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In this article, we provide a response to Teun van Dijk's criticism of the framing perspective on social movements, as expressed in his article 'Analyzing Frame Analysis. A Critical Review of Framing Studies in Social Movement Research'. We argue that a more constructive tone is warranted and explain how his criticism is largely based on a selective reading and misinterpretation of the vast literature on framing and social movements. We provide a more detailed explanation of how discourse and related concepts such as schema and ideology are discussed by social movement scholars and critically reflect on his claim that framing as a concept can rather be replaced by discourse and/or various other cognitive/psychological constructs. Finally, we suggest how a discourse perspective and insights from social movement framing can be complementary in increasing our understanding of how movements (and other actors) communicate and with what consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early period of ethnological research among the Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley in northern New Mexico, it has been customary to believe that the imposition of Catholicism reconfigured Pueblo social organization to conform to Spanish colonial, particularly Catholic, practice through formal church marriage. Such efforts, it is commonly suggested, have resulted in significant changes in Eastern Pueblo social structures and kinship terminology. Failure to read translated, published, and readily available Spanish colonial and later mission documents, and subsequent accounts and records, I suggest, lend support to such "conventional" beliefs. The token suggestions that "Anglo-American" influences might also have resulted in proposed organizational changes and kin terminology have not been seriously investigated, and I suggest a reevaluation of the "conventional" explanations affecting the Eastern Pueblos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surnames of Pueblo individuals recorded by Franciscan and secular priests in the various mission pueblos of New Mexico reveal details of some ethnographic interest. Pueblo names, as is true in other Native American societies and communities, relate or refer not only to the unique and personal, but often to characteristics of the community's social organization. Names are symbols of social identity and relationships, but they also might reflect categories or positions in the community's social organization. Nicknames aside, surnames recorded at various pueblos in the northern Rio Grande valley of New Mexico suggest that they occasionally reveal aspects of a community's social structure, including apparently extinct as well as existing clan names, ceremonial or ritual behavior, and membership in sodalities, "cultural memory," residential mobility, and other details that have not been recorded or perceived by ethnographers among New Mexico's Pueblos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates infants' transition from nonverbal to verbal communication using evidence from regression patterns. As an example of regressions, prelinguistic infants learning American Sign Language (ASL) use pointing gestures to communicate. At the onset of single signs, however, these gestures disappear. Petitto (1987) attributed the regression to the children's discovery that pointing has two functions, namely, deixis and linguistic pronouns. The 1:2 relation (1 form, 2 functions) violates the simple 1:1 pattern that infants are believed to expect. This kind of conflict, Petitto argued, explains the regression. Based on the additional observation that the regression coincided with the boundary between prelinguistic and linguistic communication, Petitto concluded that the prelinguistic and linguistic periods are autonomous. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the 1:1 model and to determine whether it explains a previously reported regression of intonation in English. Background research showed that gestures and intonation have different forms but the same pragmatic meanings, a 2:1 form-function pattern that plausibly precipitates the regression. The hypothesis of the study was that gestures and intonation are closely related. Moreover, because gestures and intonation change in the opposite direction, the negative correlation between them indicates a robust inverse relationship. To test this prediction, speech samples of 29 infants (8-16 months) were analyzed acoustically and compared to parent-report data on several verbal and gestural scales. In support of the hypothesis, gestures alone were inversely correlated with intonation. In addition, the regression model explains nonlinearities stemming from different form-function configurations. However, the results failed to support the claim that regressions linked to early words or signs reflect autonomy. The discussion ends with a focus on the special role of intonation in children's transition from "prelinguistic" communication to language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This synthesis report describes a thorough analysis of primary professional development school (PDS) research in an effort to reveal reasonable PDS outcome claims as well as the strength of evidence that is in place to support these claims. The authors found reasonable evidence that support five claims: 1) PDS experiences encourage greater professional confidence in teaching candidates, 2) PDS experiences improve preservice teachers' perceptions of themselves as eventual professionals, 3) PDS experiences result in teaching candidates with more demonstrable teaching skills, 4) PDS experiences encourage improved quality and/or frequency of formative assessment for teaching candidates, and 5) PDS experiences improve host teachers' teaching practice. The authors also identify a list of emerging outcomes, a discussion of the nature of PDS interventions and research, and recommendations for improving the evidentiary quality of future PDS research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scarce records documenting the use of peyote (Lophophora williamsii) in Spanish Colonial New Mexico prior to the 1680 Pueblo Revolt provide no indication of when or by whom it was introduced, or how frequently it might have been used by colonists and Native peoples. Used ritually throughout most of Mexico's Central Plateau and adjacent Sierra Madre, as well, among Aztec and Tarascan peoples at contact, its use by prehispanic Southwestern pueblo people has not been identified. Among the more conspicuous effects of taking peyote are visual phenomena, including the characteristic colors, red and yellow. “Sorcerer” and likely, a Tewa curing society member, Popé's vision of three “figures” in a kiva at Taos emitting “fire from all the extremities of their bodies,” I suggest, may indicate a heretofore unexpected role for peyote use in New Mexican history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal aim of this study was to evaluate pre-schoolers’ expressive intonation in light of current debates about the underlying nature of language impairment (LI). Children with LI typically have deficits in grammar, a component of language that is phonologically represented on the segmental level. The hypothesis is that children with LI do not have deficits of this type when grammar is conveyed by intonation, a pitch-based component of language that is phonologically represented on the suprasegmental level. This study focused on the richly diversified suprasegmental patterns of sentences in which the speaker produces a series of items in a list. To address the hypothesis, list intonation in the speech of 4-year-olds with and without LI was acoustically analysed. Lists produced by children with LI were comparable to those produced by children with normal language development (NL). The results do not support the claim that LI stems from a poor understanding of grammatical principles. Rather, LI reflects an underlying impairment of segmental information processing. The discussion focuses on two characteristics of pitch contours which may account for the resilience of intonation in children with LI. Namely, steady state versus transient signals and universal symbol meanings versus arbitrary relationships between form and function. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reexamines spontaneity as an important, albeit neglected, mechanism in collective action dynamics, and elaborates on its operation and effects in protest events and social movements. We do not presume that spontaneity is routinely at play in all collective actions. Rather, based on our grounded analysis of historical and ethnographic data, we contend that spontaneity is triggered by certain conditions: nonhierarchical organization; uncertain/ambiguous moments and events; behavioral/emotional priming; and certain ecological/spatial factors. We conclude by elaborating why the activation of spontaneous actions matters in shaping the course and character of protest events and movements, and we suggest that spontaneity be resuscitated in the study of collective action and everyday life more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article describes the development of intonation in 12 cochlear implant (CI) recipients. In a previously reported study of the first year of CI use, children who were implanted late (after 24 months) acquired intonation more rapidly than the younger participants. The older children's advantage is plausibly owing to their greater maturity. However, children who were implanted early (before 25 months) did not have an advantage over the still younger control group of infants with normal hearing (NH), suggesting that the advantage requires a critical age of about 30 months. The younger CI-users reached this age in the second year of CI use. The results confirmed our expectation that even the younger CI recipients would acquire intonation more rapidly than infants with NH who had the same amount of robust hearing experience. Clinical implications are discussed in relation to the question of early versus late implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the longitudinal development of intonation in 18 deaf children who received cochlear implants (CIs) before the age of 3 years and 12 infants with typical development (TD) who served as controls. At the time their implants were activated, the children with CIs ranged in age from 9 to 36 months. Cross-group comparisons were made when the children had equivalent amounts of robust hearing experience but different chronological ages. This article reports the results for the 6-month period ending 9 months after activation of the child's device for children with CIs, and the 6-month period ending at 12 months of age for TD infants. The findings were compared with a model of early intonation development in children with normal hearing. The results indicated that all groups progressed through one or more of the stages predicted by the normative model. At the end of the study period, however, children who had received a CI later than 24 months reached a more mature stage of intonation development than younger CI recipients. Moreover, the older CI group reached the same stage of development as the TD infants who had 3 additional months of language listening experience. The findings suggest that the developmental advantage which older children had previously demonstrated shortly after activation of their CIs is maintained throughout most or all of the first year of CI use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the role of teachers in the effective adoption of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) intervention, particulary in mathematics classes. He says that despite of being a powerful tool in student learning, CAI intervention still requires teachers who can help students learn to use it. Meanwhile, he suggests that teachers can look for effective ways to cater the needs of the reluctant learners through accepting the teachers' role in a CAI classroom.

Background: Decubitus ulcers, also known as bedsores or pressure ulcers, affect millions of hospitalized patients each year. The microflora of chronic wounds such as ulcers most commonly exist in the biofilm phenotype and have been known to significantly impair normal healing trajectories. Methods: Bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP), a universal bacterial identification method, was used to identify bacterial populations in 49 decubitus ulcers. Diversity estimators were utilized and wound community compositions analyzed in relation to metadata such as Age, race, gender, and comorbidities. Results: Decubitus ulcers are shown to be polymicrobial in nature with no single bacterium exclusively colonizing the wounds. The microbial community among such ulcers is highly variable. While there are between 3 and 10 primary populations in each wound there can be hundreds of different species present many of which are in trace amounts. There is no clearly significant differences in the microbial ecology of decubitus ulcer in relation to metadata except when considering diabetes. The microbial populations and composition in the decubitus ulcers of diabetics may be significantly different from the communities in non-diabetics. Conclusions: Based upon the continued elucidation of chronic wound bioburdens as polymicrobial infections, it is recommended that, in addition to traditional biofilm-based wound care strategies, an antimicrobial/antibiofilm treatment program can be tailored to each patient's respective wound microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors examine participation in protests about homelessness by an unlikely set of participants--the homeless themselves. Through an analysis of data derived from 400 structured interviews with homeless individuals in Detroit, Philadelphia, and Tucson, the authors examine why and to what extent some homeless individuals, and not others, participate in movement-sponsored protest activities. In addition, the authors assess the degree to which the factors that affect participation in this population align with previous research on participation in social movements generally. They find that certain characteristics of the homeless population reduce the importance of social ties with other homeless individuals in the recruitment process and that, contrary to what much past work would lead one to expect, homeless individuals who are less biographically available are more likely to engage in protest activity. In addition, strain, which is often not a significant predictor of engagement in other populations, is an important predictor of differential participation among the homeless. This study highlights features of the homeless population that yield somewhat different correlates of participation than found in most movement participation studies and, in turn, cautions against presuming an overall model of participation that explains the engagement of all groups in the same way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the development of emerging intonation in six children who had received a cochlear implant (CI) before the age of 3 years. At the time their implant was activated, the children ranged in age from 11-37 months. Spontaneous longitudinal speech samples were recorded from 30-minute sessions in which the child interacted with his or her mother. Data were collected 2 months before activation of each child's CI and at monthly intervals after activation for 6 months. The findings were compared to the typical pattern of early intonation development in children with normal hearing (NH). The results suggested that young CI recipients progress through stages similar to those observed in children with NH. However, the intonation development of children with a CI reflects a marked interaction between chronological age at implantation and amount of CI experience. That is, after 2 months of CI-assisted hearing experience, the older children demonstrated a later stage of intonation development than younger children. These preliminary results support the idea that children acquire some foundations or prerequisites of intonation production through maturation, as measured by chronological age, even without robust auditory experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the issue of spring constant calibration in viscous fluids such as water, a new method is presented that allows for the experimental calibration of bimaterial cantilever spring constants. This method is based on modeling rectangular cantilever beam bending as a function of changing temperature. The temperature change is accomplished by heating water as it flows around the cantilever beams in an enclosed compartment. The optical static method of detection is used to measure the deflection of cantilever at the free end. Experimentally determined results are compared to Sader’s method and to the Thermotune method most commonly used in cantilever calibrations. Results indicate that the new bimaterial thermal expansion method is accurate within 15%–20% of the actual cantilever spring constant, which is comparable to other nondestructive calibration techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An optical static method of detection is used to interpret surface stress induced bending related to cantilevers coated on one side with poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate), and poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate), or respectively, PVA, PVB, and PVC, and exposed to various solvent vapors. Results indicate that the adsorption and surface interactions of the different solvent vapors that cause polymer swelling and shrinking lead to rearrangements, which have been shown to change the elastic properties of the polymer film, and subsequently, the spring constant of the polymer coated cantilever. Static deflection measurements allow the direction of cantilever bending to be determined, which adds a new dimension of usefulness for surface functionalized cantilevers as transducers in the development of novel microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In an attempt to advance understanding of frame variation and the factors that account for it, we conduct a comparative study of how the Fall 2005 French "riots" were framed diagnostically and prognostically. We examine these framing activities across a diverse set of actors and assess the role of ideological, contextual, attributional and temporal factors hypothesized to account for the observed variation. The data come from a content analysis of articles on the French riots that appeared in newspapers from a half dozen countries during the period in which the riots occurred. Our findings, based primarily on variance and regression analyses, reveal varied support for our hypotheses, suggest the theoretical and analytical utility of examining frame variation beyond the French riots, and raise questions that call for further empirical inquiry regarding framing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Previous research has indicated that relational and independent analyses of the phonological skills of young children result in very different interpretation of the data. This paper presents an adaptation of each of these analysis types, making them appropriate for the analysis of intonational characteristics of utterances produced by very young children. Meaningful and nonmeaningful utterances from a total of 30 children (ages 12–23 months) were studied. Measures of accent range served as the relational measure for this study and a contour inventory was introduced as the independent measure. The results from the two analyses revealed that the contour inventory was the most sensitive to different aspects of intonation development during the second year of life. The contour inventory was best at identifying the differences between rising and falling contours. This study supports the use of the contour inventory for measuring intonational development as a supplement to more traditionally utilized measures (e.g., accent range). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern in which English-speaking children acquire intonation. A second goal was to account for emerging intonation from a theoretical perspective. Six groups of 10 children each between the ages of 6 and 23 months participated in individual play sessions with their mothers and an experimenter. Pitch contours were acoustically analyzed in monosyllabic utterances produced by each child. The observed nonlinear shape of intonation development suggested a linguistically based pattern of regression and reorganization. However, the precocious expression of intonation in the youngest infants also pointed to the role of physiological universals and emotional experience. It is concluded that children's early intonation reflects biological, affective, and linguistic influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1980s, homeless people formed social movement organizations and mobilized collective action events in cities across the U.S. From the vantage point of social movement theories and scholarship on homelessness, it is surprising that homeless protest was so prevalent in the 1980s. Yet we find evidence of homeless protest events across no fewer than 50 U.S. cities in the 1980--90 period. Drawing on social movement theories about the precipitants of mobilization, we examine the extent to which city-level contextual factors, and their change over time, affect variation in the frequency of homeless mobilization across 17 of these cities. Our findings reveal that a mix of factors congruent with strain and resource mobilization theories helps to account for variation in the frequency of homeless protest across U.S. cities in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research showed that 1-year-olds produce less pitch change in monosyllabic nuclear tones than 4-year-olds. This finding implies that infants have not acquired intonation based on a “magnitude criterion.” The present study was designed to evaluate children''s early intonation development based on a “contrast criterion.” In this approach, the pitch change that infants use in final accented syllables is compared to the pitch change they use in nonfinal accented syllables. Although the absolute pitch change that infants produce is reduced relative to older children, it is possible that infants produce a wider pitch change in final than in nonfinal syllables and thereby mark a key grammatical contrast based on position-in-utterance. To test this hypothesis, one- and two-syllable utterances were acoustically analyzed in 10 English-speaking 1-year-olds and 10 4-year-olds. The results indicated that only the 4-year-olds produced intonation in accordance with the contrast criterion. Further analyses of the relation between pitch and timing supported the conclusion that 1-year-old infants do not actively control intonation to mark complete utterances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A conceptual framework is advanced that assumes that psychological symptoms emerge within multiple contexts, such as the workplace, and are influenced by the interplay of individual and situational risk and protective factors over time. This framework was utilized to examine the impact of work and work-family role stressors, coping, and work-related social support on psychological symptoms among 239 female, secretarial employees in the USA, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal structural equation models. Work stressors and avoidance coping were viewed as risk factors, and active coping and social support as protective factors. Work stressors contributed substantially to increased symptoms, primarily through a direct pathway in the cross-sectional model, but also indirectly to both Time 1 and Time 2 symptoms (4 months later) via pathways through active and avoidance coping. In both models, avoidance coping also predicted increased symptoms. Avoidance coping also served to partially mediate the relationship between work stressors and symptoms in the cross-sectional model, but not in the longitudinal model. Active coping was related to fewer psychological symptoms in both models, thereby reducing the negative effect of work stressors on symptoms. Likewise, work-related social support served an indirect protective function by contributing to lower levels of reported work stressors and greater use of active coping. Work stressors but not active coping mediated the relationship between social support and symptoms. Implications for future research and workplace interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of the author on sociologist Joseph Gusfield. Although I do not claim expertise on the entire corpus of Gusfield's scholarships based on familiarity with, a significant segment of his work, I sense that his contribution to sociology writ large runs along at least three intersecting substantive paths: the study of social movements, the analysis of social problems, and sociological theory in as much as various sensitivities based on his experience with and understanding of symbolic interactionism have undergirded these streams of work, it is hardly surprising that Gusfield received the George Herbert Mead Award given annually by the Society for the Study of Symbolic interaction. After all, rarely does a scholar make a significant contribution to a single substantive area much less three or more and. while doing so demonstrates the utility of and extends a particular sociological perspective. This linkage between a substantive area of sociological inquiry and symbolic interactionism is clearly exhibited in Gusfield's long-standing research on and theorization about social movements and particularly a strand of social movements he conceptualized as symbolic crusades.

Examines patterns of substance use in adolescence. Use of a cluster analytic approach to identify subgroups of adolescents on the basis of the levels of substance use; Evaluation of the progression of substance use from early to late adolescence; Development of classification schemes based on based on measurements of substance use.

Developmental theories of intonation are typically based on the idea that linguistic pitch patterns reflect biological or emotional “natural tendencies”. Accordingly, these theories predict that intonation will develop along with the infant''s earliest speech-like vocalizations. This article examines the empirical and theoretical basis of the claim that children master intonation before the onset of speech. As a background for studying prosodic development, Section 2 describes three components of intonation: (1) intonation-groups, (2) forms of intonation, and (3) tonal meanings. Section 3 presents criteria for evaluating children''s development in each of these areas. Section 4 focuses on studies of children''s development of intonation from 3 to 25 months of age, with special attention to the grammatical, pragmatic, and affective/attitudinal functions of pitch patterns. Most studies were not designed to meet the criteria specified in Section 3. Although this makes any conclusions very tentative at present, our review suggests that children control some core features of intonation before they produce two-word combinations— but not before they produce their first words. Register seems to be the first component of intonation to stabilize in the single-word period. Except for pre-intentional associations between pitch level and affect, natural tendencies are not sufficient to account for children''s development of intonation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Symbolic interactionism provides a major contribution to understanding inequality by illuminating the various manifestations and contexts of inequality at the micro, everyday level of social life. Drawing on a spectrum of symbolic interactionist theory and research, we examine the range of symbolic and interactional manifestations of social inequality the consequences of being the objet of patterned interactional affronts, and the strategies people use to negotiate interactional stigmatization in everyday life. We argue that symbolic interaction's unique contribution to understanding Inequality results from two of the perspective's central features. First, symbolic inter-actionism emphasizes the necessity of investigating social life in situated social interaction. Second it highlights social actors' capacities to interpret and construct lines of action rather than respond directly to the stimuli they encounter. Symbolic interactionist research and theory thus contribute to a more complex understanding of social stratification than that provided by perspectives focused exclusively on macroscopic structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relation between intonation and segmental phonology in children with developmental language impairment (LI). Eleven 4-year-olds with LI and 11 age-matched children with normal language development imitated sentences that were modelled with different nuclear tones. Instrumental analysis indicated that the children imitated falling tones more accurately than rising tones, but there were no group differences. Although the children with LI had age-appropriate intonation skills, they all demonstrated mild to moderate impairments in segmental phonology. This dissociation pattern was confirmed by correlation analyses, which indicated that the severity of a child's articulation disorder predicted how well he or she produced segmental contrasts—but not prosodic contrasts. The findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that prosody pertains to a different 'tier' of the grammar than other phonological systems, and that the speech of children with LI may reflect asymmetrical degrees of impairment across prosodic and non-prosodic tiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds conceptual and empirical light on the ways in which urban physical space and homelessness intersect by considering three focal questions: (a) What are the key spatial concepts necessary for understanding the relationship between urban space and homeless survival strategies and routines, (b) what are the central strategies used within communities to control the homeless spatially or ecologically, and (c) how do the homeless respond to these constraints and impositions? These questions are explored conceptually and empirically with data on spatial contestations drawn from the local newspapers of a southwestern city between 1992 and 1997. The findings illuminate the sociospatial dynamics of homelessness and underscore how a thoroughgoing understanding of the everyday routines and adaptive strategies of the homeless requires consideration of how different types of urban space affect the homeless and of the ways in which the homeless negotiate and respond to the spatial constraints with which they are confronted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews conventions for transcribing suprasegmental features in spoken English. Symbols based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and its recent Extensions are supplemented, in the area of intonation, by selected tonetic stress marks and examples of the autosegmental notation that is used in the Tone and Break Indices framework. The transcription conventions are intended to distinguish between prominence effects that reflect different speech production systems, including intonation, accent, stress, and articulation. The proposed symbols are illustrated with examples from a child with a language disorder whose speech is characterized by monotone pitch and equal and even stress. Key words: accent, intonation, prosody, speech rhythm, stress, tones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for understanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarification of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the hypothesis that emotional versus linguistic categories of intonation are lateralized to the opposite hemispheres. Distinction between intonation (pitch envelope of utterances) and prosody; Distinction between emotional and linguistic intonation; Division corresponding to affective versus nuclear intonation; Valence of emotions affects the lateralization of the prosody.

What is the value-added character of sociology? In an era of change and unease in higher education, can a case be made for sociology in terms of intellectual and scholarly substance rather than in terms of bureaucratic and political considerations? As a scholarly and instructional activity, what is the value of sociology beyond what other disciplines have to offer? I address these questions affirmatively in this paper by identifying and elaborating four distinctive foci of the sociological eye that together frame the window onto the world that sociology provides. These distinctive features are a focus on the relational connections among the constituent elements of the objects of sociological analysis; a focus on the socially contextual embeddedness of those objects of analysis; a focus on vexing social conditions and processes construed as social problems; and an ironic perspective, that is, a penchant for discerning and illuminating the incongruous, unexpected, discrepant aspects of social life. I argue that these foci are more pronounced in sociology than in other social sciences and that together they congeal into a window onto the social world that is unique among the social sciences and humanities, thus accounting for the value-added character of sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on a debate related to an analysis of social networks and movement recruitment process in sociology. This article is a reply to the comments on the article by sociologists R. Wallis and S. Bruce. Wallis and Bruce object mainly to the conclusion that both the network attributes of movement organizations and members function as important structural determinants of differential recruitment to and the differential growth of movement organizations' and as a consequence, that such micro-structural variables are of equal and perhaps greater, importance than dispositional susceptibilities in the determination of differential recruitment. That thesis, Wallis and Bruce contend, is not only too mechanistic, but cannot be supported by closer examination of the evidence. Wallis and Bruce are right in noting that our analysis of the recruitment process gives greater attention to social networks than to cognitive factors. However, one do not apologize for that focus, indeed, the study was intended to concentrate on social networks, partly because the theoretical linkage between networks and movement recruitment had not been fully developed.

Responds to the rejoinder by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, editors of the book `Handbook of Qualitative Research.' Concerns and contentions; Book's being not a handbook; Postmodern ethnography as the moral discourse of the contemporary world.

Presents an essay reviewing the book `Handbook of Qualitative Research,' edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln.

Focuses on an observation made on interpersonal survival strategies used by women in public places. Types of problems women encounter from males when in public places; Information on observations made; Description of strategic practices used by women; How women are affected by comments made by men; Comments made by women.

This essay treats the convert as social type with four specifiable formal properties: biographical reconstruction; adoption of a master attribution scheme; suspension of analogical reasoning; and embracement of the convert role. These properties are derived from the talk and reasoning of converts to a culturally transplanted Buddhist movement and from accounts of other proselytizers and converts. We conclude that it is the convert's rhetoric rather than institutional context or ideological content that denotes the convert as a social type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that subcultural organization provides fertile soil for the development of social movements. There has not, however, been a systematic analysis of how different subcultures may be configured and what characteristics may encourage or inhibit mobilization. This paper takes an initial step in that direction by suggesting a typology of subcultures based on the degree of congruency of subcultural values and behaviors with the those of the dominant culture. We examine two subcultural types which are particularly relevant to social movement development: accommodative subcultures and oppositional subcultures. By drawing on interviews with activists in the former Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, we specify the conditions by which accommodative and oppositional subcultures exist and are successfully transformed into social movements. We trace the evolution from an accommodative subculture under Stalinist terror to an oppositional subculture as state repression lessened under Krushchev's liberalizations, to mass mobilization of the Estonian independence movement in the late 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines a seven-year adolescent panel to determine whether attrition effects varied by type of substance assessed and method of measurement and type of statistical analysis. Method; Results; Discussion.

The article discusses reports published within the issue including one by Jack Katz which addressed the conditions and circumstances that warrant ethnographic research, and another one by Calvil Morrill and Gary Alan Fine on the contributions of ethnography to organizational sociology.

For over two decades, resources have been assumed to be a fundamental determinant of the course and character of social movement organizations (SMOs) and their activities. Yet surprisingly little research evaluates this taken-for-granted assumption. Using data from ethnographic fieldwork on 15 homeless SMOs in eight U.S. cities, we construct an empirically grounded typology of resources and assess the combinations of resources necessary for the viability of homeless SMOs. We then examine the sources of support for these organizations, highlighting the influence of benefactor organizations on SMO viability and tactics. Employing qualitative comparative analysis, we identify three resource configurations among the viable SMOs and find that certain resource types contributed more than others to viability. Support from benefactors also ensured viability of these organizations without moderating their tactics. We explain the implications of these findings for understanding the roles that resources and sponsorship or patronage play in the careers of SMOs and the relevance of resources, sponsorship, and organization to social movements of the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to further theoretical and empirical understanding of adherent and constituent mobilization by proposing and analyzing frame alignment as a conceptual bridge linking social psychological and resource mobilization views on movement participation. Extension of Goffman's (1974) frame analytic perspective provides the conceptual/theoretical framework; field research on two religious movements, the peace movement, and several neighborhood movements provide the primary empirical base. Four frame alignment processes are identified and elaborated: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension, and frame transformation. The basic underlying premise is that frame alignment, of one variety or another, is a necessary condition for participation, whatever its nature or intensity, and that it is typically an interactional and ongoing accomplishment. The paper concludes with an elaboration of several sets of theoretical and research implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an alternative explanation based on the notion of relative prosodic prominence. Prominence and boundary features; Construction of the prominence scale; Discussion on stress/accent system; Prominence scale testing.

Presents information on the study which focused on the potential role of prosodic boundary features in developmental disorders of morphosyntax. Analysis procedures; Acoustic measures; Evaluation of boundary features.

Presents a study that investigated the children's ability to replicate the timing and pitch contour of rising and falling nuclear tones in words modeled by an adult. Studies of rising tones in child speech; Imitation versus spontaneous speech; Word duration and accent range.

Studies the ability of preschool children with specific language impairment (SLI) to extract target regularities from recurring nonverbal stimuli. Assessment of children's ability to shift and extract regularities after feedback; Individual differences in learning patterns; Response tendencies in both slow and fast learners; Nonverbal rule-induction skills in children with SLI.

This paper examines among college students the hypothesis recently pro-pounded by Turner (1976) and Zurcher (1977) that there has been a dramatic shift in the locus of self in contemporary America, a shift from a self anchored in institutions to a self anchored in impulse. Data collected from 1,125 college students over a four-year period provide support for that hypothesis. Differences and similarities between students of today and those of the 1950s and the Civil Rights/Vietnam War era are discussed and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]