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The reemergence of aesthetics in China's early reform period witnessed a wide-ranging embrace of the early Marxist vocabulary of species-being, alienation, and unalienated labor, in tandem with a wave of interest in developments in Soviet aesthetics that had arisen over the 1960s and 1970s. Above all, Chinese aestheticians were enthused by the Soviet field of "technical aesthetics," which marked those currents in Soviet aesthetic thought that extended the possibilities of beauty beyond the delimited space of the artwork or literary creation to envision how factory labor might become an aesthetic process, simultaneously productive and artistic. By tracing the trajectory of these currents of aesthetic thought against the background of Marxist humanism, I show the ways in which Soviet–Chinese aesthetic encounters conditioned the fashioning of the post-Maoist factory as creative space and the postsocialist figure of the human as creative laborer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop an endogenous growth model to analyze how fiscal and monetary policies can manage the macroeconomic effects of the robotization process. We consider that unskilled labor can be replaced by robots and that: (i) the government collects tax revenues to invest in social capital and compensate those who lose their jobs; (ii) there is monetary policy with cash-in-advance restrictions; (iii) social capital contributes to increasing technological-knowledge progress. Our results confirm that robotization stimulates economic growth, but contributes to widening wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. We show that, under specific circumstances, an expansionary monetary policy or a more progressive taxation can attenuate such widening effect. We also show that public investment in social capital and public transfers to those who lose their jobs play a crucial role in attenuating the negative consequences of rising unemployment caused by robotization. • We develop an endogenous growth model in which unskilled labor can be replaced by robots. • The government collects taxes to invest in social capital and compensate those who lose their jobs. • Monetary policy is included through cash-in-advance restrictions. • Robotization stimulates economic growth and increases wage inequality. • Fiscal and monetary policies can be crucial to attenuate the negative impacts of robotization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human migration is a defining feature of our world, yet the simplistic binary categorization of "legal" versus "illegal" movement often obscures the complexities of cross-border movement. This paper examines the nuanced spectrum of (il)legality along the Ethiopia-Sudan border, focusing on how legal frameworks and social perceptions of (il)legality shape experiences of migrants and people on the move. The study proposes categorizing migration as including sectoral classifications (laborers, tourists) and legality-based situations (overstays, illegal routes). Building upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2017 and 2021, the paper analyzes the discrepancies between national migration legislation, on-the-ground enforcement practices, and lived realities of migrants and border communities while acknowledging a multifaceted landscape of performances. By exploring this dynamic, the paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the concept of (il)legality in migration studies, in particular in the context of the Ethiopia-Sudan border, while providing insights that extend beyond this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid influx of labor migration and accelerating rates of globalization, studies of hegemonic masculinity have become increasingly divided in representing the amount of agency marginalized men have access to in constructing alternative, more hybrid masculine ideals as they travel overseas. This paper offers a new methodological approach for studying hegemonic masculinity. Specifically, we analyze how multiple forces at the structural, interpersonal, and individual levels work together as a system of oppression. As our case study, we focus on African bachelors who have migrated to South Korea to fill the demand for 3‐d (dirty, difficult, and dangerous) labor. By analyzing 30 interviews and two years of ethnographic observation of African migrants in Korea, our study demonstrates how migrant men become trapped by their desires to perform their masculine worth as reliable wage laborers, even at the cost of their physical and emotional well‐being. While past studies on undocumented migrant workers in Korea have highlighted their heightened exposure to institutional violence, we shed light on how structural forces also bleed into the private spaces of everyday life, shaping the intimate relationships and personal desires of marginalized men themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s second stint in power 2012 to 2020 oversaw numerous ambitious reforms to Japan’s immigration regime whilst still maintaining the country’s status quo of ‘no immigration policy’. This status quo was established through the 1990 system and denies both the admittance of unskilled foreign labor and formal immigration policy, instead relying on ‘side-door’ policies to recruit most foreign workers. The goal of this article is to evaluate the policy outcomes of Abe’s reforms by taking a macro-level approach and using a historical institutionalist methodological framework. Through classifying Abe’s major policy initiatives utilizing the mechanisms of institutional change, I analyze whether despite Abe’s own insistence, he has changed the immigration status quo in a fundamental way. In the conclusion, I argue that in combination with recent reforms by his successors, the potential for a fundamental change in Japan’s immigration policy trajectory is present – even though this change has not taken place yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical census data are a pivotal source for studying occupational dynamics, yet analyzing them is often challenging due to the large number of unique occupations and the need to standardize unspecific titles. A new methodology for attributing occupational titles to industrial sectors, demonstrated with the 1939 National Register for England and Wales (a dataset of approximately 42 million entries), produces findings that align with the trends across the agriculture and mining, secondary, and tertiary sectors identified in previous studies. At the subsector level, however, this procedure revises the shares for agricultural workers and individuals employed across the tertiary subsectors. At the district level, the sectoral allocation process results in a redistribution of workers into certain secondary subsectors driven by more precise sectoral estimations for previously underrepresented groups and the empirical allocation of generic laborers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exertional heat illnesses (EHIs), specifically exertional heat stroke (EHS), are a top cause of nonaccidental death among U.S. laborers. EHS management requires coordination between Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and workplace officials to implement cold water immersion (CWI) and cool first, transport second (CFTS). The purpose of this article was to quantify and identify existing statewide EMS guidelines, determine whether statewide EHS guidelines improved outcomes for EHIs in laborers, and examine the odds of laborer EHS fatalities when best practices are present in EMS statewide guidelines. The Paramedic Protocol Provider database and official EMS websites were examined to determine which U.S. states had statewide EMS guidelines and, for those with statewide guidelines, a two-way χ2 analysis with associated odds ratios examined EHI outcomes. Statewide EMS guidelines underwent content analysis by three independent reviewers regarding EHS best practices. Significance was set a priori at p < 0.05. Among 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 57.7% (n = 30) had statewide EMS guidelines and 42.3% (n = 22) did not. There was a significant association for EHI outcome for states recommending CWI as a cooling method vs. those that did not (χ2 1 = 3.336; p = 0.049). The odds of EHS deaths for laborers were 3.0 times higher if CWI was not included in the EMS guidelines. There was a significant association in EHI outcomes for states without CFTS (χ2 1 = 5.051; p = 0.017). The odds of laborers dying from EHS were 3.7 times higher in states without CFTS. Laborers are 3.0 and 3.7 times less likely to die from EHS when statewide EMS guidelines include CWI and CFTS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effects of food tariff changes on the welfare of urban and rural households in Iran. The study considers the role of households as consumers, producers, and workers, as well as the market structure over the past fifteen years. Firstly, the study estimated the consumption behavior for the main food groups using the QUAIDS and pseudo-panel data. Then, the extent of tariff pass-through to domestic food prices was determined, and after that, price-wage elasticity and wage changes as a result of tariff changes were estimated. Finally, it calculated the effect of tariff changes on household purchasing power and income through an indirect utility function to get welfare effects. The results indicate that tariff pass-through to food prices is incomplete and varies between urban and rural areas. The study has found that skilled labor is more sensitive to food tariff reductions than unskilled labor, particularly in rural areas. The results reveal that tariff changes positively affect urban households' welfare, while rural households experience a loss due to these changes. Urban areas benefit from reduced household expenditure, while food prices are increasing in rural areas due to weak or absent tariff passthrough. Although these increases favor producers, they do not compensate for the loss consumers suffer, resulting in reduced welfare in rural areas. The findings show that the effects of tariff changes vary across regions, not only between urban and rural areas but also among different provinces. Furthermore, the tariff reductions have been a boon for consumers, but a bane for producers, ultimately harming production in the long term. The findings suggest that regional markets may be either sufficient or insufficient to convert pass-through-the-border prices into domestic prices. Therefore, policymakers can use this study as a useful guide to reform the regional market structure to raise household welfare, food security, and income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the work of Vicente Telles, a cultural iconographer from New Mexico who creates traditional retablos using mineral pigments and contemporary materials. Telles blends past, present, and future to solidify his relationship with culture, heritage, and identity. His pieces address social issues, such as the demonization of migrants at the southern border, and aim to educate audiences on labor, art, and elitism within the art world. Telles' work reflects his culture and challenges viewers to consider the importance of manual labor and the contributions of Latino workers in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

This article disentangles the nexus between coloniality, territoriality, and gendered necropolitics of state in Iran and how it shapes the lives of the Kurdish female cross‐border laborers (kolbers, in Kurdish) in Eastern Kurdistan (Rojhelat, in Kurdish). Drawing on Achille Mbembe's notion of “necropolitics,” we conceptualize kolberi as a work of death that subjects Kurds to indiscriminate and collective punishment through necro‐disciplinary measures, exposing them constantly to precarious conditions. The necropolitics of Kurdish female kolberi underlines how the meaning of death, like the meaning of life (in biopolitics), is produced and managed through elements of embodiment―bodies, of who kills, and of who is marked for death and for taking life. We interviewed 13 Kurdish women in Rojhelat who have been involved in kolberi over the last few years. By bringing the gendered dimension of kolberi to the forefront, our article theorizes the experiences of women kolbers as occurring in a “death world”―a world where female kolbers' lives are perpetually endangered by the state apparatus of death and silenced by the patriarchal regime of “truth.” Our analysis reveals a form of state violence that highlights the gendered expression of “colonized subjects.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the interplay between race and trade within the framework of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). It examines how historical and ongoing racial dynamics influence trade practices, using the example of the pecan industry in El Paso County to illustrate broader patterns of racial capitalism. It highlights the persistent inequalities faced by low-wage Mexican laborers in the trade system.

Key Clinical Message: Ruptured sinus of Valsalva (RSOV) upon physical exertion is rare but should be considered in differential in young adults. Symptoms of acute heart failure, hemodynamic instability, and continuous heart murmur raises suspicion for RSOV and requires emergent surgical repair of right ventricular outflow tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 1944, the Jewish forced laborers from Hasag in Skarżysko-Kamienna were evacuated and used for work in other camps in the General Government or further inland of the Reich. The purpose of this article is to present the events that occurred at that time. The moment of evacuation from the camp in Skarżysko will be described first, then the fate of prisoners who were transferred from there to other labor camps. The article was written and based on broad research of sources and it presents the events from the perspective of survivors of Hasag in Skarżysko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in technologies such as robotic industries and artificial intelligence bring fear among human being that jobs will be substituted by robots. Base on the panel data of 28 China's manufacturing industries, this research analyzed the impact of technical progress bias on employment. First, we calculate the technical progress bias index of 28 industries base on the stochastic frontier model with transcendental logarithm function found 16 industries were toward the skilled labor while the remaining 12 industries were toward the unskilled labor. Second, the empirical results show that technical progress bias has a positive impact on the total manufacturing employment and significant positive effect on the unskilled labor, while no significant impact on skilled labor employment. Third, the threshold effect test proves that if taking industry value-added per capita or R&D capital stock as threshold variable, the threshold about the impact exist, making the impact on skilled labor was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State Ammunition Factory in Skarżysko-Kamienna, just after the outbreak of World War II was taken over by the German company Hasag from Leipzig which produced weapons and ammunition for the Wehrmacht during the occupation. In Skarżysko the German authorities used the Jewish forced laborers, who were forced to work at an inhumane rate and endure horrendous sanitary and living conditions. The plight of exploited Jews may have been influenced by their Polish colleagues who worked side by side with them in factory halls. The aim of this article is to characterize the attitudes Polish nationals of towards the Jews working in Hasag in Skarżysko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the representation of social classes in novels about the crisis based on a general overview and the subsequent analysis of two works with choral protagonists, Los besos en el pan by Almudena Grandes and Peligro de derrumbe by Pedro Simón. It is found that this narrative has focused its interest on the portrayal of the decomposition of the middle class and has thus contributed to shaping a depiction of the consequences of the economic crisis from a partial and limited perspecti- ve that sidelines migrants, workers, or laborers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Lave's theorisation of situated learning, this article engages with skills in the so-called 'unskilled' domain of waste work. Waste work involves handling diverse material discards, from household vegetable peelings, metal and plastic scraps, to human and animal faecal material and corpses. In India, forms of waste work are toxic, historically stigmatised, burdened on Dalit and Adivasi bodies, and officially categorised as 'unskilled' work. Based on fieldwork in a town in central India, the paper draws attention to skills in waste work, documenting social practices that involve processes of learning and acquiring skills. Analysing institutions that mediate skill acquisition in waste work, the paper argues that 'skilled' work is politically and socially constructed and materially contingent. The article destabilises reified notions of how work gets classified as '(un)skilled'. Further, the paper reflects on the conflicts and paradoxes that a conversation on skills in waste work throws up: valuing and recognising different forms of waste work while also pointing to their toxicities and struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial surrogacy marketizes life's work. In the era of neo-liberalism, women's work, which is often intimately performed within a heterosexual marriage in exchange of support, now remains a principal avenue to earn money. This form of feminization of labor has led to the emergence of markets for women's reproductive capacities. The present study stems from my ethnographic journey into the lives of the women who work as surrogate mothers in India. The narratives presented in the paper emerge from my prolonged fieldwork in Anand, Gujarat. It engages with the experiences, understandings, and the voices of these women, who I term reproductive laborers, in order to examine the notion of putting one's reproductive capacities in this intimate market for money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. nonstandard workforce remained at around 10% of the total employed population for the past decades, although the subnational levels reveal variation. Insufficient scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding its spatial distribution and associated causes. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing the contextual factors that help explain the geographic unevenness of the nonstandard workforce across U.S. metropolitan areas from 1997 to 2017. We find evidence that the urban context matters, but unevenly across arrangements and time. Three out of four of the nonstandard arrangements studied are more prevalent in metropolitan areas, while on-call workers are typically rural. Independent contractors are more concentrated in cities with higher fissuring, contrary to temporary and contracted out workers. Higher unemployment rates seem to push workers toward on-call arrangements, and inequality to temporary jobs. While the city effects change substantially over time, individual determinants are consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years, from the PEC das domésticas to law 150/2015, it is still necessary to understand the realities of domestic work and the social and cultural aspects in the process of recognizing the rights of domestic workers. The analysis is contextualized through bibliographical research concatenated with data from the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies (2022), in order to verify the empirical reality of domestic work in Brazil from an intersectional perspective. The empirical results indicate the coloniality of power in social and legal relations, the racial division of labor, the impoverishment of female heads of household and migration to the day laborer category. By analyzing the advances in social and cultural aspects, we can see the mobilization of associations and unions in the intersectional struggle for recognition, the question of resistance and the visibility of domestic work from the private to the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents empirical evidence to understand the impacts of migration on the labor market in Colombia, through the estimation of a multinomial logit-type model for employment and unconditional quantile regression for the effect on wages with information from 2015 to 2019. For both estimates, a difference in differences model is used in order to determine the effect of migration. The main conclusion of the study indicates evidence of an effect on the distribution of employment and wages that refer to the most vulnerable groups, with less education and informality, through an increase in competition in the unskilled labor segment. The effect on wages is limited, but more evident in the lowest income quartiles of the income distribution, with a significant drop in job quality with increases in informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

James Crossley and Robert Myles's Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict is a considerable accomplishment in its situation of Jesus as a figure inseparable from the material conditions of labor exploitation. The present review discusses two topics that the book touches upon only briefly, but linger under the surface of their analysis: Jesus' treatment of enslaved laborers and utopian social experimentation. This article juxtaposes Jesus with the roughly contemporaneous figure of Spartacus to consider about the availability of social experimentation and the location of slaves within class-based analyses of Roman antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that Gina Lombroso Ferrero locates the basis for Italy's future imperial development in the economic force of Italian São Paulo. Her travelogue Nell'America Meridionale (Brasile-Uruguay-Argentina): note e impressioni di Gina Lombroso Ferrero (1908) depicts the numerous Italians who migrated to Brazil to work in the coffee fields not as exploited indentured laborers (colonos) but rather as settlers who, by triumphing over adversity, have brought glory to the motherland. In contrast to other Italian travelers to Brazil who quickly condemned the miserable conditions of Italian indentured laborers, Lombroso Ferrero locates in the labor of the colonos the making of an Italian empire. In doing so, she inadvertently reveals the overlap between the two meanings of the Italian word colonia, allowing us to reflect on these two 'colonial' processes not only as co-existing but essentially intertwined and mutually supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of mining intensity and presence on Peru's mining districts' welfare from 2004 to 2019. A pooled cross-section regression is used which is constructed from different sources and two sets of comparisons are made: the first compare districts with and without mining presence within mining provinces, and the second compares districts with and without mining presence without the constraint of being within mining provinces. The primary dependent variables included in the model are income inequality, labor income, and poverty rate. In mining districts, inequality has increased, but labor income has increased, and poverty has decreased compared to non-mining districts. However, once control for province-fixed effects and clustered by standard errors at the district level, the significance of inequality is lost, while the impacts on labor income and poverty remain. The transmission mechanisms are human capital, employment, and redistributive policies. Also the mining presence has had positive effects on labor income in other sectors such as construction and commerce; Finally, the labor incomes of unskilled workers increases but not the labor incomes of skilled workers, and it has negatively impacted informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the demand for industrial labor among dispossessed peasants and how the non-absorption of peasants' labor into industrial production intertwined in and around the Bole Lemi industrial park (BLIP) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The scores of peasants who were dispossessed to enable the establishment of BLIP were promised to get compensatory jobs. The park's expansion ensures capital accumulation for the companies but produces a 'pile of pain' for the dispossessed peasants. Drawing on fieldwork in Addis Ababa, this article illustrates that the promised transformation of dispossessed peasants' lives from farm to factory and rural to urban lifestyle did not happen. This is due to companies' ignorance of dispossessed peasants' labor because they are illiterate, 'unskilled' and beyond the productive capitalist age as well as companies' preference for employing young women. While rural women migrate to the city for industrial labor, on the contrary, the dispossessed peasants living in Addis Ababa are seasonally 'returning to the farm' as daily laborers in rural areas known for their labor shortages. The peasants become surplus to industrial production due to capitalists'2 preference for employing young women of 'productive age' (roughly between 15-30). As a result, a new precarious peasant class of 'three nos' – no land, no work, and no hope – is emerging. The aspiration, hope and expectation of modernity – city lifestyle, proletarianization and improvement in livelihoods turned into the reality of under/unemployment and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory qualitative study examines the barriers to program implementation faced by state directors overseeing federally funded Migrant Education Programs (MEPs). Drawing on data gathered via in-depth interviews with 25 SDs across the United States the following research question is addressed: According to SDs of MEPs, what are the barriers to program implementation? The findings suggest that SDs experience five main barriers to implementing the MEP: 1) lack of time to dedicate to the program; 2) bureaucratic barriers; 3) lack of funding; 4) stigmas and prejudice; and 5) immigration policies. The findings are discussed along with policy and program recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's pharmaceutical sector has been one of the largest manufacturers of generic drugs globally. During the pandemic, most countries were dependent on imports of generic drugs from India. However, India has been relying on resources from China for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) which are the raw material for preparing generic drugs. We considered, in our analysis, branded product groups of Paracetamol and Amoxicillin due to their extensive use in the treatment of COVID-19. From a thorough market analysis of both the drugs, we conclude that firms have a monopoly over their brands but compete within the same product group and operate in their respective market under varying prices within certain bandwidths which resembles the feature of monopolistic competitive market. We have introduced compensating function a la Helpman (1981) in the pharmaceutical goods market with the assumption that an 'ideal product' exists among the pharmaceutical goods. Given the framework, this paper explores a general equilibrium model set in a monopolistic competitive product market for branded drugs. We concluded through our propositions that expanding the pharmaceutical sector will increase the employment of unskilled labor under no capacity constraint. We will observe an increase in wages of unskilled labor only under full employment conditions wherein we would observe that the expansion of pharmaceutical good will increase wages in the unskilled labor market. However we obtain an intriguing result wherein we obtain that despite instances of limiting trade dependence on China through implementation of policies like 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' and 'profit linked incentive schemes', yet to maintain the status quo in the global market for generic drugs, India's dependence on China would increase, owing to API imports due to the pandemic crisis. While India can grab the opportunity in the form of increased demand for pharmaceutical goods to increase the employment level of the economy but this improvement in welfare is also dependent on the degree of dependency of API India has on China. The Indian government has recognized the same through the incorporation of 'Covid-Suraksha' and PLI schemes to minimize import dependency, and accelerate the development of APIs and the production of indigenous drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a three‐region economic geography model with workers of heterogeneous skills and mobility rates to consider how first‐nature, regional differences impact both inter‐ and intraregional inequality. In our model, the skill premium within a region summarizes both the degree of intraregional inequality between mobile, skilled workers and immobile, unskilled workers and the interregional inequality through differences in the welfare of unskilled workers across regions. Regions with the highest skill premium have the greatest degree of intraregional inequality and provide the lowest level of welfare to unskilled workers, relative to other regions. We find that the skill premium will be higher in regions with a greater supply of unskilled labor, lower supply of housing, or are more remote. An increase in a region's housing supply or centrality will lower intraregional inequality and raise the welfare of the local, unskilled workforce. However, the magnitude of these changes are declining in the initial number of skilled workers in the region. The model is extended to consider imperfectly elastic housing supply. The larger the price elasticity of housing, the larger the range of values, such that more populated regions will host a disproportionate share of skilled workers, have lower levels of intraregional inequality, and provide higher levels of welfare for unskilled workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1970s saw incarcerated laborers engage in an unprecedented battle to secure recognition, rights, and protections. This article traces the rise of the Prisoners Union, the largest and most prominent organization of its sort, as it endeavored to elevate the standing of captive labor. Through qualitative analysis of archival materials, this work unpacks penal laborers' classification struggles aimed at advancing status in the penal field and rejoining the ranks of the working class. Investigating this movement's successes and failures enhances empirical knowledge of prison organizing as well as theoretical understandings of classification struggles, and helps contextualize historic penological developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-20th century, the region of Extremadura suffered an important exodus of unskilled young people in search of work opportunities that would allow them to survive. Nowadays, the phenomenon is repeating itself, but with certain differences. The current emigrant is somewhat more adult, more qualified and without a specific job in the place of destination. The current study focuses on a survey carried out at the University of Extremadura among students in the areas of social sciences, humanities, legal sciences and economics in order to understand their intention to emigrate abroad once they have finished their studies. We found that there is no distinction between genders and that most of the students have direct or indirect cases of international mobility in their environment, which encourages them to take this option into account if, once they have finished their studies, their job aspirations are not satisfied in their place of origin. This reflects certain similarities with the migratory movement that took place in the mid-20th century; however, today, the objectives pursued with this mobility are quite different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1789, the brothers Ivan and Stepan Bashagurov escaped from prison in Perm. Before their capture two years later, they not only robbed houses and raided boats on the Kama but also worked as wage laborers and traveled to St. Petersburg. Their story does not fit into the traditional understanding of banditry in early modern Russia as a social phenomenon reflecting resistance against the state and nobility. The brothers were neither champions of the poor nor enjoyed sympathy and support in the countryside, as is commonly assumed. Through a detailed reconstruction of their case, this article underscores the seasonal and opportunistic nature of their banditry as well as the complexity of the interactions between the bandits and other members of society, which were shaped by acquaintanceship and kinship, on the one hand, and the Russian government's punitive policies against those who harbored criminals, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relationship between a marginalised community of essential workers and dominant models of participation. I focus on Agri-Care, The Royals, and Alien Species, projects created in collaboration between Eastern European seasonal agricultural workers in Jersey and the artist Alicja Rogalska, and analyse them through a productive confrontation with theories of participation. I begin by juxtaposing Jacques Rancière's ideas of aesthetic regime as interpreted by Claire Bishop, to Rogalska's sculpting workshops conducted with Jersey Royal potato pickers. I argue that Rogalska shifts the aesthetic experience from audiences onto participants, repositioning 'unskilled', manual labour as craft, and uncovering seasonal workers as craftspeople, holding expertise. As a result, Rogalska disassembles the idea of low-skilled labour. The article then confronts Miwon Kwon's ideas of a disobedient community with Rogalska's making of a community, ostensibly coherent and 'compliant' but subverting the fleeting group of temporary workers into a permanent precariat, the backbone of the local economy. The participatory process and its subsequent introduction into the local archives, I argue, impose a different relation between permanent and temporary locals of Jersey, with the latter now embedded into local institutions. I end by considering why these participatory projects seem incompatible with theories on participation and suggest this incompatibility stems from the arts' preoccupation with virtuosic labour. The concept of artists as the ultimate precarious workers of late-capitalism, I argue, excludes the communities at the extreme of late capitalist exploitation from artistic attention and the scope of art subsidy, depoliticising art practice in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the demographic, economic, and social antecedents of international migrations of skilled laborers to Vietnam. We defined skilled immigrants as individuals who are working in professional positions, such as managers, CEO, specialist, and technical laborers. Using various econometric techniques for the sample of 63 provinces in Vietnam during the 2019–2020 period, our study highlights the importance of global network and institutional quality in promoting the international inflows of skilled workers to each province in Vietnam. The income of the host city and the lack of skilled labors in these cities captured by the level of young employment and skilled worker also play a critical role in skilled immigrants' decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on novelists Hamlin Garland and Irving Bacheller and investor Archer Brown visited what would become the world-renowned Nacional Parque Grutas de Cacahuamilpa. It mentions Franklin Garland had identified a 50,000-acre plantation in Central Mexico that the owners were advertising to sell. It also mentions Franklin had already begun extracting ore from the mine and as the laborers working the mine had no windlass to remove the ore.

The article focuses on Western railroad towns, Reno, Nevada, had its dark side and way to Promontory Point near Ogden, Utah, to meet the Union Pacific and complete the nation's first transcontinental railroad. It mentions moderate climate, pure air, good water, and abundant thermal spring baths and income opportunities severely restricted by the eroding fortunes on the Comstock. It also mentions Chinese laborers, cattle rustlers on the move, and toughs of every description.

Summary: Over the course of the last decade, I have conducted fieldwork on the militarization of Rio de Janeiro and on the security industry that developed in response to the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics. This fictional short story follows two different imagined security laborers, Nico and Valesca, reflecting the racial, gendered, and class tensions I saw play out between police and military operators from different regions during my research. Working alongside Nico and Valesca, a fictional narrator seeks to navigate fraught power dynamics in a highly masculine setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this research is to investigate what skill sets are desirable to utilize a multiskilled labor force in the construction industry using web scraping and text analytics. The construction industry has been suffering from skilled labor shortages for decades. To resolve the shortage and pertinent problems, multiskilled labor utilization has been presented in construction. Although extensive research has been conducted over multiskilling, it is still uncertain what skill sets are desirable to foster and utilize multiskilled labor force in construction projects. It is also difficult for laborers to know which skill sets will be competitive in the job market. To fill this gap, this research investigated skill sets for multiskilled labor development in the construction industry using web scraping techniques. The results were derived from large data collected over a year. We analyzed texts of construction job advertisements and provided the trends in what skill sets are beneficial for laborers to get employed using text mining techniques with categories from US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The results provided construction workers with the information of what kind of skill sets are required to meet industrial needs. This study provided two types of dual skill sets matrices from text analytics, analyzing only the texts that are essential to job advertisements and analyzing all the texts in job advertisements. The research also provided an example for multiskilling strategies with the matrices and an additional matrix from professional surveys. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge by identifying high-demand dual skill sets and presenting the multiskilling through the data-driven analysis of real construction job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education determines life chances across the globe, but human capital and skill formation offer context-specific advantages in the labour market during the transition from school to work. Our study focuses specifically on the varying effects of low skill on youth 'not in employment, education or training' (NEET) statuses via educational attainments. Using Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) data, we estimate the extent to which country-specific relative low skill levels affect young people's probability of reporting long-term NEET statuses across contexts. We find that low skill and education have differing effects on the probabilities of reporting NEET statuses cross-nationally. We also conduct mediation analyses to examine to what extent the negative signalling effects of low education explain the impacts of skill disadvantages on NEET statuses. We find that the indirect effect of low skill through education is particularly important in countries with vocationally oriented education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and stress coping style among foodservice employees in the Brazilian context. The sample consisted of 284 foodservice employees in the Brazilian industry. The results showed that the Brazilian context is different from previous contexts studied with twice as many people below 30 years old, unskilled labor, and a much higher turnover rate. Data also suggests that there are several different relationships between emotional intelligence and stress coping style, particularly when considering the moderating role of job characteristics in this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the mechanisms of agglomeration of companies entering into agriculture and examine the regional issues raised by such agglomeration in Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture. In recent years, numerous companies from outside the prefecture have entered into agriculture, resulting in the drastic agglomeration of such companies in Hokuto City. Despite the absence of a territorial connection, these companies could secure farmland and labor by acquiring abandoned farmland through an intermediary and employing unskilled labor from neighboring municipalities. As the majority of these companies cultivate vegetables, they do not compete with the local agricultural cooperative that produces rice and livestock products. Therefore, economic relations between the companies and the local agricultural cooperative in Hokuto City are generally poor. On the other hand, the companies have constructed an inter-company network to solve their management issues collectively, which has facilitated their smooth settlement in the city. However, the agglomeration of such companies has led to the production area deformation, which has recently induced several regional issues. For example, in the Akeno Area where plant factories are densely located, some companies have faced a serious labor shortage, thus employing foreign technical intern trainees. Moreover, as a result of the agglomeration of vegetable-producing companies, their production systems have diverged from those of the local agricultural cooperative. As this divergence has gradually eroded the cohesion of regional agriculture, it is also a serious regional issue in Hokuto City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child laborers are often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. Child laborers are one of the most vulnerable groups in domestic violence. Domestic violence severely affects the physical and mental health, and consequently affects substance dependence and resilience to suicide of these children. Accordingly, it is essential to examine domestic violence, substance dependence, and suicidal ideation in working children. Objectives: the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and substance dependence and suicide resilience on the other among child laborers in Iran. Methods: This study employed cross-sectional research. 600 child laborers were selected via convenience and snow ball sampling from one rehabilitation and welfare center and three charity organization societies in the west of Iran, from January to August 2022. They completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and with using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and ANOVA, independent t-test and the multiple linear regression model with a backward strategy. Results: Findings showed that exposure to domestic violence has a strong and direct correlation with substance dependence (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) and strong and indirect correlation with suicide resilience (r =- 0.91, p < 0.001). Also substance dependence has a strong and direct correlation with suicide resilience (r = -0.87, p < 0.001) in child laborers. Variables of substance dependence, suicide resilience, gender, guardian's disease status, living status and age can predict 76.51% of the variance in domestic violence in these children. Conclusion: Child laborers experience a lot of domestic violence, which severely affects their suicide resilience and substance dependence in them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for systematic support programs with content (teaching self-care behaviors, stress management, avoiding tense and violent environments) in order to support of these children and reduce domestic violence against them and subsequently reduce substance improve abuse resilience to suicide in these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impact of the 1907 Panic, the most severe economic crisis before the Great Depression, on the selection of Mexican immigration. We find that migrants were positively selected on height before the crisis. This pattern changed to negative selection during the crisis but returned to positive selection afterward. Adjustments in selection were partially mediated by the enganche , a historical labor-recruiting system that reduced migration costs but only for taller laborers with above-average earnings potential. We document that labor recruiting contributed to maintaining the relatively constant height profile of the migration flow in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do workers come to know what their bosses need and want? This paper shows how laborers in patrimonial work environments learn to serve their bosses through bottom-up observation, rather than top-down instruction. The author uses the case of assistants in Hollywood to introduce the concept of sousveillance work, which is the labor of monitoring, anticipating, and fulfilling a boss’s mutable needs and wants. Drawing on 60 + interviews with professionals in Hollywood, the author reveals how sousveillance work helps assistants manage-up and mitigate volatility wrought by their patrimonial superiors. The concept of sousveillance work adds to research on labor and uncertainty in creative industries, and also helps to reveal how patrimonial systems are sustained in contemporary work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the construction of the notion of dignified laborer during the Chinese New Culture Movement (1915–24) was not simply a reversal of preexisting social hierarchy that placed the mental laborers above the manual laborers but rather a complex and profound process of identity formation that created dynamic equalization between the national and the global, mental laborers and manual laborers, as well as men and women. Through reading a series of cultural and literary works, this article shows that the dignified laborer was an inclusive modern identity that gained traction during the New Culture Movement, when the Chinese intellectuals sought ways to foster national solidarity, realize the full potential of humanity, facilitate intersubjective understanding, and mend social divisions. As a result, this was a period when Chinese people from all walks vied to become laborers with dignity, amidst a rising democratic culture of reciprocal equal recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offsite construction has been shown to possess many advantages and benefits in dealing with the construction industry's challenges, which include poor labor productivity. Nevertheless, all previous productivity-related research studies have focused mainly on factors impacting labor productivity in traditional stick-built construction methods. This paper filled this knowledge gap by following a multistep interrelated research methodology. First, a research team of 19 construction professionals and academics developed and distributed an industry survey to (1) quantify the likelihood of occurrence and relative impact of risk factors that adversely impact labor productivity in offsite construction projects; (2) identify and prioritize key risk factors that adversely affect labor productivity in offsite construction operations; and (3) examine how labor productivity risk factors are perceived by various project stakeholders. Second, different statistical analysis tests and methods (i.e., internal and external reliability, statistically significant differences, clustering analysis, and concordance analysis) were used to critically analyze the results and draw conclusions. Based on a total of 100 responses and 20 labor productivity risk factors, the findings reflected that the top five risk factors adversely affecting labor productivity in offsite construction projects included (1) unskilled labor and improper workforce training and development; (2) poor logistics; (3) errors, omissions, and rework; (4) work area congestion and overcrowding; and (5) insufficient coordination. Also, the findings indicated that labor productivity factors can be clustered into two groups: factors with high overall risk and factors with low overall risk on offsite construction labor productivity; 80% of the risk factors were found to fall into the first category. The results of this study also reflected the need for offsite construction companies and industry practitioners to carefully establish mitigation plans and corrective actions for the identified key risk factors adversely affecting offsite construction labor productivity. This study adds to the body of knowledge by exploring and ranking productivity factors in offsite construction projects. Ultimately, this study will help the industry and research communities better understand factors affecting offsite construction labor productivity, more effectively direct future efforts to enhance labor performance, and devise productivity improvement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to analyze the effect of technological progress on the profit rate in the manufacturing industry in Mexico and by groups of low, medium, and high technology branches. A model of two technological sectors is developed and it is determined that the labor share in the product and technological progress affect the rate of profit. A panel data model is used to estimate the effects on profitability. With information from the 2004-2019 Economic Censuses, in general, for the industry in Mexico, it is shown that technological progress increased the rate of profit, while the effect of the skill premium had a negative impact. By technology groups, it is observed that low technology branches tend to substitute skill labor for capital, which increases profits, while in high technology, there is no evidence that capital and skills are complementary factors. In conclusion, in industry, the capital-skilled labor ratio has been increasing, however, there is a greater intensification of unskilled work complementary to fixed capital, which increases the rate of profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, which focuses on silver mining in the colonial Andes, attempts to bring silo-ed conversations in the history of science and labor history into a shared dialogue. In so doing, it offers a way to reassess the traditional historiographic consensus that independent wage laborers were "high skilled" and forced laborers were "low skilled." Through linguistic analysis and legal case studies, it shows that miners often crossed back and forth between labor categories and positions, and that frameworks like skills and wages are inadequate to understand workers' experiences and expertise in highly coercive extractive industries like mining in the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]