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This article intends to explore the urban transformation of Gaziantep city during the Republican period, with a specific focus on its urban axes. Gaziantep, renowned for its historical legacy and economic vitality during a period of significant steps in shaping Turkey's national identity, also distinguishes itself through its urban renewal efforts. Urban axes serve as a reflection of the city's social, economic, and cultural transformation across the urban landscape. Preceding 1923, Gaziantep evolved organically around its castle, reflecting a lifestyle oriented towards security concerns. The city's structuring, primarily aligned with south-oriented axes, witnessed the imperative for residential areas with the surge in population during the Republic period. Subsequently, urban development unfolded within extant borders until the 1950s, bridging gaps between pre-existing neighborhoods. The inaugural zoning plan for Gaziantep was instituted in 1938 as part of citywide zoning initiatives. Despite the population growth towards the 20th century leading to density beyond planned areas, construction within designated zones commenced post-1975.This study underscores the guiding influence exerted by the extant axes of the historical city center in delineating novel zoning areas. The findings underscore the historical city center's indispensability in Gaziantep's evolution into a modern city. Beyond its role as a repository of cultural heritage, this region assumes a pivotal role in ensuring the sustainability of the modernization process. Consistent with historical urbanization traditions, the axes within the city, where new construction areas burgeon at the nexus of industrial and commercial activity, have evolved in tandem with sociological needs, prominently anchored in the historical city center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood has been used in Turkish architecture, not only in houses and warehouse structures, but also intensively in the building of mosques. The mosques of the times were built in the wood masonry system and were especially abundant in regions of Anatolia that were blessed with generous forests. The Black Sea Region particularly abounds with wooden mosques. Known as çantı mosques, these structures represent the region's cultural wealth. The aim of this article is to describe the mosques built in the "wooden masonry system" (çantı), a group of buildings that together signify a special group of mosques in Anatolian architecture, referring to examples of these types of mosques located in the region of the Black Sea. The features of the plans, construction systems, materials and ornamentation of these structures will be detailed in an effort to document the identity of this collective cultural legacy and as a contribution to the literature for posterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from Central Asia, the search for central space in Turkish mosque architecture was observed in all periods. The domed central space has been an indispensable motif of Turkish mosque architecture and many original attempts have been made in this regard. The central space applications created with a domed cover which sits on multiple brace systems are also seen in Turkish architecture during the time of Mimar Sinan. The structure that Sinan used in his domes determined the space and therefore the plan setup of his mosques. Sinan used multiple carrier systems such as four, six and eight supports in the dome structure, and built the plan around this system in the domed structures. One of the structural systems used by Sinan in the process of creating a central space is the octagonal base. In this study, an attempt to run a comparative analysis of the side space organization that develops around this motif with a cover relationship at mosques in which Sinan incoporated the octagonal baldachin system, one of the multi-carrier systems he used to create a central main space. These mosques include; Silivrikapı Hadım Ibrahim Pasha, Tahtakale Rüstem Pasha, Karagümrük Nişancı Mehmed Pasha, Fatih Mesih Mehmet Pasha, Edirne Selimiye and Azapkapı Sokullu Mehmet Pasha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ali Saim Ülgen (1913–63), a preservation architect, architectural historian, author, bureaucrat and educator, was a leading figure in the nascent field of heritage conservation during the early decades of the Republic of Turkey. This was a time when the Republican leaders sought to establish the national character of art and architecture by interpreting the "Turkishness" and uniqueness of the Ottoman heritage through the tenets of the Modern Movement. The reconciliation of the modernist rationale with nationalist historiography created contested paradigms in a nation searching for its cultural roots. Ülgen considerably contributed to the nationalist appropriation of the Ottoman heritage, but his taxonomical gaze stands out for its focus on contextual analysis. This essay addresses the dichotomy of documenting the Ottoman architectural patrimony through the lens of modernism, which is visible in Ülgen's work, a remarkably understudied Republican intellectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to date, it was produced in Turkey different type of cadastral bases based applications in 2D. When evaluated in terms of modern cadastre, Turkish cadastre must enrich its scope and contents. With this article, it was investigated that current situation of Turkish cadastre, the suitability of the existing cadastral structure for multi-purpose cadastre in technical and legal terms via questionnaire. The following results were obtained for the Turkish cadastre. It is insufficient in terms of multipurpose cadastre, doesn't include land value for immovable property, 3D location data, land value maps, data for urban and rural land use. In addition to them, it also doesn't cover some rights and restrictions on the immovable property. The current cadastral system doesn't permit to registry for some area which are pasture, grassland, rocky terrain, swamp and marine areas etc. It is recommended that the content and scope of the cadastre should be developed according to the identified deficiencies in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is aimed to evaluate the earthquake incidence angle influence on the seismic performance of buildings. For numerical example, 5-story reinforced concrete building with moment resisting frame and square plan has been analyzed using finite element methods. The building is subjected to 1992 Erzincan earthquake ground accelerations in nineteen directions whose values range between 0 to 90 degrees, with an increment of 5 degrees. The linear time history analyses have been carried out using SAP2000 software. The seismic weight is calculated using full dead load plus 30% of live load. The variation of the maximum story displacements, internal forces such as axial forces, shear forces and bending moments in columns and beams, and principal stresses are studied to determine the earthquake incidence angle influence on the seismic performance. The results show that angle of seismic input motion considerably influences the response of reinforced concrete buildings. It is seen that the maximum displacements are obtained at X and Y direction for 90° and 0°. The results are changed considerably with the different earthquake incidence angle. Maximum differences are calculated as 54.54% and 37.14% for x-y directions, respectively. The result shows that column forces exceeds by varying the angle of excitation of seismic force and the value of axial forces and bending moments may exceed the ordinary cases up to 44%. The structure gets its maximum value of column forces with a specific angle of excitation of seismic force which is different from column to column. The responses are changed significantly as 28.01% and 41.10%. Also, the principal stresses are changed as 12.34%. There is no unique specific angle of incidence for each structure which increases the value of internal forces of all structural members together; each member gets its maximum value of internal forces by a specific angle of incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n this study, a computer program was developed to calculate the strengths of steel profiles according to the new Turkish Steel Structures Design and Construction Regulations (TSSDCR) to be utilized in steel structures lessons. This program is named as "LETA Steel Strength" and Visual Basic is used as programming language. All the effects specified in the regulations can be calculated within the program. The profile and material properties are determined by the selection menus, and the user cannot interfere with these standard features. This is especially intended to prevent calculation errors in prolonged process. Interfaces are designed on the basis of ease. The program is also suitable for engineering offices to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the seismic damage propagation in historical stone/brick masonry minaret which was built in 1894 under different ground motions by using calibrated finite element model based on Operational Modal Analysis. Surveying measurement and material tests were conducted to obtain 3D solid model and mechanical properties of the components of the masonry Minaret. First, the initial 3D finite element model of the minaret was analyzed and numerical dynamic characteristics of the minaret were obtained. Then operational modal analysis as an ambient vibration test was employed in order to obtain the experimental dynamic characteristics of the minaret. The initial finite element model of the minaret was calibrated by using the experimental dynamic results. Finally, linear and nonlinear time history analyses of the updated finite element model of the minaret were carried out using the acceleration records of two different earthquakes that occurred in Turkey. Concrete Damage Plasticity model was considered in the nonlinear analyses. The analyses indicate that the results of the linear analyses are not as realistic as the non-linear analysis results. According to the nonlinear analysis, earthquake would damage some parts of the elements in the transition segment of the minaret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architectural works from the Ottoman period in Cyprus (1571-1878), still exist in various settlements as samples of Turkish architecture on the island, and leave their mark on the historical textures. Among the religious structures in the island belonging to the Ottoman period, lodges have a significant place with "Mevlevi, Aziziye, Kırklar, Kutup Osman, Hala Sultan, Zuhuri, Hz. Ömer and Hasan Ağa Lodges" constituting important examples to this style. These structures were each planned as complexes and they are all composed of mosque/masjid, tomb, and residential rooms. Lodges were built using local smooth cut stones and load-bearing wall system. The roofs were made of domes and slanted roofs of wooden structures. Pointed arches were used as traditional bearing, covering openings. Lodges, where restoration works are completed, are open for visit, and they preserve their place of importance as cultural heritage, transferring the traits of Ottoman period to the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Museum of Innocence" by Orhan Pamuk is presented. Topics discussed include basis of the novel on objects collected by the author and its relationship with the "Museum of Innocence" in Istanbul, Turkey; the idea behind construction of the museum with number of cabinets equal to the chapters of the novel, and display of objects with meanings by use of recognizable objects for convenience of the viewers.

Hüseyin Timur Tomb was analytically investigated on engineering perspective. Hüseyin Timur Tomb is one of the important monument of Turkish architecture. It is also located within the Unesco cultural heritage. The most stressed elements are the bottom walls at the ground level with a maximum value of compressive stress of about 6.1 MPa. Also, displacement resultant distribution suggests that the maximum displacement of around 13 mm will occur at top of dome. The goal of this study is to take attention for special historical tomb in Ahlat that is open air museum. Evaluation of these structures was important for cultural heritage and transferring them to future. It is very important to protect them by taking measures from structural aspect. The paper also included seismicity of the region and properties of Ahlat stone. Due to results it can be said that tomb has a high vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the progressive worldwide growing interest for the Ottoman studies through last decades, first caused by the changing of the attitude towards the national history and tradition in the same Republic of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Republican Period (1923-1950) has of great significance for the architectural history of Turkey in terms of the fundamental changes realized in building construction works of the country after the establishment of Republic. Many regulations and applications were carried into effect in this field by the Republican State for the aim of adjusting these works in order and giving it a contemporary face that was suitable to the ideology of the new Republic. Accordingly, while the roles of the main actors of building construction medium were redistributed, building contract system and the organization of construction works was revised together with the enacted laws and regulations. In this framework, these main actors of building construction medium in Early Republican Period will be examined in this article with respect to their new professional agendas together with a critical analysis of the general structure of building contract system and construction works countrywide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Slope Bath of Parion where the excavations were begun in 2008 located on the western slope of the hill 300 m east of the acropolis and the theatre, 100 m northeast of the Sedat-Naciye NUROVA Parion Excavation House. During survey works carried out on the slope a vaulted strocture remain of 1 m diameter was observed. The vaulted structure remain was thought to be related to the wall remain or to belong to either an important structure or structure group therefore the desicion for excavating this area was given. The Slope Bath having nine sections revealed during excavations so far, besides sheding light to the social and economical aspects of Parion, does present significant information regarding the architecture of the city. These revealed sections are significant due to their different features. By having no similar examples in Anatolia the laconicum section does give an idea about the bath's architect. The need of a very hot section in a geography where the climate is warm will be investigated in this work. Other sections revealed during excavations besides the laconicum will be introduced in light of similar examples. Along with the structure's architecture discovered artifacts will also be introduced with regards to their relation to the structure. Additionally the localization of the bath has been introduced and the effect of the close proximity of the location to the harbour on the desicion making of the bath's location has been mentioned. Finally by investigating the finds and architectural remains discovered during Excavations preliminary conclusions on the Slope Bath's construction date and usage phases have been reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crimea is a region full of historic monuments from different periods including Seijuk, Golden Horde, Ottomans, and Crimean Khanate. Beginning with the thirteenth century, Islam began to spread widely in the Crimean peninsula. As a result, many Muslim architectural monuments such as mosques, baths, madrasahs, and tombs were built in Crimea. Among these, tombs are of great importance in terms of understanding the nature and development of architectural typology in the region. Traces of most historical tombs in Crimea have disappeared either due to natural or political events. That is why in this paper only the tombs intact today are presented. The information on these monuments comes from in situ observations, measured drawings, photographs, and historical sources. There are many studies conducted previously on the historic monuments in Crimea, but they are either out-dated or just give limited general knowledge about these monuments without measured drawings and deep research on condition assessments and typology studies. Hence, the aim of this paper is to make a thorough evaluation of tombs in Crimea, thus drawing attention to their conservation and for the promotion of cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the architectural activities of Abdülhamid I, who acceded to the Ottoman throne near the end of 18th century and ruled the state for fifteen years. However, the study comprises the town planning activities that were carried by the Sultan, rather than the town planning activities carried out in different cities during his era. Within this framework, the study aims to evaluate the same impacts of the economic situation of the period, the Sultan's personality and his relations with women on the architectural projects he carried out. In this context, the study primarily emphasizes Abdülhamid's life and the state's economic condition. Measures taken by the Sultan and the results of them, which comprise a difficult period of the Ottoman state in economic sense, are evaluated. The next part of this study focuses on the Sultan's personality --inner world--, his relations with women and on architectural projects. In the final part, it evaluates the impact of the economic condition, the Sultan's personality and his relations with women on art --Istanbul-centered--. As the sources of the period indicate, Abdülhamid has taken strict measures aimed at economic difficulties and this makes it possible to ask why he has carried out multiple projects in Istanbul within the same period. In other words, isn't it conflicting for such a Sultan, who has followed contradictory policies in economy, to carry out such projects in the same period? Had these initiatives cause any reaction within the period? The answers of these questions are tried to be answered in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important feature which makes Safranbolu distinctive in Turkey and in the world is the houses with the traditional Turkish architecture style. The door rings and door knockers on the doors of that houses are the most important samples of metalwork. While door rings are divided into two categories and door knockers are divided into six categories in Safranbolu. Door rings are generally made of iron, door knockers are made of bronze and brass. While producing these rings and knockers forcing and casting methods were used. Forching methods was used for iron products and casting methods was used for bronze and brass products. Door rings were generally produced by using forging method and door knockers were produced by casting method. Nowadays casting method has gained much importance for the production of these materials. Carving, relief and opening work techniques have been used for decoration. Nowadays openwork has gained much importance as a decoration technique. In this research study, the door rings and knockers of the houses both in the Sehir and Baglar section of the Safranbolu city have been determined related to their structures and functions and subdivided typologically. These samples in this study were compared with the samples from 25 different regions of Turkey and were evaluated according to the traditional door rings and knockers of Anatolian metalwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Turkish people's adaptation to the society in Vienna, Austria through their domestic architecture and possessions. As the migrants on the foreign land, Turkish people constructed their homes which collectively displayed aesthetic patterns of their own culture and blends with the Diaspora relations of Vienna. The house structure is a combination of two cultures which expresses past traditions and objects associated with them. An overall presentation of the Turkish dwellings show conflicts, ambiguities, and competitions which portrays the aesthetics of everyday.

Present study is aimed to reconsider Turkish Revolution and revolution architecture in a more universal point of view. This evaluation takes the idea of universality, Turkish Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, and French Revolution into re-consideration. Two capital cities, Paris and Ankara were selected for the architectural research field. Most studies concerning Turkish Revolution and revolution architecture have an argument based on historical perspective. According to this, the age of Ottoman Empire and consecutive Turkish architecture are labeled Baroque, Rococo, ecclectisist-revivalist, first and second national architecture periods, corresponding to XVIII, XIX and XXth centuries, respectively. This approach tried to keep the historical evaluation of Western civilization in parallel with Turkish architecture. However, one important point is neglected: the intellectual and social background of western civilization does not properly match with Ottoman and Turkish development. Tailoring Turkish Revolution and revolution architecture according to time perspective and estimating it by the developments taking place in Europe lead us to come to inappropriate conclusions. While this point of view calls the improvement efforts of Ottoman Empire in XVIIIth century as "Enlightenment"; it puts also Turkish Revolution on a modernism project which is devoid of strong basis. The unsuitability of the time scale for this kind of comparison shows itself in the example of "printing press". The invention of printing press stands at the beginning of civilization path; besides this facility reaches Ottoman Empire with some delay, approximately 250 years. This delay clarifies the phase shift between Western civilization and Ottoman Empire. However, a universal approach not only evaluates Turkish Revolution and revolution architecture correctly but also it locates Ottoman architecture in its place in history. The criterion derived from the concept of universality makes possible to evaluate the background of architecture as well as it helps to interpret the product with its production process more than its style. Although the concept of universality is described in various ways previously in time, during the age of Enlightenment it gained another meaning: "absolute independence". This meaning expressed itself in concepts of "universal human" and "universal science". Enlightenment struggled with three main dogmas: monarchy, institutionalized religion and metaphysics to move humankind forward in the way of absolute independence. The struggle between Enlightenment and these dogmas described the concept of universality and the criterion taken from this is used to evaluate the places where the revolutions took place. Paris and Ankara, two different places in the world, evidenced revolutions in different time periods, XVIIIth and XXth century, respectively. Both French and Turkish Revolutions struggled with monarchy, institutionalized religion and metaphysics. This struggle is reflected in the built environment and can be traced for an architectural comparison devoid of time scale. The struggle with the first dogma, monarchy, shaped the capital city on five stages: new capitol; new administrative and legislative buildings; designing for people; reforming society with architecture; reflecting the revolution idea on the architectural products.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this study is to define originality making use of different viewpoints and contexts and to discuss originality by exploring the cases that are regarded to reflect the 1950-60 periods' architecture and the process of being original. The research methodology includes the theoretical context based on an extensive literature survey, analysis of the distinctions of the period under consideration, and investigation of the impact of these distinctions in the field of architecture through the interviews conducted with the architects of that period. Originality that has begun expressing itself in architecture since 19th century and previously covered a small intellectual area in the familiar concerns of architecture, similar to the other fields, is a different meaning, expression, search and defines a new interpretation and a different identity. Originality can be searched by means of spatial features, form, material-technology and context and evaluate in the levels of being innovative (refinement) or creative (heuristic). It can be assetted that the most important revolutions in architecture occurs by the space being thought by means of void. Architectural design should be thought not by means of the function or solid components of the space but by void itself. Thinking the void in designing process can create more original results and reveals an architecture which is not generic. The uniqness of the form is either an important way of originality. More, differences in using the materials and technology can reveal originalities. Architecture, differing from other design products, exists with a constant"place". So "place" is the significant data for architecture and sensibility to context adds dissimilar diamentions to the buildings originality. "Originality" has not been a concept that was discussed and considered widely within the period before modernism. It has been important for the architects to be included in movements and styles. Actually, existence of the formal approach that is offered by the movements and styles bound originality. In this respect, Modern Architecture can be regarded as not being dominant like previous movements. Formal impositions become ordinary and generic when they arise. In other words, Modern Architecture, which comes out as a result of a critical process developed with modernism, can be reported to be "original" itself through its conflict with tradition.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, very little is known about the general aspects of latrines in the middle ages Turkish Anatolian architecture. This study aims at providing general evaluation depending on the examples related to the matter. The latrines in the Anatolian Medrese and the Kervansaray of Selçuklu had been located at the front part of the main building at an appropriate corner .These latrines had in general been open air in nature where (three or four of them together) clean and waste water drinages had been developed. In the palaces and the kiosks of the era, a personal or private latrines had been provided. However, all the material related to latrines have been insufficient in terms of data. Although latrines are of great importance in terms of raising the quality of life, it is necessary to state the fact that in order to find out the peculiarities of the middle-age architectutre of the latrines require more data for sound conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kale Mahallesi (The Castle District) in Corum Hacihamza, has been chosen as the subject of the practice. The boundary of area, urban texture, monumental buildings, examples of traditioal civil architecture and social structure properties has been analised according to the criterias of urban conservation. The the town has been developed around the nucleus, embodied by the mosque, inn (caravansarai), turkish bath and the childrens' school (sıbyan mektebi). The properties of Traditional Anatolian Town, can easily be seen in the settlement as the narrow street structure, gardens with pointing trees and masonry ground levels of the houses closed to the outside. With the castle building, laterly integrated with the houses, the town has gained the unique view of a castle-city. Although the town's master plan and individual conservative desicions have been made in late 1970's, neither the revisional master planning nor master conservation plan has been generated after that date. After the land study, the analysis and proposal maps projected in order to develop the survey, intervention and re-use proposal projects. In conclusion, with its historical background and traditional properties of the urban texture, Hacihamza has taken its place in the cultural heritage. Conservation and vitalization of the historic urban structure, will produce new expansions in social economical and cultural progress of Hacihamza and its residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkish art a lot of fertile works on architectural and handmade crafts are done. Hand-carved which belongs to those arts includes ıne part of decorative art. To inrease the durability of hand-carved ornaments, a transparent wax called "lake" is used. In this study a Mevlevî Koran Stand with "lake" on wooden hand-carved ornament is studied. It is a unique example of Turkish handmade crafts seeing in motifs and compositions. It is also important to show the fully developed arts of Seljuks wooden art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam was spread in Indian subcontinent by means of Turks. The coming of Turks to Anatolia is in the same dated with the coming of Turks to India. Therefore Indian also is Turk as well as Anatolia until the end of Babers from the point of the empires. The permanent Muslim states in Indian subcontinent are The Ghaznavids and The Delhi Sultans and The Babers. The Turks have had an important and dominant role in revealing the Indian Islamic culture and civilization and also in Islamizing India. All Islamic scholars and their works in this region have been by means of Turkish dynasties. The most appealing case to the traveler to India is Turkish architecture. The appearance of Urdu language and the existence of Pakistan and Afghanistan and Bangladesh states in today's world are indication of prevalence of Turks in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Susuz is a village settlement belongs to Yenimahalle in the city of Ankara in the system of administartive division. İt is in the northwest of Ankara and in the first 10 . km. of İstanbul highway (Map:1). The mosque which we are planning to describe, is in the northeast of the way and it is away nearly 200 m. Although the building lost some part of its original distinctive features because of unconscious attempts, within its standing plan and features it reveals its own important place of in the history of Turkish art. The monument that we noticed that it was missed in the previous researchs, will be evaluated and put to place in the history of Anatolian Turkish Architecture by describing detaily its architectural and decorative features in our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents two spatial genotypes within a sample of sixteen Turkish vernacular houses. Living room- or sofa-integrated configuration; External paved courtyard-oriented configuration; Social origin of the genotypes.

Describes the functional characteristics of the Turkish house and stress trends. Concept of difference factor; Utilization of the difference factor in syntactic analysis of space configurations as a technique to measure the strength of a spatial genotype; Traditional Turkish houses from the 17th to the 19th century as framework for the study; Two characteristics patterns of integration.