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In 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which started in Wuhan, China, spread throughout the world. COVID-19 is a disease that infects the human respiratory system. It has developed more widely and is reported to have mutated into several variants, one of which is Omicron. Until now, there is no specific antiviral drug compound used to cure COVID-19. Therefore, several drugs were used to treat COVID-19 (such as interferon, antiviral, or antibiotics) without evidence of efficacy in humans. Therefore, several drugs are used to treat COVID-19, such as antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and interferons, without evidence of efficacy in humans. However, the use of this drug is limited due to side effects. Based on that fact, the use of natural products as therapeutic agents found in nature can be explored for the treatment of COVID-19. Formulating various herbs with the ingredient rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa), sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and honey is one traditional drink from Indonesia. These ingredients contain a lot of natural products that are potent to be drug compounds, such as rosmarinic acid (1) from rosella, brazilin (2) in sappan wood, 10-gingerol (3) in ginger, and kaempferol (4) in honey has been explored their potency to be COVID-19 therapeutic agent. The docking method has been validated by redocking the native ligand to Mpro of COVID-19, omicron variant, (PDB ID 7TOB) as a receptor protein. Compound 4 (ΔG=-8.2 kcal mol-1) has more negative binding energy than native ligan (ΔG=-8.1 kcal mol-1) of 7TOB. Instead, the binding energy of compounds 1, 2, and 3 are -7.6 kcal mol-1, 7.4 kcal mol-1, and -5.5 kcal mol-1. Based on the analysis of binding energy and binding similarity of active sites, the compound in traditional drinks from Indonesia is expected to be a potential alternative to a therapeutic agent for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosamine has been prepared from shrimp processing waste. Shrimp processing waste is part of the non-meat organ consisting of the skin, head, antennae, and tail. This waste is obtained from the shrimp processing industry PT Ujung Timur in Sidoarjo, East Java - Indonesia. The preparation was carried out in four stages, namely (1) deproteination, (2) demineralization, (3) deacetylation, and (4) hydrolysis. The first stage (deproteination) aims to remove the protein contained in shrimp waste. The second stage (demineralization) aims to remove calcium carbonate and other minerals to produce chitin. Thus, this stage is to isolate chitin (poly N-acetyl glucosamine) from shrimp waste. The third stage (deacetylation) is to remove the acetyl group in chitin to produce chitosan. The fourth stage (hydrolysis) is to hydrolyze chitosan (poly glucosamine) into its monomer, namely glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose). The chitin yield was 31.25% by weight of the waste, and the glucosamine yield was 10.15%. Glucosamine preparation results are solid, yellowish-white (white bone) colored, with a melting point of 152-1550C. The compound is soluble in water, slightly soluble in acetone, and insoluble in chloroform. The glucosamine preparation results did not show its cytotoxic activity against P-388 murine leukemia cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]