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Despite a greater percentage of women in the healthcare workforce, women are underrepresented in leadership positions. Researchers have examined the influence of gender on women involvement in policy‐making and leadership in male‐dominated professions. However, no research has explored nurses' perspectives about the role of gender in impacting their involvement in health policymaking in female‐dominant profession. This study explores nurse leaders' perspectives on how gender can influence their involvement in health policymaking in Pakistan. Eleven nurse leaders with at least 1 year of experience in policymaking participated in semi‐structured interviews. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes emerged: Patriarchy Permeates Health Policymaking; Women's Social Status and Nurses' Involvement in Policymaking; Intentionally Disregarding Nurses' Insights on Policy Forums; Condescending Attitudes Towards Women Nurses on Policy Forums. The underrepresentation of nurses in health policymaking is influenced by gender and social biases and stereotypes against women and the negative social image of the nursing profession. Health‐care organizations must play an active role and develop policies to combat gender‐based discrimination and curb the underrepresentation of nurses in healthcare policymaking. Key Points: Nurse leaders perceived that nurses' involvement in health policymaking is affected by social perception of gendered roles and leadership traits.Power imbalance and discrimination against women is a significant driver of lower participation and involvement of nurses in health policymaking.Nurse leaders reported that despite participating in the policy forums, they were often the "silent partners." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women's ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses the global issue of food security, emphasizing its importance as a human right and a pressing environmental concern. It highlights the prevalence of hunger worldwide, with millions suffering from food insecurity, even in developed countries like the US. The document reviews two recent books that delve into the role of international organizations and NGOs in addressing food security, shedding light on the complex dynamics of global trade governance and the challenges faced in advocating for the right to food. The authors stress the need for continued research and advocacy efforts to combat malnutrition and hunger on a global scale. [Extracted from the article]

The social construction of pregnancy emphasizes the mother's responsibility for the developing fetus. Hence, certain activities, such as participation in competitive sport, are often constructed as inappropriate during pregnancy. While expert opinion tends to stress caution, the diversity of athlete mothers' experiences challenge these dominant discourses. Less is known about how peers and other stakeholders in sport view the participation of pregnant athletes. Knowledge of such attitudes is essential to understanding the position of women in a specific society and the barriers to their autonomy. Hence, we examined survey responses from different sport stakeholders (N = 540) in Finland. Drawing on relational dialectics theory (Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships. Sage.), we used contrapuntal analysis to identify different discourses on the compatibility of pregnancy and sport, and their interplay. Three discourses were identified: an equality discourse, which emphasizes that sport belongs to everyone, and that pregnant people should be accepted and supported in sporting environments; a responsibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as fragility and sport as potentially dangerous for the athlete and the fetus; and an incompatibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as a disease and unacceptable in sporting environments. Our analysis shows that medicalized, authoritative knowledge is the master strategy used to keep women out of male social spaces during pregnancy. The findings of our study highlight the ongoing struggle for reproductive justice in a patriarchal world order. To advance women's position in society and support the autonomy of all individuals, viable professional guidelines and organizational policies must be formulated and applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the model of intersectional invisibility, we tested the consequences of work‐related misbehavior for women of Turkish and German descent (i.e., misbehavior involving mistakes that are stereotypically associated with masculine or feminine traits, eliciting negative evaluations). Across a series of four preregistered experiments (Ns = 746, plus two pre‐registered experiments in an Additional Supplement), we investigated evaluations of female targets in a male‐typed, highly qualified job context. We focus on exclusion and promotion decisions. A single‐paper meta‐analysis substantiates findings across samples who have different experiences regarding racism and in personnel selection. Our findings reveal a nuanced picture: Misbehavior associated with stereotypically feminine traits led to more negative consequences for Turkish women than for German women, resulting in more frequent exclusion and less frequent promotion for Turkish women. In contrast, misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits led to more favorable outcomes for Turkish than German women. Thus, revealing a complex relationship between type of misbehavior and ethnicity, we identify leader prototypes as an explanatory mechanism, rather than aversive racism or shifting standards. Results suggest that Turkish women are discriminated against most for showing stereotypically feminine behavior confirming gendered racialized steretoypes, but may experience less backlash when showing counter‐stereotypical behavior than German women. We find double standards in evaluations of highly qualified women of Turkish versus German descent, with interactions with the type of misbehavior suggesting complex interplays of gender, ethnicity, and information provided about the individual in career advancement and exclusion. Public significance statement: Across a series of experiments, we show that women of Turkish descent (being part of the biggest group experiencing racism in Germany) may face double standards when they show some form of misbehavior in the workplace. Compared to women of German descent, they tended to be promoted less and excluded more from their team when misbehavior was associated with stereotypically feminine behavior. In contrast, they were evaluated more positively when they showed misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary health care (PHC) is the most common model for providing primary care, and PHC services are the most common points of care that immigrants and refugees attend as a first step. Most immigrants travel to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet only a few studies have examined their health conditions and their access to PHC in these countries. We have attempted to identify the barriers and facilitators that immigrants and refugees encounter when using PHC in these countries. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, and OpenGrey in this scoping review from its inception to the end of October 2023. Moreover, we manually searched key journals, reference lists, and citations from included studies to identify any missed studies. We extracted data from each selected study using a predefined form. Finally, a thematic analysis approach was utilized to synthesize the collected data from the included qualitative studies. Results: 17 qualitative studies were included in this review, which were from Iran (n = 3), Brazil (n = 3), Kenya (n = 2), Jordan (n = 2), Eastern Sudan (n = 1), Lebanon (n = 1), Bangladesh (n = 1), India (n = 1), Turkey (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), and Malaysia (n = 1). Among the most common and important reported barriers are language differences, insufficiency of trained carers, unemployment, inability to pay the costs of hospital and medicines, no insurance coverage for immigrants, no clear referral and care system for immigrants, discrimination against women, and improper residence locations. Insurance coverage, awareness programs, and the study of immigrants' needs, along with their social and financial support from family, are among the most essential facilitators. Conclusion: For LMICs, funding is always a limitation, and increasing PHC utilization is the best choice for improving health. Knowing the challenges and facilitators of PHC utilization from the point of view of each stakeholder is a promising way to decide and make policies that can improve the health of both immigrants and refugees, as well as society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential threat of AI actors replacing human performers in the film industry. It explores how AI can generate digital replicas of actors, particularly focusing on the process of digital de-aging. The use of machine learning in visual effects raises concerns about bias and inequity, as it may privilege aging white male actors over others. The article highlights the lack of diversity in digital de-aging roles, with a majority going to white men, and emphasizes the importance of addressing discrimination in AI-generated representations to ensure equity and inclusiveness in the industry. [Extracted from the article]

INTRODUCTION: Female circumcision (FC) is a deep-rooted tradition in Malaysia, influenced by religious, cultural, and health beliefs. However, it has drawn criticism for its similarities to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, particularly during the 2018 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR). Amidst this backdrop, this study aimed to investigate parents' perspectives and experiences concerning female circumcision, as well as the factors driving its persistence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study used phenomenological approach and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire until data saturation were reached. We employed convenience and snowball sampling methods. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. We used thematic analysis to identify key themes in the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) FC is a 'fitrah', (2) maintaining good health is the main influence; and (3) FC causing no harm. The main influences on this practice are religious, cultural, and health factors. Parents described the procedure as simple and harmless for the baby and themselves, both physically and emotionally. CONCLUSIONS: This research shown that FC in Malaysia is not solely religious but deeply embedded in culture. The blend of cultural and religious aspects makes it a crucial practice for some. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: By studying Mainland Chinese immigrant women who married Hong Kong men, this study examined the association between their perceived discrimination and psychological distress after the 2019–2020 social movement in Hong Kong. Additionally, this study examined the indirect effects of individual coping strategies (tolerance of uncertainty) and couples' coping strategies (common dyadic coping), guided by the cultural and developmental psychopathology framework. Method: Ninety-nine Mainland Chinese immigrant women who married Hong Kong men participated in this cross-sectional survey. Results: We found a positive association between perceived discrimination and psychological distress (r =.50, p <.01). Reduced uncertainty tolerance and low levels of common dyadic coping both showed indirect effects on the discrimination–psychological distress association. Tolerance of uncertainty had a larger indirect effect than common dyadic coping. Conclusions: Focusing on the psychological adjustment of immigrant women facing discrimination, our findings underscore the importance of preserving individual- and couple-level resources. Public Significance Statement: Guided by the cultural and developmental psychopathology framework, this study identified two indirect effects (reduced tolerance of uncertainty and impaired common dyadic coping) on the discrimination–psychological distress association among Mainland Chinese immigrant women married to Hong Kong men. Our findings highlight the importance of both individual and couples' resources to facilitate these immigrant women's mental health, which can inform future intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated whether and (if so) how one's perception of gender discrimination would vary as a function of age and gender in Korea. Since gender-related conflicts have escalated in Korea especially among younger adults, we predicted that (1) there would be gender differences in one's perception of gender discrimination in Korea and (2) such differences would be particularly large among younger adults. Consistent with the predictions, we found that Korean men underestimated discrimination against women and overestimated discrimination against men, relative to Korean women. Also, such tendency was more pronounced among younger men than among older men without significant differences in sexism between them. Moreover, young men claimed that men were at least as discriminated against as women in Korea unlike other groups who believed that discrimination against women was larger than discrimination against men. Our data also suggest that such perception of gender discrimination among younger Korean men is possibly due to their beliefs that social atmosphere in Korea is disadvantageous to their gender. We further showed that gender differences in perception of gender discrimination were associated with corresponding differences in emotional reactions (i.e., anger) to gender discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the literary work of women exiled during the Spanish Civil War from a gender and exile perspective. It reflects on the importance of recovering the testimonies of these women as historical subjects and questioning the Spanish cultural and political canon. The existential and economic precariousness experienced by exiled women is highlighted, as well as the criticism and discrimination they faced. Despite the lack of support and recognition, the importance of rescuing and giving voice to these works to understand the experience of women in exile is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract\nPoints of interestThis study was conducted in three low-income areas of Harare Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe to understand how women with disabilities accessed water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities during COVID-19. Qualitative data were collected through structured interviews and focus group discussions involving 104 purposively sampled women with disabilities. Key informant interviews were held with seven representatives of organisations working with persons with disabilities in Harare. Findings indicated that overt discrimination against women with disabilities increased as households struggled to access WASH facilities. These women risked gender harassment from community boreholes ‘marshals’, and urogenital infections resulting from unhygienic menstruation management practices. Poor waste disposal and water reticulation systems restricted high water, sanitation and hygiene standards required to fight the pandemic. The study recommends the full implementation of the national disability policy and the constitutional provisions to safeguard the rights of women with disabilities in times of crises.Women with disabilities generally face multiple barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these barriers making it quite arduous for them to access water, sanitation and hygiene.The national response to the COVID-19 pandemic was formulated without women with disabilities in mind, and therefore, their unique needs were largely ignored rendering it difficult for them to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic.It is recommended that deliberate measures be created in consultation and with the full participation of women with disabilities and their organisations, to ensure inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene measures and guarantee the rights of women with disabilities.While the National Disability Policy articulates the need to ensure that persons with disabilities have equitable access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene and that water points are accessible and closer to where persons with disabilities live, this call is not being fully implemented.Some water points are inaccessible, the design of community boreholes is insensitive to the needs of persons with disabilities and community members do not exercise reasonable accommodation to persons with disabilities who stand in long queues for hours.Instead of reasonable accommodation, women with disabilities were exposed to verbal abuse, harassment, requests for bribes and sometimes ‘sex for water’ transactions at community boreholes.Women with disabilities generally face multiple barriers to accessing water, sanitation and hygiene. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these barriers making it quite arduous for them to access water, sanitation and hygiene.The national response to the COVID-19 pandemic was formulated without women with disabilities in mind, and therefore, their unique needs were largely ignored rendering it difficult for them to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic.It is recommended that deliberate measures be created in consultation and with the full participation of women with disabilities and their organisations, to ensure inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene measures and guarantee the rights of women with disabilities.While the National Disability Policy articulates the need to ensure that persons with disabilities have equitable access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene and that water points are accessible and closer to where persons with disabilities live, this call is not being fully implemented.Some water points are inaccessible, the design of community boreholes is insensitive to the needs of persons with disabilities and community members do not exercise reasonable accommodation to persons with disabilities who stand in long queues for hours.Instead of reasonable accommodation, women with disabilities were exposed to verbal abuse, harassment, requests for bribes and sometimes ‘sex for water’ transactions at community boreholes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This research identified two mechanisms that explain gender differences in attitudes towards gender quotas. Using a multi‐method approach, we assessed attitudes as self‐reported support for gender quotas and rater‐coded valence of participants’ free associations with gender quotas. Study 1 examined quotas for university professorship positions (N = 237) and Study 2 quotas for corporate leadership positions (N = 587). Supporting the first mechanism, women's greater perceptions of discrimination against women related to greater perceived necessity of gender quotas, which related to more favourable attitudes. Supporting the second mechanism, men's greater concerns that quotas discriminate against men related to greater concerns that quotas stigmatize women as incompetent, which related to less favourable attitudes. By advancing the understanding of key mechanisms behind attitudes towards gender quotas, this research contributes to effectively designing and successfully implementing hard affirmative action policies aimed at overcoming women's underrepresentation in leading academic and corporate positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of corporal punishment on children in Australia, arguing that it is both ineffective and harmful. The authors provide evidence that a significant number of young Australians have experienced corporal punishment, but note that attitudes and actions are changing, particularly among younger generations. The article also discusses the legal and human rights implications of corporal punishment and the need for legislative reform. It emphasizes the importance of education, support, and cultural change in reducing the prevalence of corporal punishment. The author of the text focuses on studying child and adolescent development, with a specific interest in how environmental factors can impact brain development and the risk of mental disorders like depression during adolescence. They approach their research from a neurobiological and psychological perspective. [Extracted from the article]

The gender gap in both employment and labour participation has narrowed markedly in recent decades in Spain. However, this decline seems to have slowed and shows a certain persistence. The solution to this problem can respond to different regulatory or non-regulatory policies. This article studies the evolution of the regulatory framework for the formulation of possible policy recommendations. We identify and quantify for the first time when, at what rate and in what regions, Spanish administrations have adopted regulations aimed at combating discrimination against women, achieving gender equality or approved measures related to the work-life balance. The study is based on a text analysis of 297,402 regulations adopted in the period 1996–2022. The indicators reveal the high degree of heterogeneity in terms of the legislation. Non-discrimination legislation was the most developed and frequent, with 11,228 regional regulations and 2590 central administration regulations adopted. We show that the volume of new regulations, mainly those related to discrimination and work-life balance, has contributed to the reduction in gender gaps. Policy actions by administrations should concentrate on these two modes of intervention. The general analysis of regulation in this area also allows for some recommendations in terms of "better regulation" policies, such as the introduction of gender equality assessments (specific regulatory impact reports). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary sits within a context of growing cultural concern over brain damage that occurs in many of the Western world's most popular, profitable and prized sports. After laying out evidence demonstrating this point, we discuss the increasing inclusion of women within sports which involve regular and routinised brain injuries. We problematise this apparent 'progress' with the title of our commentary. In particular, rather than offering some simplified yes/no answer, we argue that in light of the five decades of social scientific scholarship documenting the various harms produced by performance impact sports, working towards gender equality in brain damage is a nonsensical outcome. So, while there is clear evidence from academic gender studies that progress has been made towards tackling issues of exclusion and various forms of discrimination against women and girls in performance sport spaces, there has not been concomitant progress made in tackling the ways bodies and brains are often broken down, damaged and sometimes destroyed during participation in such sports. We do not suggest that consenting adults should be prohibited from enjoying impact sports and our aim with this commentary is not driven by a paternalistic, patriarchal belief which reflects historical notions around sportswomen being the 'fairer' sex, nor that responses to sport-acquired brain injury should be sex- or gender-specific. Rather, we conclude by suggesting that the emerging science on sport-acquired brain injuries should serve as an important inflection point to those leaders, organisers, practitioners and scholars working in this area to reconsider how we imagine, promote and structure sport – for everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the People's Republic of China (PRC) is influencing international law, particularly through its actions in Hong Kong. It discusses the PRC's efforts to export its own interpretation of international law, which includes a different understanding of human rights. This influence weakens the international legal system and poses a risk to universal human rights standards. The article examines the PRC's changing language and values regarding international human rights obligations, highlighting a shift towards promoting international law with "Chinese characteristics." It also discusses the Chinese government's manipulation of human rights and international law in Hong Kong, particularly through the passing of the National Security Law (NSL) in 2020. The NSL violates Hong Kong's international legal obligations and has been used to suppress political activists and civil society organizations. Despite some international condemnation, there has been a lack of concrete action, allowing the PRC to continue violating international law without consequences. The article also discusses the introduction of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance (SNSO) in Hong Kong, which has been criticized for its broad and vague definition of "national security" and its potential for misuse to violate human rights. The SNSO undermines the rule of law and international legal obligations. The international community has condemned the legislation, but the Hong Kong government and China have shown little regard for these concerns. The article calls for a stronger international response and support for the rules-based international order. [Extracted from the article]

Scholarly investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of gender stereotypes as they pertain to leadership roles. However, an examination of citizens' evaluations of the personal and political characteristics of ministers using an experimental design is still lacking. In this article, we aim to determine whether individuals exhibit discrimination against women occupying the position of finance minister (FM), which presents an opportunity to assess the impact of stereotypes within one of the most 'masculine' cabinet portfolios. We implement a conjoint analysis in Spain to isolate the influence of appointees' attributes on their selection. The results suggest that women are preferred for this post. In contrast to established knowledge derived from legislative studies, being single benefits female ministers more than it does their male counterparts in obtaining the position of FM, as agentic attributes can hold more value in these positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disproportion of women to men at the top tier in the academic hierarchy, concerns politicians, academic leaders, students, and other stakeholders. A popular explanation for the gender imbalance in elite positions is that potential female candidates lack ambition and therefore do not have sufficient drive to make it to the top. In this study, we explore the issue of professional ambition among a group of women academics working as tenured associate professors in Norway. With the backdrop of VIE (Valence-instrumentality-expectancy) theory, we focus on two key subjective, but nonetheless contextual judgments that are assumed to underlie the decision to aim for a promotional opportunity; (i) Do I want it and (ii) Can I make it? Three sources of qualitative data provide interesting insights into these considerations, and our findings point to focusing more specifically on the perceived costs that are assumed to derive from making this career choice. The women are ambitious in the sense that they desire the professional clout and impact that comes with this top role (so, yes, they want it). However, a number of conditions are perceived to be central to the actual realization of their ambitions, such as more time, resources and transparency when it comes to the qualification process. The findings may serve as important to designing more suitable career conditions for this target group in practice. Finally, we propose the application of a context-specific gender perspective to better understand women's career ambitions in higher education institutions (HEI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender justice has been a priority of the Lutheran Word Federation (LWF) for decades, much longer than the existence of its Gender Justice Policy (2013) where it is affirmed that gender justice is “a matter of faith.” The LWF has always put great emphasis on the theological problems gender justice issues present, as opposed to an assessment that women's experiences of exclusion and abuses of power are strictly acknowledged and treated as human rights violations. Therefore the committment to gender justice has been strongly tied to the importance of theological education as a critical tool against misleading theologies that justify patriarchal world views, including traditional gender roles and women's submissiveness. The focus in this article is on two major gender justice issues the LWF has called particular attention to, namely women's equal participation to men in leadership roles, including ordained ministry, and violence against women within the church and society at large. Ever since the Seventh Assembly of the LWF in Budapest in 1984, LWF member churches have been urged in assembly messages and resolutions to promote full inclusion of women in the life of church and society and to secure their health and well‐being. Multiple documents, action plans, policies, and reports have been written in order to follow up on the directions from the assemblies regarding women. My aim here is to explore those documents and to lift up what has already been said about women's leadership roles in church and society and about discrimination and violence against women. These documents laid the groundwork for what was stated in the documents passed at the Thirteenth Assembly of the LWF in Poland in September 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Methods Results Conclusion This paper assesses stress disparities among marginalized parents in 2020–21 during the COVID‐19 pandemic through the mechanism of healthcare discrimination.The pandemic upended the lives of American families and had particularly stark mental health consequences for women, racial and ethnic minority (REM), and sexual and gender minority (SGM) parents. Scholars have been called to understand these unequal experiences via marginalizing mechanisms rather than using race, gender, and sexual identities as proxies for racism, sexism, and cis‐heterosexism.Structural equation modeling was used to test associations between marginalized identities and parental stress about COVID among partnered parents using healthcare discrimination, a marginalizing mechanism, as a mediator. The data come from The National Couples' Health and Time Study, a population‐representative study of couples in the United States.Findings indicate that compared to nonmarginalized parents, Black parents, women, transgender and nonbinary parents, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual parents experienced higher levels of parental stress about COVID through heightened healthcare discrimination. When accounting for healthcare discrimination, only one marginalized identity–that of women–was directly associated with parental stress about COVID along with the indirect relationship through healthcare discrimination.These findings highlight healthcare discrimination as a process that puts marginalized parents at risk for heightened stress. Parental stress has the potential to accumulate across the life course and crossover to children and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines intersecting forms of oppression, discrimination and violence against women in Iraqi Kurdish society. Two novels written by Kurdish female authors in the Bahdinan dialect have been selected as samples for the study: Mirin di Zenga 12ê da (Death at the Strike of 12) by Kawther Shawkat, and Revîn ji Xolekên Zer, (Runaway from the Yellowed Moment) by Awaz Mustafa Barwary. I argue that the patriarchal family is one of the main reasons behind the discrimination against women in Kurdish society. Intersectionality has been chosen as a theoretical framework for this study, to explore the relationship between multiple identities and a patriarchal society. Intersectionality suggests a broader dimension to the issues of gender inequality and reciprocal constituent relations within social identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the contributions of five women to the introduction of social casework in probation assistance in the 1960s. These women, including Ruth Bang and Dora von Caemmerer from Germany, Rosa Dworschak from Austria, and Cora Baltussen and Marie Kamphuis from the Netherlands, made significant contributions to the modernization of German social work and paved the way for group work in probation assistance. The women were part of a transnational European knowledge network and participated in international conferences organized by the United Nations' European Social Welfare Program. Ruth Bang was a influential figure in probation assistance and published numerous publications on social casework and supervision. The text describes the work of probation officers and their training in social casework. It is mentioned that supervision was considered the only way to properly learn casework. Ruth Bang and Dora von Caemmerer were two important individuals who taught casework and supervision in Germany in the 1960s. The training of Albert Bickel and Cora Baltussen, who were also active in probation assistance, is also discussed. Rosa Dworschak is mentioned as another important person who had a psychoanalytic approach to casework. The text describes the professional backgrounds of Cora Baltussen and Marie Kamphuis, two women who made significant contributions to the development of social casework in Germany. Baltussen was a Catholic entrepreneur who established further education programs for casework and supervision in the Netherlands. Kamphuis was a social worker who advocated for professionalization of social work and published a textbook on social casework. Both women had different approaches and were supported by different networks, but they contributed to establishing social casework in Germany. The article focuses on the early days of probation assistance in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is mentioned that there was a lack of competent teaching staff and foreign experts were in high demand. The United Nations, foundations, and political programs promoted professional exchange. During this phase, women played a crucial role in the development of theoretical concepts and their implementation in practice. It is emphasized that the United Nations made a significant contribution to networking and Europeanization. It is also mentioned that the English probation concept influenced the discourse on the design of probation assistance in the Federal Republic. [Extracted from the article]

This essay focuses on the nexus of vulnerability and rights. It argues that in transforming vulnerability from a stigma that alienated women from their humanity to the signature of human dignity, women bridged the gap between the liberatory promise of human rights and its exploitative patriarchal politics. It finds that the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Drucilla Cornell, and Jean-Luc Nancy were/are crucial to this transformed idea of dignity. Religious ideas have played a complex role in this transformation. Wollstonecraft appealed to theological ideas of the soul to contest men's claims that the Bible enshrined women's subordination to men. Current abortion politics in the U.S., and the Iranian women's Women, Life, Freedom rebellion continue to show how sacred texts have been used to defend and reject women's demands for rights. Religious and secular arguments for the dignity of vulnerability, used by feminists to re-write the sexual difference, direct us to rethink our exploitative relationship to the earth and the multiple species it harbors. As we take up the task of confronting the environmental crisis of our times, they call on us to see ourselves as stewards of the earth's bounty who are morally obliged to create humane relationships with our other-than-human neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The stigma and social discrimination against cisgender women sex workers lead many of them to live in conditions characterized by social inequality, marginalization, persecution, and limited opportunities for sexual health literacy. Consequently, they are often compelled to establish a framework of preventive beliefs with little scientific validity, which they use to identify, mitigate, or avoid sexual health risks arising from their interactions with clients. This study investigates the sexual health beliefs that influence self-care practices aimed at preventing sexually transmitted infections among cisgender women sex workers in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study framed in Hermeneutic Phenomenology. In-depth interviews and discussion groups were conducted with 34 cisgender women sex workers over 18 years of age in the center of the cities of Bogotá and Barranquilla in Colombia. Results: Seven themes emerged from the reflective and inductive thematic analysis of the narratives: (1) popular habits for the prevention of contagion, (2) ocular assessment of genitals, (3) condom lubrication, (4) suspicion of a hidden infection in the client, (5) saliva and oral contact as a source of contagion, (6) avoidance of semen contact, (7) and trust in God as protection. Conclusions: The findings reflect the need for health and social professionals to promote participatory and inclusive cooperation with sex workers to update the framework of preventive beliefs that help them guide sexual health self-care with autonomy and self-efficacy, strengthening favorable beliefs and negotiating unfavorable ones. It is also essential to have a sex worker-informed sexual health policy that guides the promotion of sexual health that is sensitive to the needs and consistent with the risks of sex work and ensures friendly and non-oppressive preventive care environments for sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of United Nations Universal Periodic Review (UPR) recommendations in UK domestic law and courts. It provides legal practitioners with guidance on how to locate, analyze, and apply UPR recommendations in court cases. The article emphasizes the legal significance of UPR recommendations and their potential to establish customary international law and inform treaty interpretation. It also highlights examples of how UPR recommendations have been utilized in relation to specific issues. The article concludes by advocating for increased engagement with the UPR in legal proceedings due to its universal nature and ability to identify areas of agreement in international human rights law. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a summary of four recent books on the history of global feminisms. The books aim to offer a more inclusive and diverse perspective on feminism, challenging dominant narratives. They explore the development of feminisms in specific historical contexts, highlight the struggles and achievements of women activists, and examine the impact of political and social factors on their activism. While these books make valuable contributions to feminist historiography, there is still a need for a more critical global perspective that recognizes interconnected histories and power relations between different regions. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the legal framework of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Union in relation to discrimination and hatred towards women based on gender and religion. The importance of gender equality and religious freedom is highlighted, as well as the need to protect and promote these fundamental rights. The author conducts a thorough analysis of the norms and documents issued by these international organizations, with the aim of understanding how this issue is addressed. The importance of adopting an intersectional perspective to ensure the effective protection of women's rights is emphasized. The text analyzes norms and documents that offer a negative and limiting concept of women's rights in relation to religion. Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and reports from the Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief are mentioned. The legal framework of the Council of Europe and the European Union in relation to gender equality and non-discrimination based on religious grounds is also addressed. The book is recommended for those interested in understanding and implementing measures in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Women migrant workers are vulnerable to discrimination and violence, which are significant public health problems. These situations may have been intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate discrimination against women migrant workers in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and its intersection with their experiences of violence and associated factors. Methods: A mixed-methods study design was employed to collect data from 572 women migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Cambodia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 494 participants using a structured questionnaire for quantitative data, whereas qualitative data was collected through 24 in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 54 migrant women. Simple and multiple logistic regression and content analysis were employed. Results: This study found that about one in five women migrant workers experienced discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among those who experienced discrimination, 63.2% had experienced intimate partner violence and 76.4% had experienced non-intimate partner violence in their lifetime. The multivariable analysis revealed that women migrant workers who had experienced any violence (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.49, 5.12), lost their jobs or income during the pandemic (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.09, 7.62), and were from Myanmar (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI = 1.79, 12.21) were more likely to have experienced discrimination. Conclusion: The results suggest that the intersection of discrimination and violence against women migrant workers in Thailand demands special interest to understand and address the problem. It is recommended that policymakers provide interventions and programs that are inclusive and responsive to the unique needs of women migrants depending on their country of origin and job profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights treaties have mixed success records for improving member states' human rights behavior. Yet the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has been successful for improving women's rights. However, few CEDAW analyses account for the influence of reservations on state compliance with the treaty. This study develops a theoretical approach drawn from the opposability (vs. permissibility) school of reservations in international law. We argue that states ratifying CEDAW with reservations are less likely to see improvements in women's rights than states ratifying CEDAW without reservations. We also show that states with worse women's rights place reservations on core articles most central to the treaty's success, while states with better women's rights place reservations on procedural or non-core articles. Ordered logit, regression, and Heckman selection models of state-year data from 1981 to 2019 show that reservations in CEDAW are detrimental to the success of the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana's efforts to end all forms of discrimination against women and ensure gender equity in school leadership appointments require a change in peoples' mindsets, habits and cultural beliefs. It is envisaged that evidence on the performance of the few women who have been appointed into leadership positions against their male counterparts would be quite instrumental in the change process. This study, therefore, assessed whether statistically significant differences exist in the extent to which male and female headteachers in two selected educational districts in Ghana enact instructional leadership practices in their schools. Utilizing a descriptive survey design and employing the teacher version of the principal instructional management rating scale, 263 teachers participated in the study. Findings from the study showed that there were no significant differences between male and female headteachers in none of the ten instructional leadership functions explored in the study. This meant that male headteachers in the selected educational districts did not significantly demonstrate any superior instructional leadership practices compared to their female counterparts. The study recommends that educational policymakers in Ghana initiate pragmatic policies to increase women's representation and participation in school leadership roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Women in the preconception, pregnant, or postpartum period are susceptible to weight stigma, particularly due to the risk of excess weight gain during the reproductive life period and the negative effects of stigma on the health of both the mother and the child. Identifying the drivers and facilitators of weight stigma will help guide focused weight stigma prevention interventions. This systematic review aimed to identify the drivers and facilitators of weight stigma among preconception, pregnant, and postpartum women. In May 2022, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Maternity and Infant Care Database were searched for peer‐reviewed articles published since 2010 using search terms weight AND stigma AND preconception, OR pregnant, OR postpartum. Of the 1724 articles identified, 34 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in a narrative synthesis. Women reported facing insensitive language, misconceptions about obesity across all settings, and inappropriate media representation. The unavailability of appropriate equipment at facilities was reported by both women and health professionals. Our findings indicate that a rigorous effort by all stakeholders is necessary to promote regulatory, legal, and educational initiatives designed to reduce weight stigma and discrimination against women in the reproductive period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recognition of the importance of women's political rights for the functioning of modern states, women's participation in political debate and decision‐making remains low around the world. As the first study of its kind, this article examines the impact of women's political empowerment on military spending. Using a sample of 163 developed and developing countries, the article shows that women's political empowerment helps to reduce military spending. Moreover, this result remains robust when dealing with the level of development, endogeneity issues and geographical location. As an explanation, we highlight the role of women politically engaged in improving governance through the reduction of corruption, peacebuilding, their preference for social spending like education and health and their role in reduction discrimination against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexism, as prejudice and discrimination against women, can also be observed in the work environment, in an interpersonal and institutional way, especially in environments considered typically male. In this context, we believe it is important to study sexism in the workplace. That said, we carried out a scoping review in order to identify and analyze studies that deal with "expressions of sexism in the workplace". For this purpose, we performed a bibliographic search in the SciELO, PePSIC, LILACS, Index Psi, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science databases, selecting documents published in article format and articles with descriptors present in the title, abstract, keywords or subject, and excluding duplicate articles, articles without abstract or unavailable in full on the internet and articles that did not deal with the theme as the main focus. Thus, we obtained a final bank consisting of 129 articles, which were analyzed manually and using the IRaMuTeQ software. The results showed a greater publication in recent years, a predominance of quantitative empirical and international articles and that the topic is of multidisciplinary interest, with emphasis on Psychology. The studies present a well-defined methodological structure and emphasize the ambivalent character of sexism, its institutional manifestation and the figure of woman as victim of this phenomenon. The theme is of increasing interest but deserves more attention in the local context. This review brings important contributions and presents limitations and suggestions for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this article, we draw upon Kezar and Lester's three components of positionality theory to explore how multiple and overlapping aspects of esports leaders' identities influence their experiences and perceptions of working within esports organisations. We present findings collected through interviews with 11 leaders from nine Scandinavian esports organisations. Our findings show that the experiences of the esports leaders are strongly gendered. For example, all four women informants reported experiences of discrimination and marginalisation, whilst none of the men informants described incidents of this nature. The positionality of the women influenced the varied nature and extent to which they experienced discrimination and marginalisation, as well as their experiences of agency to resist and transform these practices. Meanwhile, the positionalities of both women and men influenced their recognition of privilege and the value they placed on inclusion and diversity. Furthermore, the gendered experiences of individual leaders were influenced by the specific esports context within which they work, including wider issues of discrimination and marginalisation across the esports community. Overall, our findings demonstrate that future strategies to make esports more gender inclusive need to appreciate how positionality influences the power that individuals have to access and influence esports organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight to protect women's rights is critical now more than ever. The World Bank has noted that women throughout the world "have only three quarters of the legal rights afforded to men."1 On the domestic front in the United States, the battleground remains fraught with blows to the women's rights movement, especially on the heels of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rollback of reproductive rights. Statements made by the Biden Administration in support of global women's rights, for example, have been met with inadequate action on the legislative front; the most pertinent standstill has come from the fight over the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ("CEDAW"), a long and drawn-out battle that has left the United States virtually alone in failing to explicitly affirm the global rights of women. This gap between promise and action leaves one main question open, what can be done? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project "Doing theology from existential peripheries" is an investigation carried out by the Migrants and Refugees Section of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development of the Holy See. Its objective is to deepen the teaching of Pope Francis and promote a renewal of theology. The project seeks to discover the wisdom of those who have been marginalized and excluded from society and the Church, in order to nourish and grow Christian thought from a deep sense of faith. Interviews and discussion groups have been conducted in different cities to gather information on ten common themes related to faith and the transformation of lives and hearts. The article presents a theological research on the experience of existential peripheries in different regions. In Europe-Mediterranean, Teresa Forcades highlights the wisdom of the marginalized who have experienced failure and find God in that process. In North America, Stan Chu Ilo and Meghan J. Clark emphasize the importance of listening to and accompanying those on the peripheries of life, seeking to understand their stories and experiences. The objective of the research is to identify the theological aspects in these situations and find the hope and lament of those on the peripheries. This text reflects on the inclusion of LGBT+ Catholics in the Church and the need to create safe spaces for them. Experiences of exclusion and discrimination are mentioned, but it also highlights the importance of considering all people as brothers and sisters in Christ. Additionally, it discusses the resistance of migrants and the importance of defending the dignity of the most vulnerable. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of listening to and learning from the experiences of the poor and weak, as they also have much to teach. The article speaks about the importance of listening to the voices of existential peripheries and how this is part of Pope Francis' aggiornamento plan for the Church. The need for inclusive and humble leadership is highlighted, as well as the importance of doing theology from existential peripheries. Examples from Africa and Oceania are mentioned, where the importance of listening to the poor and indigenous peoples is emphasized, and how their relationship with creation is intrinsically linked to their identity and culture. The text presents the concerns and fears of communities in Oceania due to the threat of climate change and the destruction of their homes and livelihoods. The rise in sea level, loss of crops and marine species, and destruction of native forests are highlighted. Additionally, the relationship of these communities with the land and the importance of preserving it are mentioned. The article also addresses inclusion in the Catholic Church, especially in relation to women and LGBTQ+ individuals. The difficulties faced by immigrant mothers are mentioned, and the exclusion of women from ordination is questioned. The stance of Pope Francis towards LGBTQ+ individuals is highlighted, although the need to eliminate hurtful language in the official teaching of the Church is noted. The gradual changes introduced by the Pope to empower women and address discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals are mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an editorial from the journal "Rethinking Marxism." It introduces a symposium on Marxist-Feminist Theories and Struggles, which is based on an anthology of diverse Marxist-feminist contributions presented at the International Marxist Feminist Conferences. The symposium includes three commentaries that critique and expand upon the anthology's themes of materialist theory, ecofeminism, and the interlocking structural relations of patriarchy, capitalism, colonialism, and racism. The editors of the anthology respond to the commentaries, acknowledging the need for further work in connecting Marxist feminism with diverse struggles. The editorial also includes regular essays on topics such as the crisis of Marxism, social constructionism, and immaterial labor. It concludes with an interview with Kristen R. Ghodsee and a book review on the works of Georg Lukács. [Extracted from the article]

The rethinking of Marxist feminism requires the development of a materialist theory of patriarchy and colonialism. In the absence of this theory, biologism and idealism take the lead, as happens in unitary theory, which argues that the subordination of women is due to cultural values or ideas and not to material relations of production. This essay shows that the inclusion of intersectionality does not necessarily neutralize the dominant modern idealist ontology, which refutes the idea that identity is the semiotic dimension of politically relevant materialities. To rethink Marxist feminism also requires an epistemological shift that breaks with that monotheistic thinking that has room for just one evildoer, one universal subject, and one fundamental contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study sought to test whether a discrimination recall task would elicit a significant parasympathetic response in multiracial undergraduate women. The study also investigated whether parasympathetic responsivity to the discrimination recall would be similar or different from that elicited by a widely used stress paradigm-the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and whether responses would differ for Black and White women.Method: Multiracial undergraduate women (n = 67; Mage = 19.4 years; 32% White, 22% Black) completed the TSST and a discrimination recall task. Parasympathetic activity was assessed using high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV).Results: Women exhibited significant HF-HRV responsivity to the discrimination recall and showed smaller average decreases in HF-HRV to the discrimination recall than the TSST. However, whereas White women exhibited decreased HF-HRV in response to both tasks, Black women showed increased HF-HRV for the discrimination recall but decreased HF-HRV for the TSST.Conclusions: Findings complement a growing body of research suggestive that experiences of discrimination are psychophysiologically salient. Additionally, discriminatory experiences may elicit distinctive patterns of HF-HRV responsivity compared to generic social stressors. Efforts to elucidate the unique role of discrimination-specific HF-HRV responsivity may be critical for delineating discrimination-health linkages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary mental healthcare nurses are an essential workforce that provide necessary inpatient psychiatric treatment. Continuity of care has become a significant aspect of the provision of mental health services. However, caring for South African healthcare users comes with challenges, including difficulties accompanying the provision of care for acutely ill patients with complex mental health problems. Therefore, this study explored the perceptions and experiences of primary mental healthcare nurses concerning the continuity of care required in post-inpatient psychiatric treatment for mental health users from low-income communities in the Western Cape. Through undertaking a study using a qualitative exploratory design and purposive sampling technique, and in which nine primary mental healthcare nurses from two psychiatric hospitals in the Western Cape were interviewed, the researchers were able to obtain a deeper understanding of the participants' experiences. Four themes were identified during the reflexive thematic analysis namely: the roles and responsibilities of primary mental healthcare nurses, the lack of support within the current continuity-of-care system, barriers to continuity of care for women patients, and suggested improvements for quality of mental healthcare. It was evident that both women patients and primary mental healthcare nurses experienced various forms of marginalisation, discrimination, and gendered oppression. This intersectionality accentuates systemic issues within the current public healthcare system and highlights the stigmatisation of mental illness, especially among women. Overall, primary mental healthcare nurses have a plethora of roles and responsibilities within the primary healthcare sector, which hinder their ability to provide mental health services to women patients. Their reports highlight the needs of a specific patient population that first need to translate into changes that will assist in improving their roles as primary mental healthcare nurses. Their shared experiences of a lack of support from South Africa's healthcare system were the focal points of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Tanzania Integrated Labour Force Survey data and a censored bivariate probit model to analyse gender differences in labour force participation and gender bias in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania. We find that, compared to men, women are less likely to participate in the labour market and less likely to obtain formal wage employment, suggesting the existence of gender bias in the labour market in urban areas of Tanzania. However, after accounting for selection into labour force participation, the existing gender bias is narrowed for women with high school or university education. The regression results suggest that the existing gender differences in formal wage employment probabilities cannot entirely be explained by observable characteristics. The finding of a positive unexplained formal wage employment probability differential suggests that the possibility of gender discrimination against women in urban Tanzania cannot be completely ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of anti-democratic repression on women's and gender studies in Turkey. The conversation with Nurseli Yeşim Sünbüloğlu, a visiting faculty and director of the Women and Family Studies Research Center at Kadir Has University, highlights the recent name change of the center and the pressure from conservative government agencies. Many women's studies centers in Turkey have undergone similar name changes, and all universities in Turkey are feeling the pressure. While the name change may not significantly affect the center's mission, it has made them more aware of what they say in public and how they define themselves. The article also mentions self-censorship in teaching and research, but notes that gender research still receives support, especially when focused on gender equality. Despite increasing authoritarianism, Turkey has a history of resistance and democratic movements. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of self-censorship and the need to consider the political context in research. [Extracted from the article]

Organizations are using social media as part of their selection processes. However, little is known about whether bias or discrimination is problematic when using these sources. Therefore, we examined whether manipulating the name and photograph of two otherwise equivalent LinkedIn‐like profiles would influence evaluations of candidate qualifications and hireability as well as perceived similarity using an experimental design. To test our hypotheses based on bias/discrimination research and the similarity‐attraction paradigm, a total of 401 working adults were recruited through Mechanical Turk. No evidence was found for bias or discrimination against women or people of color. However, female candidates were viewed as more hireable than male candidates, and Black men were viewed as less qualified than Black women and White men. Furthermore, we found that perceived similarity increased when the participant's gender or race matched the candidate's gender or race, respectively, and also that perceived similarity was related to candidate ratings; however, neither gender nor race match was directly related to candidate ratings. When profiles were more detailed, participants rated candidates of the same race higher than candidates of other races, and perceived similarity fully indirectly mediated this relationship. Conversely, when less detail was provided, participants rated candidates of the same race lower. Thus, while bias/discrimination toward women and people of color is not inherent when using LinkedIn for selection, having a racially diverse set of selectors is important to ensure fairness. This reveals a nuanced view of diversity issues when using social media for selection. Practitioner points: No evidence was found for bias/discrimination toward women or people of color.Perceived similarity plays a significant role in the evaluation of candidates.When detailed profiles were provided, candidates of the same race as the evaluator were given relatively higher ratings. When less detailed profiles were provided, candidates of the same race as the evaluator were given relatively lower ratings.Practically, hiring committees should be diverse, as demographic matching and perceived similarity impact candidate ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]