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Objective: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic a large part of attendance in medical education became impossible for reasons of disease control. Teachers had to switch to online courses at short notice. The associated developmental push of digital teaching methods, such as online teaching, has anticipated changes, some of which are tantamount to establishment. This study examines the experiences and effects of these changes from the teachers' perspective. Methods: We conducted ten guideline-based anonymized e-mail interviews with lecturers of the Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. Questions were asked on the subject areas of advantages and disadvantages, teaching experience and the future of digital teaching. The qualitative evaluation was based on Mayring. Results: The assessment of the digitization of face-to-face courses could be described by the inductively formed categories "social aspects", "methodological aspects", "institutional aspects", "technical aspects" and "temporal-spatial aspects". These revealed in particular concerns about the lack of personal exchange, temporal-spatial advantages, technical barriers and disagreement about the future role of digital teaching. Conclusion: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face courses were replaced by online teaching, which is currently an accepted part of the curriculum. The results show, that teachers were able to implement the comprehensive ad-hoc digitization of theoretical courses well, although previously known problem areas were aggravated. Furthermore, a fundamental examination of the future role of digitized courses in medical education must take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Economic topics appear in the medical studies curriculum at different times. Despite socio-political relevance, there is hardly any information about the degree of understanding that medical students have of "economics in medicine ". The present study addresses the questions: What understanding of "economics in medicine" do medical students have before the start of the Practical Year? To what extent is economic teaching content understood as "economization" from outside the profession?. Method: Magdeburg medical students in the 5th year of study, who participated in preparatory seminars for the Practical Year (PY) in 2014 and 2015 (60 participants each), assessed the relevance of various seminar topics four months prior to the start of the semester. On the basis of a three-stage qualitative-reconstructive partial evaluation, students' economic understanding is explored through secondary analysis: 1. deductive derivation of the analysis units; 2. integrative basic method ("segmentation", "micro-linguistic detailed analysis", "central theme"); 3. development of a theoretical model by placing the central themes in context following Grounded Theory. Results: Based on the theory, 19 free-text answers with economic reference were identified from the total of all free-text answers. Each answer was assigned to at least one of a total of six themes of the students' understanding of economics: 1. de-professionalizing economization, 2. deciding and working economically, 3. ambivalent requirements for efficiency and equity, 4. the doctor as an entrepreneur, 5. economics as relevant learning content, 6. PY as a conflict-laden setting for economized working and learning. The theoretical model contains social, praxeological and professional references, which can themselves be ambivalent and conflicting. Conclusion: Despite their critical attitude, the surveyed medical students are neither hostile to economics nor do they regard economics in medicine as a taboo subject. Economic learning content is recognized as relevant. Educational formats that tackle the tension between patient and system orientation in a problem-oriented manner can be a productive setting for economic reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: For the Wintersemester 2012/13, the Medical School of Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg introduced the HAMNat test (Hamburg Assessment Test for Medical Degrees - Natural Sciences Section) for the selection of its study applicants with the aim of improving the academic success of their students in the pre-clinical part which has a heavy emphasis on natural sciences. The study examines the extent to which the new University Selection Procedure (AdH) influences two criteria for measuring students' success, compliance with the standard period of study up until the first part of the medical state exam (M1) and its result. Methodology: A comparison of above-mentioned parameters for measuringstudentsuccess for the matriculation years 2008-2011 (no HAM-Nat test, Pre-Matriculation) and those of the matriculation years 2012-2014 (Nat-Matriculation), whose students have passed the HAMNat test in the selection process of the university. In addition, it was taken into account the number of course certificates gained within the standard time period. In the Nat-Matriculation, the HAM-Nat results were merged with the associated M1 exam results. Results: The proportion of AdH students who were admitted to the Physikum (first part of the medical state exam (M1)) within the standard period of study only increased slightly in the period studied. Within the AdH group, 70% of the Pre-Matriculation group gained entry to the second phase of studies without delay, rising to 78% in the AdH-group of the Nat-Matriculation. For all admission groups taken together, the overall grades for the first section of the medical state exam 2010-2016 show a positive trend, regardless of the selection procedure. The proportion of correctly answered questions in the nationwide M1 increased accordingly in the period studied. The better those matriculating had performed in the HAM-Nat test, the better their results were in the written and oral parts of the first part of the medical state exam. Conclusion: Although a significant proportion of students in the AdH group had obtained their place of study only on the basis of their test result and the score in the HAM-Nat test only weakly correlated with the school leaving grade (Abitur), the quantifiable study success parameters to date - in an albeit short observation period before and after introduction of the test - improved slightly. The number of Nat-Matriculations is too low to be able to assess the effect of the HAM-Nat test bearing in mind natural fluctuations. Nevertheless, the HAM-Nat test as an instrument of selection also made it possible for candidates with originally insufficient Abitur grades to gain admission without negative effects on the study success of the AdH cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hintergrund/Zielsetzung: ZurVorbereitungder Praxisphasen Famulatur und Praktisches Jahr (PJ) wurden im Jahr 2014 erstmaligdie Seminare „Fit für Famulatur” und „Fit für PJ” durchgeführt und 2015 erfolgreich fortgesetzt. Das „Magdeburger Curriculum zur Versorgungskompetenz” (MCV) bildet dafür den programmatischen Rahmen. Diese curriculare Leitidee umfasst drei Themenfelder „interdisziplinäre klinische Abläufe verstehen”, „interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit”, „Einzelfall- und Systembezug”. Ziel ist es, die Studierenden für ihre Rolle in den Praxisphasen Famulatur und PJ zu stärken. Methodik: Qualitätssichernde Evaluationen und Lehrforschung begleiten die Fit-für-Lehrveranstaltungen. Der Konzeption des „Fitfür PJ”-Seminars gingaußerdem eine Bedarfsanalyse zu möglichen Inhalten voraus. Die Fit-für-Seminarreihe wurde mit einem anonymisierten Fragebogen evaluiert, der aus einer 5-stufigen Likert-Skala („1=stimme voll zu” bis „5=stimme nicht zu”) und Freitextfeldern bestand und mit der Evaluationssoftware Evasys generiert wurde. Ergebnisse: Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse der Vorbereitungsseminare „Fit für Famulatur” und „Fit für PJ” 2014 und 2015. Insgesamt sahen die Studierenden das fakultative Lehrangebot als sehr gute Vorbereitung auf die anstehenden Famulaturen sowie das Praktische Jahr an. Die dreiteilige curriculare Leitidee wurde als sinnvoller didaktischer Ansatz in der Evaluation anerkannt. Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeitwurde positiv bewertet, von einem interprofessionellen Do-zentInnen-Team umgesetzt und sehr geschätzt. Schlussfolgerung: Das „Magdeburger Curriculum zur Versorgungskompetenz” (MCV) integriert Famulatur und PJ in ein nachhaltiges didaktisches Gesamtkonzept und ermöglicht Studierenden, ihre Aufgaben/Rolle in der Patientenversorgung besser wahrzunehmen. Das MCV kann in weiteren Praxisphasen (Pflegepraktikum, UAK, Blockpraktika) eingesetzt werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Goals: Supporting medical students entering their internships - the clinical clerkship and the internship "final clinical year" Anke Spura1 Katrin Werwick2 (Praktisches Jahr, PJ) - the seminars "Ready for Clerkship" and "Ready Annemarie Feißel1 for PJ" were held for the first time in 2014 and continued successfully in 2015. These seminars are part of the "Magdeburg Curriculum for Marc Gottschalk3 Healthcare Competence" (Magdeburger Curriculum zur Versorgungskom- Kirstin Winkler-Stuck2 petenz, MCV). The concept comprises three main issues: "Understanding Bernt-Peter Robra1 interdisciplinary clinical procedures", "Interprofessional collaboration", Rüdiger C. Braun-Dullaeus3 and "Individual cases and their reference to the system." The aim of the seminar series is to prepare students as medical trainees for their role in the practice-oriented clinical clerkship and PJ, respectively. Philipp Stieger3 Methods: Quality assurance evaluations and didactic research are integral parts of the seminars. In preparation for the "Ready for PJ" seminar a needs assessment was conducted. The seminars were rated 1 Otto-von-Guericke-Universität by the participants using an anonymized questionnaire consisting of a Magdeburg, Institut für 5-choice Likert scale (ranging from 1=fully agree to 5=fully disagree) Sozialmedizin und Gesundheitsökonomie, Magdeburg, Deutschland and spaces for comments that was generated by the evaluation software Evasys. Results: The results are presented for the preparatory seminars "Ready for Clerkship" and "Fit für PJ" held in 2014 and 2015. Overall, the stu- 2 Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Studiendekanat dents regarded the facultative courses as very good preparation for the der Medizinischen Fakultät, Skillslab MAMBA, Magdeburg, Deutschland clerkship as well as for the PJ. The three-dimensional main curricular concept of the MCV was recognized in the evaluation as a valuable educational approach. Interprofessional collaboration, taught by instruct- 3 Universitätsklinikum ors focussing in teamwork between disciplines, was scored positively Magdeburg, Universitätsklinik and highly valued. für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Magdeburg, Deutschland Conclusions: The "Magdeburg Curriculum for Healthcare Competence" (MCV) integrates clerkship and PJ in a framing educational concept and allows students a better appreciation of their role in patient care and the tasks that they will face. The MCV concept can be utilized in other practice-oriented phases (nursing internship, bed-side teaching, block internships). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: In the 2012/13 winter semester, the Magdeburg Medical Faculty introduced a test of knowledge for the selection of applicants. The Hamburg Assessment Test for Medicine - Natural Sciences (HAM-Nat) comprises a multiple-choice test with questions on the aspects of biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics relevant to medicine, which was specifically developed for the selection of medicine applicants. The aim is to study how the HAM-Nat influences student selection, the reasons why students decide to take the test as part of their application procedure and what expectations they have of their course of study. Methods: The selection procedures applied at the university in 2011 (without HAM-Nat) and in 2012-2014 (with HAM-Nat) are compared. On the basis of the results of exploratory interviews, university entrants in winter semester 2013/2014 participated in a written survey on why they chose their subject and place of study and their expectations of their course of study. Results: No problems were encountered in introducing the extended selection procedure that included the HAM-Nat Test. The HAM-Nat had a great influence on the selection decision. About 65% of the students admitted would not have obtained a place if the decision had been based exclusively on their Abitur grade [grade obtained in the German school-leaving examination]. On average, male applicants obtained better HAM-Nat results than female ones. The questionnaire was answered by 147 out of 191 university entrants (77%). In the case of applicants from Saxony-Anhalt, the principle reasons for choosing the regional capital are its proximity, the social environment offered, good conditions for studying and the feel-good factor at the university. For the majority of applicants, however, particularly applicants from other federal states, the relatively good chances of admission in Magdeburg were the main reason. Conclusion: The Magdeburg Medical Faculty regards the HAM-Nat as a suitable tool for selecting applicants with outstanding knowledge of natural sciences and thus of increasing and harmonising levels of knowledge at the start of the course. Completion of the standard period of study and success in the 1st part of the German Medical Examination will be the subject of further observation of the students. The HAM-Nat, as a performance-related selection procedure, is not suitable for giving active preference to natives of Saxony-Anhalt in the application procedure but their number has increased since it was introduced. Applicants primarily use the selection procedure tactically to obtain the university place they want to study medicine. Specifics relating to curricula and university profile and research areas are not critical to their choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the accompanying hygiene regulations, medical students in Germany faced multiple educational and personal challenges. The challenges included the cancellation and digitalisation of courses, the closing of university institutions such as libraries, a decrease in social contacts, and the risk of a Covid-19 infection. The aim of this study was to understand medical students' pandemic experiences as well as the consequences of these experiences for the students' future work as physicians. Materials and methods: We performed 15 guided, one-on-one interviews with clinical medical students (third to fifth year) at the Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and anonymised. We performed a qualitative content analysis in accordance with Mayring and thereby formed an inductive category system. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) were applied. Results: Five categories were inductively formed: "Changes in the teaching experience", "negative effects on the learning experience", "decrease in personal social contacts", "contact with covid-19", and "pandemic-associated stress increase". The participating students reported higher levels of stress due to isolation and uncertainty regarding their educational future. Furthermore, students welcomed the digitalisation of lectures, developed individual coping strategies, and voluntarily took part in the care of Covid-19 patients. Limitations to social interactions were perceived as the major restrictive factor to their educational structure, their perceived learning success and personal development. Conclusion: This study identified social restrictions as well as didactic and academic structural challenges as relevant factors contributing to perceived stress and fear for medical students during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially as regards their learning experience. Students' acceptance of digitalised learning may enable regular interaction with university peers and may facilitate a structured educational life. However, the implementation of digital resources could not provide a sufficient substitute for in-person courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Practice-oriented phases, such as the mandatory clinical traineeships and the final clinical internship, are of great importance in the teaching curriculum and skilful learning of medical students. Aim: With respect to the practical phases, such as clinical clerkship and medical internship, the concept of two innovative courses to prepare and evaluate these crucial training sections is presented including initial experiences from teaching practice. Method: A narrative review is given. Results: A common aim of facultatively initiated lectures is a better qualification of medical students to fulfil the requirements of clerkship and the last practical year of the study of human medicine to facilitate taking first steps towards professional work as a clinical physician, in particular, the self-confidence of the medical students is to be substantially increased. The experiences obtained during clerkship and the last practical year influence interest, motivation and final choice for a certain medical speciality. In that respect, this period is of great importance for the whole professional career. The content of the preparation courses for the first medical clerkships and the final clinical internship provide a valuable contribution to prepare for challenging clinical work as a physician with sole responsibility. In particular, they aim to introduce students to the concept of a multiprofessional and extensive patient care. Taking into account the different practical experiences obtained in previous study sections, students are taught according to the overall aim to achieve an interdisciplinary competence in clinical care. Conclusion: The improvement of teaching and optimized preparation for practical phases in medical studies promotes a more successful learning process during the clerkship and last practical year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A seminar course was developed in order to train medical students in qualitative research methods, while providing an introduction to the field of General Practice. Students were enabled to conduct semi-structured interviews with general practitioners (GPs), during which they learned about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of frequently encountered medical problems. The course was carried out four times at two universities in Germany. Aims: The study explores the students’ learning experiences focusing on their research experience. Methods: Data were collected in four focus groups and analyzed. Results: The students perceived the course as very different from their usual medical education. This was appreciated, but also caused some difficulties. Three themes emerged: (1) Missing ‘facts’, (2) New horizons: ‘Thinking outside the box’, and (3) The challenge of interpretation: ‘Reading between the lines’. Conclusions: Learning qualitative research methods can be particularly challenging for medical students as the tasks and epistemology of qualitative research run counter to the usual learning formats and research paradigms in medical education. When teaching qualitative research, special care should be taken to address the cognitive dissonance experienced by students and to explain the unique contribution of qualitative research to medical practice and the field of General Practice especially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The evaluation of medical students' perceptions regarding an elective study course in Homeopathy in which small groups have participated annually for six years, at the Institute for General Practice and Family Medicine at the Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg. The course was assessed in terms of concept, delivery, and influence on students' professional development. Methodology: Since the autumn term of 2008/09, three group discussions have been conducted with thirty of the course participants (3 total electives). These discussions were semi-structured and guided by central topics; the analysis was qualitative and guided by content. Results: The overall concept and implementation of the course were very successful. The main learning themes, that is, an emphasis on a more holistic and individual view of patients and the importance of a cooperative partnership between doctor and patient, were positively rated, regardless of the students' attitudes towards homeopathy. Their assessment was based on their previous experience and a comparison with conventional medical education. Conclusion: Homeopathy as an elective subject is not only useful for acquiring specific knowledge in integrative medicine, but also important as a means of developing physicians' core skills that are often not well considered in conventional medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchial Asthma is a worldwide condition with particularly high prevalence in first world countries. The reasons are multifactorial but a neglected area is the psychological domain. It is well known that heavy emotions can trigger attacks and that depression negatively affects treatment outcomes. It is also known that personality type has a greater effect on disease prevalence than in many other conditions. However, many potential psychological treatments are hardly considered, neither in treatment guidelines nor in reviews by asthma specialists. Moreover, there is very little research concerning the beliefs and practices of doctors regarding psychological treatments. Using a questionnaire survey we ascertained that local GPs in Saxony-Anhalt have reasonably good knowledge about the psychological elements of asthma; a third consider it to be some of the influence (20-40% aetiology) and a further third consider it to be even more important than that (at least 40% total aetiology). Our GPs use psychosomatic counseling sometimes or usually in the areas of sport and smoking (circa 85% GPs), although less so regarding breathing techniques and relaxation (c40% usually or sometimes do this) However despite this knowledge they refer to the relevant clinicians very rarely (98% sometimes, usually or always refer to a respiratory physician compared with only 11% referring for psychological help). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: The aim of the course "interprofessional communication and nursing" is to reflect medical students' experiences from the nursing internship. The content of the course focuses on barriers and support of interprofessional communication as a foundation for teamwork between nursing professionals and physicians. The nursing internship is for most medical students the first contact with nursing professionals and can lead to perceptions about the other group that might hinder interprofessional teamwork and consequently harm patients. To meet the demographic challenges ahead it is important to emphasize interprofessional education in the study of medicine and better prepare future physicians for interprofessional collaboration. Method: The design of the course includes an assessment of a change in the students' perceptions about nursing and interprofessional communication. The first class meeting presents the starting point of the assessment and visualizes students' perceptions of nursing and medicine. The content of the following class meetings serve to enhance the students' knowledge about nursing as a profession with its own theories, science and scholarship. In addition, all students have to write a research paper that entails to interview one nursing professional and one physician about their ideas of interprofessional communication and to compare the interviews with their own experiences from the nursing internship. To access what students learned during the course a reflective discussion takes place at the last meeting combined with an analysis of the students' research papers. Results: The assessment of the students' perceptions about the nursing profession and the importance of successful interprofessional communication showed a new and deeper understanding of the topic. They were able to identify barriers and support measures of interprofessional communication and their own responsibilities as part of a team. Conclusion: Interprofessional education is an important part of medical education and should be a topic from the beginning. The assessment of the course shows that it is possible and important to integrate the topic early in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]