volkameria aculeata, a plant found in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The study reveals that the essential oil of Volkameria aculeata contains 42 compounds, including diterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The major constituents of the essential oil were phytol, linoleic acid, β-cubebene, hexadecanoic acid, myristicin, and (E)-nerolidol. The essential oil also exhibited significant antioxidant activity, suggesting potential pharmacological applications. The authors acknowledge the support of their institution. [Extracted from the article]

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (30.06%) constituted the principal class of compounds followed by ethers (22.07%), alkanes (15.84%), others compounds (10.78%), sesquiterpene alcohols (8.20%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.32%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (2.42%). Though the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of essential oils isolated from I Rhamnus prinoides i and I R. alaternus i have been studied by Campbell et al. [[8]] and Chouitah et al. [[9]], respectively, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published report on the volatile profiling and the biological activities of the essential oil of I Rhamnus napalensis i . Among the essential oil and positive controls tested for DPPH assay, the leaf essential oil (39.16 ± 0.41 g/mL) showed significant antioxidant activity as compared to ascorbic acid (5.83 ± 0.19 g/mL) and BHT (22.04 ± 0.62 g/mL). [Extracted from the article]

Although most of the species of I Syzygium i are important sources of essential oils, no information is yet available with regard to the quantitative and qualitative estimation and biological activities of the leaf essential oil of I Syzygium schmidii i . The yield of essential oil was higher than that of I Syzygium caryophyllatum i [[13]], I S. kanarense i [[14]], I S. grande i , I S. sterrophyllum i [[7]], I S. myrtifolium i [[15]] but lower than that of I S. cumini i [[16]] and I S. guianense i [[8]]. The leaf essential oil of I S. schmidii i is principally composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (60.55%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (28.81%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.78%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.45%), and others (0.86%). [Extracted from the article]

Melaleuca polandii, commonly known as "Gold-tipped Bottlebrush", is widely grown in Indian gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of M. polandii leaf essential oil (MPLEO) have been investigated. GC-MS analysis of MPLEO isolated from plants grown along the coastal plains of Eastern India revealed the presence of 50 constituents with α-pinene (46.17%), 3Z-hexenyl acetate (10.10 %), α-terpineol (5.43%), limonene (3.63%) and ρ-cymene (2.44 %) as the major constituents. MPLEO exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ABTS and Reducing ability assays with IC50 values of 7.94 ± 0.34 μg/mL, 5.71 ± 0.21 μg/mL and EC50 7.09 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. Of the 5 bacterial strains tested, the EO exhibited highest sensitivity against Bacillus subtilis with the ZOI of 12.66 ± 0.57 mm and strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. MPLEO exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against Human alveolar lung adenocarcinoma (A549), Human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2), Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and normal Human Embryonic Kidney cell (HEK-293) as evaluated through MTT assay with IC50 values of 9.5 ± 0.38 μg/mL, 22.73 ± 0.95 μg/mL, 20.41 ± 0.82 μg/mL and 237.68 ± 9.26 μg/mL, respectively. The findings of the present study demonstrated that MPLEO could be considered as a potential bioresource having applications in pharmaceutical industries as an antibacterial and antiproliferative agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neocinnamomum caudatum (Lauraceae) plant is used in the traditional system of medicine and is considered a potential source of edible fruits, spices, flavoring agents and biodiesel. The leaves, bark and roots of the species are used by local communities for the treatment of inflammatory responses, such as allergies, sinusitis and urinary tract infections. However, there is no scientific evidence to support the molecular mechanism through which this plant exerts its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of the current research was to characterize the chemical constituents of bark (NCB) and leaf (NCL) essential oil of N. caudatum and to elucidate its anti-inflammatory action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation were further subjected to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major constituents in bark essential oil identified as β-pinene (13.11%), α-cadinol (11.18%) and α-pinene (10.99%), whereas leaf essential oil was found to be rich in β-pinene (45.21%), myrcene (9.97%) and α-pinene (9.27%). Treatment with NCB and NCL at a concentration of 25 µg/mL exerted significant anti-inflammatory activity by significantly reducing LPS-triggered nitric oxide (NO) production to 45.86% and 61.64%, respectively, compared to the LPS-treated group. In the LPS-treated group, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, decreased after treatment with essential oil, alleviating the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. The essential oil also inhibited the production of intracellular ROS and attenuated the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with NCB also reduced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/p65 translocation and elevated the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in LPS-induced macrophages. The present findings, for the first time, demonstrate the anti-inflammatory potential of both bark and leaf essential oils of N. caudatum. The bark essential oil exhibited a significantly more important anti-inflammatory effect than the leaf essential oil and could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]