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Compared to free-living viruses (< 0.22 m) in the ocean, planktonic viruses in the "cellular fraction" (0.22 ~ 3.0 μm) are now far less well understood, and the differences between them remain largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that even in the same seawater samples, the "cellular fraction" comprised significantly distinct virus communities from the free virioplankton, with only 13.87% overlap in viral contigs at the species level. Compared to the viral genomes deposited in NCBI RefSeq database, 99% of the assembled viral genomes in the "cellular fraction" represented novel genera. Notably, the assembled (near-) complete viral genomes within the "cellular fraction" were significantly larger than that in the "viral fraction," and the "cellular fraction" contained three times more species of giant viruses or jumbo phages with genomes > 200 kb than the "viral fraction." The longest complete genomes of jumbo phage (~ 252 kb) and giant virus (~ 716 kb) were both detected only in the "cellular fraction." Moreover, a relatively higher proportion of proviruses were predicted within the "cellular fraction" than "viral fraction." Besides the substantial divergence in viral community structure, the different fractions also contained their unique viral auxiliary metabolic genes; e.g., those potentially participating in inorganic carbon fixation in deep sea were detected only in the "cellular-fraction" viromes. In addition, there was a considerable divergence in the community structure of both "cellular fraction" and "viral fraction" viromes between the surface and deep-sea habitats, suggesting that they might have similar environmental adaptation properties. The findings deepen our understanding of the complexity of viral community structure and function in the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network polymer material rich in water. It is widely used in the biomedical field because of its unique physical and chemical properties and good biocompatibility. In recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has gradually increased, and the disadvantages caused by traditional drug treatment of IBD have emerged. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatments to alleviate IBD. Hydrogel has become a potential therapeutic platform. However, there is a lack of comprehensive review of functional hydrogels for IBD treatment. This paper first summarizes the pathological changes in IBD sites. Then, the action mechanisms of hydrogels prepared from chitosan, sodium alginate, hyaluronic acid, functionalized polyethylene glycol, cellulose, pectin, and γ-polyglutamic acid on IBD were described from aspects of drug delivery, peptide and protein delivery, biologic therapies, loading probiotics, etc. In addition, the advanced functions of IBD treatment hydrogels were summarized, with emphasis on adhesion, synergistic therapy, pH sensitivity, particle size, and temperature sensitivity. Finally, the future development direction of IBD treatment hydrogels has been prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex inflammatory disease caused by multiple etiologies, the pathogenesis of which has not been fully elucidated. Oxidative stress is important for the regulation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the release of inflammatory factors, and other processes, and plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AP. In recent years, antioxidant therapy that suppresses oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species has become a research highlight of AP. However, traditional antioxidant drugs have problems such as poor drug stability and low delivery efficiency, which limit their clinical translation and applications. Nanomaterials bring a brand-new opportunity for the antioxidant treatment of AP. This review focuses on the multiple advantages of nanomaterials, including small size, good stability, high permeability, and long retention effect, which can be used not only as effective carriers of traditional antioxidant drugs but also directly as antioxidants. In this review, after first discussing the association between oxidative stress and AP, we focused on summarizing the literature related to antioxidant nanomaterials for the treatment of AP and highlighting the effects of these nanomaterials on the indicators related to oxidative stress in pathological states, aiming to provide references for follow-up research and promote clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional nanomaterials for cancer therapy has attracted researchers' attention for decades. In this study, a unique oxidative method using KMnO4 or K2MnO4 as oxidizing agents to oxidize dopamine (DA) to polydopamine (PDA) was reported. The oxidizing agent was reduced to MnOx to form MnOx/PDA composite NPs. Afterwards, the MnOx/PDA composite NPs were surface‐modified with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form a multifunctional theranostic agent, named MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs, with improved colloidal stability and biocompatibility. Such a material would become a photothermal nanoagent, since the PDA renders the composite NPs an admirable photothermal transforming ability with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.06%. Meanwhile, as a commonly used T1 contrast agent, manganese (Mn2+) endowed the MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs with MRI ability, rendering the as‐synthesized MnOx/PDA composite NPs a capability of imaging guided multi‐modal tumor therapy. Moreover, the formed MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs were used for drug loading, which was found to own the tunable drug loading and controlled drug releasing capacity. The as‐prepared composite NPs were successfully used for the combined tumor chemotherapy and photothermal therapy in vitro and in vivo. This research provides insights into the development of conjugated polymer‐based nanomaterial for various biomedical applications, especially in imaging guided cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Educational initiatives on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) constitute a highly effective approach for preventing its infection and establishing standardized protocols for its eradication. ChatGPT, a large language model, is a potentially patient‐friendly online tool capable of providing health‐related knowledge. This study aims to assess the accuracy and repeatability of ChatGPT in responding to questions related to H. pylori. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐one common questions about H. pylori were collected and categorized into four domains: basic knowledge, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. ChatGPT was utilized to individually answer the aforementioned 21 questions. Its responses were independently assessed by two experts on H. pylori. Questions with divergent ratings were resolved by a third reviewer. Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated to assess the consistency between the scores of the two reviewers. Results: The responses of ChatGPT on H. pylori‐related questions were generally satisfactory, with 61.9% marked as "completely correct" and 33.33% as "correct but inadequate." The repeatability of the responses of ChatGPT to H. pylori‐related questions was 95.23%. Among the responses, those related to prevention (comprehensive: 75%) had the best response, followed by those on treatment (comprehensive: 66.7%), basic knowledge (comprehensive: 60%), and diagnosis (comprehensive: 50%). In the "treatment" domain, 16.6% of the ChatGPT responses were categorized as "mixed with correct or incorrect/outdated data." However, ChatGPT still lacks relevant knowledge regarding H. pylori resistance and the use of sensitive antibiotics. Conclusions: ChatGPT can provide correct answers to the majority of H. pylori‐related queries. It exhibited good reproducibility and delivered responses that were easily comprehensible to patients. Further enhancement of real‐time information updates and correction of inaccurate information will make ChatGPT an essential auxiliary tool for providing accurate H. pylori‐related health information to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acids are one of the main organic matters in sediments and contribute importantly to the marine biogeochemical cycles. Extracellular electron transfer is a ubiquitous natural process and has potentials to change the macrostructure of humic acids which can act as an electron shuttle. By setting up marine sediment microbial fuel cells, the present study revealed that enhanced extracellular electron transfer process could increase the content of C and H, but decrease the O content in humic acids, which could result in an increased aromaticity and decreased polarity of humic acids, whereas no significant changes occurred to the humification degree of the humic acids. Specific bacterial groups as potential exoelectrogens including Proteobacteria (especially Pseudomonas strains) and Firmicutes were enriched under enhanced extracellular electron transfer process, indicating that they were active to exchange electrons and might play important roles during the changes of humic acids, while the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes was reduced during these processes. The results of the present research shed lights on the relation between exoelectrogens and the transformation of humic acids in coastal sediment, while the microbial process and mechanisms behind it require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One-pot synthesis of surface polyvinyl pyrrolidone modified polypyrrole. • The relationship between polypyrrole structure and physicochemical property. • Polypyrrole exhibits combined tumor photothermal-chemotherapy ability. With an excellent near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive property, polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticle has emerged as a promising NIR photothermal transducing agent for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein, we reported the PVP mediated one-pot synthesis of colloidal stable and biocompatible PPy nanoparticles (PPy-PVP NPs) for combined tumor photothermal-chemotherapy. The influence of molecular weight and PVP concentration on the spectroscopic characteristic, photothermal feature, drug loading performance, and antitumor efficiency of the resultant PPy-PVP NPs was systematically studied. By choosing PVP with a molecular weight of 360 kDa (concentration of 5 mg/mL) as the template and surface modifier during the synthesis, PPy-PVP NPs with optimal spectroscopic characteristic, photothermal feature, drug loading performance, and antitumor efficiency were synthesized. Findings in this study are anticipated to provide an in-depth understanding of the important character of surface engineering in the rational design and biomedical applications of PPy NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bottom-up approach can be used to synthesize MoS 2 nanosheets with controlled morphology and synchronous surface modification. However, these MoS 2 nanosheets frequently stacked with each other to form a multi-layer structure, which greatly affects the improvement of their drug loading capacity. In this work, we reported a facile bottom-up synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) coated biocompatible MoS 2 nanoparticles (NPs) with admirable drug loading capacity for synergistic tumor photothermal and chemotherapy. The colloidal-stable MoS 2 NPs possessed excellent photothermal transducing performance with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 37.5%. Further, the porous structure of MoS 2 NPs facilitated the drug payload with a tunable drug loading percentage of 7%–72%. More importantly, the drug release from the MoS 2 NPs followed a controlled pH- and NIR-dual modal responsive manner. The material design takes account of the drug loading capacity of NPs and the photothermal feature of MoS 2 , providing a paradigm that the research of cancer therapy agents can be moved forward by integrating the advantages of different nanomaterials into one dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very different from traditional inside-out method, which used guest material as the inside core and then surface-coated outer layer, herein, we propose a facile and unique outside-in approach for the synthesis of high dispersive mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)/MoS 2 -PEG nanoparticles (SMPs) based on the differences of precursor solubility in different solvents, for the first time. The prepared SMPs exhibit both higher drug loading efficiency of 64.7% owing to the pore structure of mesoporous silica, and excellent photothermal performance with photothermal efficiency of 41.5% due to the inside decorated MoS 2 nanosheets, which could be used for the combination of tumor hyperthermia and chemotherapy. The in vivo results indicate that SMPs show great synergistic effect, i.e. , the heat produced during PTT can increase the chemotherapy sensitivity of DOX and synergistically improve its therapeutic effect. Such a facile strategy provides a new facile way to construct a novel theranostic agent by integrating different functions into one dosage, and shows a promising approach for the construction of nanomaterials using MSN as a template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We designed an injectable hydrogel by dissolving MoS 2 /Bi 2 S 3 -PEG (MBP), doxorubicin (DOX) and agar into water for the concurrent tumor photothermal and chemotherapy. The formed solution was able to be intra-tumorally (I.T.) administered into tumor at a relatively high temperature and automatically formed a hydrogel after cooling to body temperature. The resultant Agar/MBP/DOX (AMD) hydrogel can act as a macro-vessel to retain the MBP nanosheet and DOX and restrict their access to body fluid circulation. Moreover, AMD hydrogel did not compromise the photoacoustic and computed tomography imaging capacity, as well as the photothermal and chemotherapy efficiency of MBP nanosheets and DOX. The heat from the photothermal transformation of MBP nanosheet can promote the drug-release from the hydrogel and thus enable an on-demand drug release. Furthermore, antibiotics were also able to be encapsulated in the hydrogel to avoid the potential wound infection during tumor surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel is a kind of hemostatic agent with good application prospect. However, the water molecules on the wound made the hydrogel less adhesive to wet wound tissue. Herein, the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/oxidized dextran (OD)/γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) hydrogel was prepared using a double-barreled syringe for hemostasis of diffuse and incompressible wound bleeding. The hydrogel formation was based on the intramolecular lactam bonds, intermolecular amide bonds, and Schiff base bonds. In the hydrogel, the super hydrophilic γ-PGA could drain the surface moisture of the wound and create a local dry environment for enhanced surface adhesion. In vivo study showed that the CMCS/ODex/γ-PGA hydrogel possesses a good biosafety and biodegradability. Interestingly, the CMCS/ODex/γ-PGA hydrogel exhibited excellent hemostatic abilities in dynamic humid environment and resisted a high blood pressure of 238 mmHg, which exceeds the threshold systolic blood pressure of healthy adults (i.e. , 120 mmHg). Together with the antibacterial and reactive nitrogen species scavenging activities, this study is expected to provide a new method to design the wet-surface adhesives for the efficient hemostatic application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a three-dimensional (3D) surface denoised tracking algorithm based on adaptive 3D fractional-order integral to reconstruct high accuracy edge surfaces from the noisy medical CT slices. The fractional-order integral could weaken high frequency signal and strengthen low frequency signal at the same time. The proposed algorithm just used the fractional-order integral to weaken noise and keep images' original detail information as much as it could. This paper proposed the adaptive 3D fractional-order integral based on gradient information. It added the adaptive 3D fractional-order integral algorithm to the 3D edge surface tracking algorithm to overcome the shortcoming caused by the Laplacian operator in traditional edge surface tracking algorithm. Experiments show that the adaptive 3D fractional-order integral can effectively track edge surfaces from noisy medical CT slices with high accuracy. The denoised results are better than specified fractional-order integral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, hydrogels are widely studied for wound dressings. However, wound healing is often hindered by bacterial infection. In this study, in situ cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/oxidized dextran (OD)/poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) (COP) hydrogel was prepared for antimicrobial and hemostasis of diffuse wounds. In the COP hydrogel, γ-PGA was able to drain the surface moisture of the wound to enhance the surface adhesion. Moreover, γ-PGA could concentrate blood by absorbing plasma, and CMCS could electrostatically adsorb negative RBCs. The antibacterial properties of CMCS and OD endowed the COP hydrogel with certain antibacterial effects. In the inhibition zone experiment, an obvious inhibition zone appeared around the COP hydrogel. In vivo studies showed that the COP hydrogel significantly inhibited bacterial growth and promoted wound healing. In the rat tail diffuse hemorrhage wound model, the COP hydrogel showed superior hemostasis ability. Therefore, the multifunctional COP hydrogel is expected to find different applications in wound hemostasis and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple method to synthesize MoS 2 and GOx-containing sodium alginate hydrogel. • The hydrogel consumes the glucose to lead to tumor starvation therapy. • The MAF hydrogel has a good photothermal conversion. • The generated Fe2+ induces a Fenton reaction for chemodynamic therapy of tumors. Starvation therapy (ST) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) are emerging tumor therapy methods in recent years. In this study, a simple approach was reported to prepare MoS 2 and glucose oxidase (GOx)-containing sodium alginate (ALG)-Fe3+ (MAF) hydrogel. In the hydrogel, there exists an enzymatic reaction to consume glucose to form hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), and a redox reaction between Fe3+ and MoS 2 to form Fe2+ and MoO 4 2−. The formed Fe2+ could be oxidized to Fe3+, which reacts with MAF hydrogel again to continuously produce Fe2+. The consumption of glucose resulted in an obvious tumor ST. Moreover, the produced Fe2+ induced a Fenton reaction to enable the persistent conversion of H 2 O 2 to cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for the CDT of tumors. Together with the high photothermal transforming capability of MoS 2 , the hydrogel was used for the combined tumor photothermal therapy (PTT), ST, and CDT. This work provides a window for the safe use of enzymes for achieving high tumor therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In emergencies, uncontrolled severe bleeding can result in undesired complications and even death of the injured. Designing advanced hemostatic agents is a potential solution for emergency hemostasis, yet it remains challenging to realize the persistent adhesion in a wet wound environment. In this study, based on dynamic reversible Schiff base bond and photo-initiated double-bond polymerization, a novel injectable hemostatic hydrogel (L -COC) consisting of methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCSMA), oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) and (+)-catechin hydrate (CH) was synthesized for emergency hemostasis. To our delight, the incorporated CH imparted enhanced blood procoagulantion to the L -COC hydrogel by intensifying the hydrogel-red blood cell interactions. As a result, the hemostatic effect of the engineered L -COC hydrogel was significantly superior to that of fluid gelatin SurgifloTM for liver bleeding wounds in rats (Blood loss: 0.62 ± 0.11 g (L -COC), 0.90 ± 0.08 g (SurgifloTM); hemostasis time: 69.0 ± 2.9 s (L -COC), 84.0 ± 2.2 s (SurgifloTM)). With the favorable antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as well as multifunctional properties, the bio-adhesive L -COC hydrogel and the underlying design principles may facilitate further development of practical hemostatic hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal sediments were considered to contain diverse phages playing important roles in driving biogeochemical cycles based on genetic analysis. However, till now, benthic phages in coastal sediments were very rarely isolated, which largely limits our understanding of their biological characteristics. Here, we describe a novel lytic phage (named Shewanella phage S0112) isolated from the coastal sediments of the Yellow Sea infecting a sediment bacterium of the genus Shewanella. The phage has a very high replication capability, with the burst size of ca. 1170 phage particles per infected cell, which is 5–10 times higher than that of most phages isolated before. Meanwhile, the latent period of this phage is relatively longer, which might ensure adequate time for phage replication. The phage has a double-stranded DNA genome comprising 62,286 bp with 102 ORFs, ca. 60% of which are functionally unknown. The expression products of 16 ORF genes, mainly structural proteins, were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Besides the general DNA metabolism and structure assembly genes in the phage genome, there is a cluster of auxiliary metabolic genes that may be involved in 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ0) biosynthesis. Meanwhile, a pyrophosphohydrolase (MazG) gene being considered as a regulator of programmed cell death or involving in host stringer responses is inserted in this gene cluster. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis both revealed a great novelty of phage S0112. This study represents the first report of a benthic phage infecting Shewanella, which also sheds light on the phage–host interactions in coastal sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eradication of oral Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) not only reduces the infection rate from the transmission route but also improves the success rate of intragastric eradication. MAXPOWER Biological Bacteriostatic Liquid, developed in our previous work, is a composite biological preparation with strong antibacterial ability and unique antibacterial mechanism. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the MAXPOWER biocontrol solution on H. pylori and its success rate in eradicating oral H. pylori in clinical patients. Methods: Live-dead cell staining and hemolysis test were used to evaluate the cellular safety of MAXPOWER biocontrol solution; plate spreading, live-dead bacterial staining, and scanning electron microscopy methods were used to evaluate its antimicrobial effect against H. pylori. Transcriptomics was used to analyze the changes in H. pylori genes before and after treatment. After seven days of gavage treatment, H&E staining and mice feces were collected for 16SrDNA sequencing to evaluate the animals' safety. Oral H. pylori-positive patients were randomized to be given a placebo and MAXPOWER Bio-Bacteriostatic Liquid gargle for seven days to evaluate the effect on oral H. pylori eradication. Results: In vitro tests demonstrated that this product has excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility and can effectively eradicate oral H. pylori. In vivo tests further showed that it has good biosafety and virtually no adverse effect on intestinal microflora. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that it kills H. pylori cells mainly by disrupting their cell membranes and metabolism. Additionally, the results of randomized controlled trials on humans disclosed that the oral H. pylori eradication rates achieved by MAXPOWER Biological Antibacterial Liquid were 71.4% and 78.9% according to the intention-to-treat and the per-protocol analysis, respectively. Conclusion: MAXPOWER Biological Antibacterial Liquid is both safe and efficacious in the eradication of oral H. pylori. Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov Trial Registry on 21/09/2023 (NCT06045832). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess free radicals at the wound site can cause an inflammatory response, which is not conducive to wound healing. Hydrogels with antioxidant properties can prevent inflammatory storms by scavenging free radicals from the wound site and inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors. In this study, we prepared the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/Molybdenum (IV) Selenide (MoSe2), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (CMCS/PVP/MoSe2/PRP) hydrogels for accelerating the repair of wounds. In the hydrogels, the MoSe2 can scavenge various free radicals to reduce oxidative stress at the site of inflammation, endowed the hydrogels with antioxidant properties. Interestingly, growth factors released by PRP assisted the tissue repair by promoting the formation of new capillaries. CMCS as a backbone not only showed good biocompatibility and biodegradability but also played a significant role in maintaining the sustained release of growth factors. In addition, incorporating PVP enhanced the tissue adhesion and mechanical properties. The multifunctional composite antioxidant hydrogels have good swelling properties and biodegradability, which is completely degraded within 28 days. Thus, the antioxidant CMCS/PVP/MoSe2/PRP hydrogels provide a new idea for designing ideal multifunctional wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the hypoxia status of the tumor, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the tumor is less efficient. Herein, a facile method which involves the synthesis of Mg–Mn–Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) clay with MoS2 doping in the surface and anionic layer space of LDH was presented, to integrate the photo-thermal effect of MoS2 and imaging and catalytic functions of Mg–Mn–Al LDH. The designed LDH-MoS2 (LMM) clay composite was further surface-coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to maintain the colloidal stability of LMM in physiological environment. A photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), was absorbed at the surface and anionic layer space of LMM@BSA. In the LMM formulation, the magnetic resonance imaging of Mg–Mn–Al LDH was enhanced thanks to the reduced and acid microenvironment of the tumor. Notably, the ROS production and PDT efficiency of Ce6 were significantly improved, because LMM@BSA could catalyze the decomposing of the overexpressed H2O2 in tumors to produce oxygen. The biocompatible LMM@BSA that played the synergism with tumor microenvironment is a promising candidate for the effective treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between marine phyto- and bacterioplankton is regulated by multiple environmental and biological factors. Among them, phages as the major regulators of bacterial mortality are considered to have important impacts on algae-associated bacteria and algae-bacteria relationship. However, little is currently known about the actual impact of phages from this perspective. Here, we revealed that phage infection improved the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Phaeodactylum tricornutum by regulating the associated bacterial community. Specifically, phage infection weakened bacterial abundance and eliminated their negative effects on the diatom. Unexpectedly, the structure of the bacterial community co-cultured with the diatom was not significantly affected, likely because the shaping effect of the diatom on the bacterial community structure can far outcompete or mask the impact of phage infection. Our results established a link between algae, bacteria, and phages, suggesting that phage infection benefits the diatom by regulating the associated bacterial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Glucose is used as an important nutrient to support cell growth. The glucose oxidase (GOx) can transform glucose into gluconic acid and toxic H 2 O 2 , which can be used for tumor starvation therapy. However, the leakage of GOx may cause severe side effects to the normal tissue. To prevent the accidental leakage of GOx, this study proposes the chemical modification of GOx on the photothermal transducing agent surface, to realize the safe and combined starvation and photothermal therapy of colorectal tumors. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-modified WS 2 nanobowls (WS 2 -PVP) as a photothermal transducing agent were produced using a one-pot preparation method. Then, α-lipoic acid (LA) molecules were immobilized at the sulfur-deficient sites on the surface of WS 2 nanobowls to afford the chemical loading of GOx through amide bonds. Under the irradiation of a near-infrared laser (808 nm), thermal energy is generated by WS 2 to kill colorectal cancer cells locally. The photothermal conversion efficiency of WS 2 -PVP-LA was 27.2%. This study is anticipated to open up an alternative avenue for the rational design of multifunctional nanotherapeutics for tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a methacrylic gelatin/oxidized dextran/montmorillonite‑strontium/polypyrrole (GOMP) hydrogel was prepared. The GOMP hydrogel had dual network structure which was formed through photoinitiator-initiated double bond polymerization and Schiff base reaction. The network structure led to a sustained release of the antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX). Polypyrrole introduced the conductivity and high photothermal conversion capacity to the GOMP hydrogel, which showed a photothermal conversion efficiency of 31.61 % under 808 nm laser radiation. The GOMP hydrogel had good swelling properties in solvents. Further study showed that the GOMP hydrogel had good biocompatibility and excellent biodegradability in vitro and in vivo. The experiments of in vitro tumor therapy and in vivo anti-tumor recurrence indicated that the DOX-loaded GOMP hydrogel had synergistic effects on tumor cell apoptosis based on chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. In addition, montmorillonite‑strontium (MMT-Sr) doped in the hydrogel not only improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel but also promoted potential bone regeneration. The multifunctional DOX-loaded GOMP hydrogel with bone regeneration, photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy functions has great potential application for treating osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive bleeding is a great threat to the life safety of patients, which is a challenging clinical problem. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a kind of multifunctional dressing material with hemostatic ability and antibacterial performance to promote wound healing and repair. To resolve this issue, in this study, a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/sodium alginate (SA)/oxidized dextran (ODE) (CSO) multifunctional hydrogel was developed. The hydrogel could rapidly gel through Schiff base reaction and amide reaction and firmly adhere to the skin at the wound, to realize the fast hemostasis. Importantly, it was verified that the hydrogel could prevent the Staphylococcus aureus -caused wound infection, owing to the antibacterial effect of CMCS and ODE. In addition, the CSO hydrogel had good water retention capacity and was able to mimic the three-dimensional structure of the natural extracellular matrix, thereby promoting wound repair in mice. In vitro whole-blood clotting assay demonstrated that red blood cells could be adhered to the surface of hydrogel, showing good hemostasis in rat liver injury and tail amputation models. Together with the biocompatible feature, CSO hydrogel holds a great application prospect in hemostasis and wound healing. • Carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate/oxidized dextran hydrogel was prepared. • The hydrogel had excellent adhesion, mechanical properties and biodegradability. • The hydrogel could firmly adhere to the skin at the wound. • The hydrogel reduced the blood loss on rat liver injury and tail bleeding models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the major causes of gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. However, the acidic environment of the stomach and H. pylori resistance severely impair the antimicrobial efficacy of oral drugs. Here, a biocompatible chitosan-modified molybdenum selenide (MoSe 2 @CS) was designed for the simultaneous photothermal treatment of H. pylori infection and gastric cancer. MoSe 2 @CS showed a photothermal conversion efficiency was as high as 45.7 %. In the H. pylori -infected mice model, MoSe 2 @CS displayed a high bacteriostasis ratio of 99.9 % upon near-infrared irradiation. The antimicrobial functionality was also proved by transcriptomic sequencing study, which showed that MoSe 2 @CS combined with NIR laser irradiation modulated the gene expression of a variety of H. pylori bioprocesses, including cell proliferation and inflammation-related pathways. Further gut flora analysis results indicated that MoSe 2 @CS mediated PTT of H. pylori did not affect the homeostasis of gut flora, which highlights its advantages over traditional antibiotic therapy. In addition, MoSe 2 @CS exhibited a good photothermal ablation effect and significantly inhibited gastric tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The comprehensive application of MoSe 2 @CS in the PTT of H. pylori infection and gastric cancer provides a new avenue for the clinical treatment of H. pylori infection and related diseases. • Chitosan (CS)-modified MoSe 2 (MoSe 2 @CS) is made. • MoSe 2 @CS nanospheres has good biocompatibility. • MoSe 2 @CS nanospheres has excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. • MoSe 2 @CS nanospheres kills H. pylori in vivo and treats the gastric cancer. • MoSe 2 @CS nanospheres has no adverse effect on the homeostasis of gut flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermosensitive and tumor microenvironment activated nanotheranostic can be used as a promising nanoplatform for highly efficient chemodynamic/photothermal therapy of colorectal tumor. [Display omitted] This research proposes the one-pot preparation of polydopamine (PDA) decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticle (PMSN) for the thermal and tumor micro-environment (TME) responsive colorectal tumor therapy. The pores of PMSN were used for the Fe3+ loading. Lauric acid (LA), a phase-change ligand, was selected as a "doorkeeper" to coat the surface of Fe3+-loaded PMSN and prevent the undesired leakage of Fe3+. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a stabilizer to endow the PMSN-Fe-LA-BSA nanopartilces (PMFLB) with colloidal stability. Under the near infrared laser, the light-sensitive PDA produced significant heat to kill the colorectal cancer cells via hyperthermia. Moreover, the heat induced the phase-change of LA and triggered the release of Fe3+, which further reacted with the endogenous H 2 S in the colorectal TME. After that, the Fe3+ was transformed into Fe2+, which triggered the Fenton reaction with the H 2 O 2 in the TME and effectively generated hydroxyl radical (·OH). Finally, the Fe2+ was transformed into Fe3+, which repeatedly reacted with the H 2 S and produced more ·OH to enhance the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal tumor. Such a thermosensitive PMFLB which operates in synergy with the colorectal TME opens an alternative avenue for the rational design of multifunctional nano-therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum II, CDDP) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of esophageal cancer, and its clinical application has been greatly limited due to non-specific administration, severe systemic toxicity, and reduced efficacy due to drug resistance. The special physicochemical properties of hydrogels enable them to achieve a sustained controlled release of CDDP and to maintain high local drug concentrations over a long period, but the problem of drug resistance still needs to be addressed. Herein, CS-BA-PVA, a pH-responsive hydrogel is used to co-load CDDP and divalent copper ion (Cu2+) for constructing a drug delivery system CS-BA-PVA@Cu/CDDP to achieve controlled and sustained drug release. Once reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), CS-BA-PVA@Cu/CDDP specifically responds and disassembles to release CDDP for chemotherapy against cancer. Besides, the simultaneous release of Cu2+ can deplete the intracellular glutathione (GSH) for increased toxicity of CDDP as well as catalyzing the decomposition of intra-tumoral H 2 O 2 into highly toxic •OH for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Moreover, the substantially reduced GSH can also protect the yielded •OH from scavenging and thus greatly improve the •OH-based CDT effect. In addition to providing a new drug delivery system CS-BA-PVA@Cu/CDDP, this study is also expected to establish a new form of TME-responsive carrier for highly efficient tumor-specific GSH-depletion-enhanced synergistic chemotherapy/chemodynamic therapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous antioxidant materials mimicking endogenous antioxidant systems are commonly used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced injuries. Thus, artificial enzymes have emerged as promising candidates for balancing and treating the dysregulation of redox homeostasis in vivo. Herein, a one-pot hydrothermal strategy for the facile preparation of MoSe2-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. The synthesized NPs were biodegradable due to their exposure to oxygen and exhibited high stability. Moreover, they effectively mimicked various naturally occurring enzymes (including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase) and scavenged free radicals, such as 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ·OH, ·O2−, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Further apoptosis detection studies revealed that MoSe2-PVP NPs significantly increased the cell survival probability in H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytoprotective effect of MoSe2-PVP NPs was explored for an animal model of acute pancreatitis, which confirmed its remarkable therapeutic efficacy. Owing to the biodegradable and biocompatible nature of MoSe2-PVP NPs, the findings of this work can stimulate the development of other artificial nanoenzymes for antioxidant therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but up to 60% of patients have inadequate response to therapy. Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) play important roles in nociception. This study aimed to investigate whether the increased expression of ASICs results in neuronal hyperexcitability in GERD. Esophageal biopsies were taken from GERD patients and healthy subjects to compare expression of ASIC1 and 3. Next, gene and protein expression of ASIC1 and 3 from esophageal mucosa and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons were measured by qPCR, Western‐blot and immunofluorescence in rodent models of reflux esophagitis (RE), non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD), and sham operated groups. Excitability of DRG neurons in the GERD and sham groups were also tested by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. We demonstrated that ASIC1 and 3 expression were significantly increased in patients with RE compared with healthy controls. This correlated positively with symptom severity of heartburn and regurgitation (p < .001). Next, ASIC1 and 3 gene and protein expression in rodent models of RE and NERD were similarly increased in esophageal mucosa as well as T3–T5 DRG neurons compared with sham operation. DRG neurons from RE animals showed hyperexcitability compared with sham group. However, intrathecal injection of ASIC specific inhibitors, PcTx1 and APTEx‐2, as well as silencing ASIC1 and 3 genes with specific siRNAs prevented visceral hypersensitivity. Overall, upregulation of ASIC1 and 3 may lead to visceral hypersensitivity in RE and NERD and may be a potential therapeutic target for PPI non‐responsive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted attention due to its enhanced tumor therapy effect. This study proposes a novel nanoenzyme-based theranostic nanoplatform, IrO2@MSN@PDA-BSA(Ce6), for the combined PTT and PDT of tumors. IrO2 was prepared by a simple hydrolysis method and coated with a thin layer of mesoporous silica (MSN) to facilitate the physical adsorption of Chlorin e6 (Ce6). The PDA coating and IrO2 NPs of the nanoplatform demonstrated an improved photothermal conversion efficiency of 29.8% under NIR irradiation. Further, the Ce6 loading imparts materials with the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 660 nm NIR laser irradiation. It was also proved that the IrO2 NPs could catalyze the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate endogenous oxygen (O2), thereby enhancing the efficiency of PDT. The in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the nanocomposite was highly biocompatible and could produce a satisfactory tumor therapeutic effect. Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrate the viability of using theranostic nanoenzymes for translational medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have been widely used as wound dressings to accelerate wound healing. However, due to the impaired skin barrier at the wound site, external bacteria can easily invade the wound and cause infection. In this study, we designed a dopamine-modified sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone (CPD) hydrogel, which was able to promote wound healing while preventing wound infection. Due to the high content of catechol groups, the CPD hydrogel exhibited good tissue adhesion ability and a significant scavenging ability for DPPH• and PTIO• radicals. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the temperature of CPD hydrogel increased significantly, which significantly killed the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The cell migration test confirmed that CPD hydrogel could promote the cell migration ratio. In the in vivo wound healing test for infected full-thickness skin defect, CPD hydrogel significantly inhibited bacterial proliferation and enhanced wound healing rate. Therefore, the multifunctional hydrogel is expected to be applied to wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An injectable therapeutic-laden Konjac glucomannan hydrogel was designed. • The hydrogel was consisted of 5-fluorouracil, calcium folinate and dopamine. • Calcium folinate can enhance the tumor chemotherapy efficiency of 5-fluorouracil. • The combined tumor photothermal and chemotherapy was achieved. Featured with three-dimensional network structure, polymer hydrogels have found tremendous applications in biomedical fields. In this study, therapeutic-laden Konjac glucomannan (KGM) hydrogel was prepared by injecting polydopamine (PDA)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/calcium folinate (CF)/KGM alkaline solution to the target area, for the synergistic tumor photothermal and chemotherapy. In alkaline solution, dopamine can be synchronously polymerized to form PDA, while KGM can be hydrolyzed and transformed into a thermally irreversible KGM hydrogel. Besides, the alkaline condition can increase the solubility of 5-FU. The hydrogel matrix can control the release of 5-FU and CF. PDA renders the composite hydrogel excellent tumor photothermal therapy ability. Moreover, CF can be used as a synergist to enhance the tumor chemotherapy efficiency of 5-FU. With convenient handling, excellent photothermal conversion ability and high biocompatibility, the multifunctional hydrogel system is anticipated to find a promising translational potential in clinical therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chitosan-based composite hydrogel was designed for the synergistic photothermal- and chemotherapy of colon cancer. • The temperature-sensitive hydrogel could release drug in an on-demand manner. • Localized therapy with no harm to normal tissues and organs was achieved. • The chitosan-based hydrogel had antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to design an injectable hydrogel with temperature-sensitive property for safe and high efficient in vivo colon cancer hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Chitosan (CS) solution was injected into the tumor at room temperature and automatically gelled after warming to body temperature in the present of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). Combined localized tumor photothermal and chemotherapy were achieved by dissolving photothermal material MoS 2 /Bi 2 S 3 -PEG (MBP) nanosheets and drug molecule doxorubicin (DOX) into the hydrogel, and the gel system could encapsulate DOX and MBP nanosheets and prevent them from entering the blood circulation and damaging normal tissues and cells. More importantly, the CS/MBP/DOX (CMD) hydrogel exhibited a photothermal efficiency of 22.18% and 31.42% in the first and second near infrared light (NIR I and NIR II) biowindows respectively at a low MBP concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Besides, the release of the DOX from CMD hydrogel was controllable since the gel temperature could be governed by NIR laser irradiation. Moreover, the chitosan-based hydrogel had antibacterial effects. The designed composite hydrogel is anticipated to act as a platform for the high efficient treatment of tumors owing to the different penetration depths of NIR I and NIR II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional method of using montmorillonite hemostatic materials affects the hemostatic effect due to easy dislodgement on the wound surface. In this paper, a multifunctional bio-hemostatic hydrogel (CODM) was prepared based on hydrogen bonding and Schiff base bonding using modified alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and carboxymethyl chitosan. The amino group-modified montmorillonite was uniformly dispersed in the hydrogel by its amido bond formation with the carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized alginate. The catechol group, –CHO, and PVP can form hydrogen bonds with the tissue surface to afford the firm tissue adhesion to afford the wound hemostatic. The addition of montmorillonite-NH 2 further improves the hemostatic ability, making it better than commercial hemostatic materials. Moreover, the photothermal conversion ability (derived from the polydopamine) was synergized with the phenolic hydroxyl group, quinone group, and the protonated amino group to effectively kill the bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Based on its in vitro and in vivo biosafety and satisfactory degradation ratio anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties, the CODM hydrogel holds promising potential for emergency hemostasis and intelligent wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional method of using montmorillonite hemostatic materials affects the hemostatic effect due to easy dislodgement on the wound surface. In this paper, a multifunctional bio-hemostatic hydrogel (CODM) was prepared based on hydrogen bonding and Schiff base bonding using modified alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and carboxymethyl chitosan. The amino group-modified montmorillonite was uniformly dispersed in the hydrogel by its amido bond formation with the carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized alginate. The catechol group, –CHO, and PVP can form hydrogen bonds with the tissue surface to afford the firm tissue adhesion to afford the wound hemostatic. The addition of montmorillonite-NH 2 further improves the hemostatic ability, making it better than commercial hemostatic materials. Moreover, the photothermal conversion ability (derived from the polydopamine) was synergized with the phenolic hydroxyl group, quinone group, and the protonated amino group to effectively kill the bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Based on its in vitro and in vivo biosafety and satisfactory degradation ratio anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties, the CODM hydrogel holds promising potential for emergency hemostasis and intelligent wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a composite hydrogel (QMPD hydrogel) composed of methacrylate anhydride (MA) grafted quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS-MA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and dopamine (DA) was designed for the sequential wound inflammation elimination, infection inhibition, and wound healing. The QMPD hydrogel formation was initiated by the ultraviolet light-triggered polymerization of QCS-MA. Furthermore, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and "π-π" stacking between QCS-MA, PVP, and DA were involved in the hydrogel formation. In this hydrogel, the quaternary ammonium groups of quaternary ammonium chitosan and the photothermal conversion of polydopamine are capable of killing bacteria on wounds, which showed the bacteriostatic ratios of 85.6 % and 92.5 % toward Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , respectively. Moreover, the oxidation of DA sufficiently scavenged free radicals and introduced the QMPD hydrogel with good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. Together with the extracellular matrix-mimic tropical structure, the QMPD hydrogel significantly promoted the wound management of mice. Therefore, the QMPD hydrogel is expected to provide a new method for the design of wound healing dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postoperative recurrence has adversely affected the treatment of tumors. Besides, the potential bacterial infection at the wound site may lead to a series of tissue necrosis. Here, we developed an injectable γ-polyglutamic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan/polydopamine hydrogel (PCP) for simultaneously reducing the postoperative infection and preventing the tumor recurrence. On the one hand, the aqueous solution of carboxymethyl chitosan oxidized the dopamine into polydopamine; on the other, the carboxymethyl chitosan was cross-linked with the activated γ-polyglutamic acid to form a hydrogel. After local implantation, the PCP hydrogel effectively killed tumor cells and bacteria under 808 nm laser irradiation. In addition, carboxymethyl chitosan rendered the hydrogel with anti-bacterial properties as well as anti-tumor efficiencies. The anti-tumor recurrence and anti-bacterial efficiencies of PCP hydrogel were proved on a tumor-removed mouse model and a Staphylococcus aureus -infected mouse model, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogel has the advantages of good biocompatibility and simple preparation, and thus has potential application prospects in the prevention of tumor recurrence and wound bacterial infection. • A γ-polyglutamic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan/polydopamine hydrogel was prepared. • The injectable hydrogel is simple to prepare and has good biocompatibility. • Carboxymethyl chitosan gives the hydrogel antibacterial and antitumor properties. • The hydrogel prevents the postoperative infection and tumor recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the healing of chronic wounds such as extensive burns has become a serious and intractable clinical problem. Avoiding wound infection and retaining an appropriate level of moisture around wounds are significant challenges in wound care. Herein, a dual-network hydrogel composed of sodium alginate (SA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was designed to facilitate the wound healing. The preparation of hydrogel was achieved through a simple one-step thrombin activation process. The morphological characterization results revealed the three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel. Then, certain levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) cultured hydrogel, which led to the possibility of cell proliferation and vascular regeneration. When topically applied to the wound skin of rats, the hydrogel presented high wound closure effectiveness. In conclusion, this strategy provides a simple and feasible approach to overcoming the shortcomings of conventional wound dressings. [Display omitted] • A dual-network hydrogel composed of sodium alginate and platelet-rich plasma. • The hydrogel releases epidermal growth and vascular endothelial growth factors. • The hydrogel presents high wound closure and wound healing effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) to increase drug permeability is an attractive approach to enhancing pancreatic cancer therapy efficiency. Herein, polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) were prepared by a template-guided chemical oxidation method. These PPy NPs with abundant surface pores were used to load the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). In order to intelligently control the DOX release, PPy/DOX NPs were further entrapped with a thermoresponsive ligand, lauric acid (LA), to form PPy-LA/DOX NPs. Bromelain (BL) was then grafted onto the surface of PPy-LA NPs or PPy-LA/DOX NPs through an amidation reaction with the carboxyl group of LA. It was found that the DOX release of PPy-LA/DOX NPs was pH and temperature responsive, reaching a maximum amount of 85.9% within 48 h at pH = 5.4 and 50 °C. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the resultant PLB (PPy-LA-BL) NPs could efficiently hydrolyze the collagen in ECM and enhance the permeability of DOX to the pancreatic tumor. Remarkably, PLB NPs not only featured admirable photothermal conversion but also exhibited obvious photoacoustic imaging capability, which enabled imaging-guided enhanced tumor ablation. This study is anticipated to provide a feasible strategy to improve the permeability of nanoparticles to tumors. [Display omitted] • Polypyrrole/lauric acid/bromelain/doxorubicin (PLBD NPs) were prepared. • LA acts as a temperature responsive doorkeeper to control the DOX release. • BL hydrolyzes collagen of ECM to enhance the penetration of PLBD and DOX in tumors. • PLBD NPs showed the capability of photoacoustic imaging in tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Efficient synthesis of MoSe 2 @PVP NSs via a simple one-pot synthesis. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs have high physiological stability, biosafety and metabolizability. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs can mimic the antioxidant properties of CAT, SOD, POD, and GPx. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs eliminate many ROS and RNS and demonstrate a thermal durability. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs exhibite high anti-inflammatory efficacy in the AP mouse model. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease with high mortality which could cause an inflammatory responses such as edema and necrosis of the pancreatic tissue. Studies have proved that the excessive produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP. Although progresses have been made for ROS and RNS elimination using artificial enzymes, biocompatible nanomaterials with advanced multi-enzymatic activities have been rarely studied. In this study, we constructed a simple and efficient method to fabricate a two-dimensional (2D) MoSe 2 @PVP nanosheets (NSs) as an artificial enzyme to treat oxidative stress-related diseases. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments proved that MoSe 2 @PVP NSs have good biocompatibility. Interestingly, the MoSe 2 @PVP NSs simultaneously showed the thermal durable peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase mimicking capacities, which endowed the material with good ROS and RNS scavenging abilities. The MoSe 2 @PVP NSs were engaged in treating the AP in an animal model, which led to a significant down-regulation of serum levels of amylase, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Further H&E staining of pancreatic tissue validated the AP therapeutic effect of MoSe 2 @PVP NSs. We hope that our research will facilitate the development of multifunctional artificial enzymes for the treating of oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Efficient synthesis of MoSe 2 @PVP NSs via a simple one-pot synthesis. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs have high physiological stability, biosafety and metabolizability. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs can mimic the antioxidant properties of CAT, SOD, POD, and GPx. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs eliminate many ROS and RNS and demonstrate a thermal durability. • MoSe 2 @PVP NSs exhibite high anti-inflammatory efficacy in the AP mouse model. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease with high mortality which could cause an inflammatory responses such as edema and necrosis of the pancreatic tissue. Studies have proved that the excessive produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP. Although progresses have been made for ROS and RNS elimination using artificial enzymes, biocompatible nanomaterials with advanced multi-enzymatic activities have been rarely studied. In this study, we constructed a simple and efficient method to fabricate a two-dimensional (2D) MoSe 2 @PVP nanosheets (NSs) as an artificial enzyme to treat oxidative stress-related diseases. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments proved that MoSe 2 @PVP NSs have good biocompatibility. Interestingly, the MoSe 2 @PVP NSs simultaneously showed the thermal durable peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase mimicking capacities, which endowed the material with good ROS and RNS scavenging abilities. The MoSe 2 @PVP NSs were engaged in treating the AP in an animal model, which led to a significant down-regulation of serum levels of amylase, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Further H&E staining of pancreatic tissue validated the AP therapeutic effect of MoSe 2 @PVP NSs. We hope that our research will facilitate the development of multifunctional artificial enzymes for the treating of oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A biodegradable dopamine-modified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel. • Sodium periodate was used to oxidize the CMC-DA for the hydrogel formation. • The formed NaI enables the CT imaging to monitor the degradation. • Ce6 was loaded by the hydrogel via soaking the hydrogel in the Ce6 solution. • Ce6 produced ROS and PDA produced heat for the combined tumor therapy. In this research, a hydrogel that combined the tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) ability was designed, using dopamine-modified sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-DA) as the matrix and Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as the photosensitizer. The gel formation was initiated by adding the oxidizing agent sodium periodate (NaIO 4) to the CMC-DA solution, during which the dopamine was simultaneously oxidized to polydopamine (PDA) and NaIO 4 was reduced to sodium iodide (NaI). The formed NaI was encapsulated in the hydrogel and endowed the hydrogel with computerized tomography (CT) imaging ability to monitor the hydrogel degradation and the tumor therapy process. Moreover, the photosensitizer Ce6 can be loaded by the gel system via directly soaking the hydrogel in the Ce6 solution. Under the near-infrared light irradiation, Ce6 can produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and the PDA can produce heat to trigger the tumor PDT and PTT respectively to eradicate the tumor recurrence. In general, the designed hydrogel is biocompatible and biodegradable, has a good photothermal conversion, drug loading and CT imaging ability, which laid the foundation for the rational design of biodegradable hydrogels for multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MXene-based nanofibrous membrane for the multi-modal antibacterial applications. • The nanofibrous membranes can control the release of antibiotics. • Hyperthermia can destroy bacteria and further promote AMX release. • The nanofibrous membrane as a physical barrier promotes the wound healing. Featured with a three-dimensional network structure, electrostatic spinning nanofibrous membranes can maintain the hygroscopic balance in the wound place and promote the wound healing, thus have been extensively studied as a promising wound healing dressing. In this study, amoxicillin (AMX), MXene, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were mixed and electrospun into an antibacterial nanofibrous membrane (MXene-AMX-PVA nanofibrous membrane). In the composite nanofibrous membrane, the PVA matrix could control the release of AMX to combat bacterial infection, while the MXene could transform the near-infrared laser into heat, leading to local hyperthermia to promote the AMX release. Meanwhile, the local hyperthermia could also destroy the noncellular components of bacteria and synergistically cause the bacterial inactivation. The bacteriostatic activity and wound healing ability of the composite nanofibrous membrane were systematically verified on the S. aureus in vitro and the S. aureus -infected mouse skin defect model in vivo. This membrane not only functioned as a physical barrier to co-load the AMX and MXene, but also exhibited the high antibacterial and accelerated wound healing capacity, which will advance the design of novel wound healing dressings and antibacterial strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-situ formed hemostatic hydrogel (GelMA/OD/Borax) was prepared for the emergency wound hemostasis and anti-inflammation applications. Gelatin was chosen as the backbone and modified with methacrylic anhydride (MA) to synthesize GelMA, which showed the admirable UV light activatable polymerizing ability. Aldehyde groups, which cross-linked with the -NH 2 on the tissue surface and afforded the tissue adhesion, were produced by oxidizing the o-hydroxyl groups of dextran. Further, the sodium tetraborate formed dynamic boric acid ester bonds with the oxidized dextran (OD). With this triple-network structure, the as-prepared hydrogel presented excellent hemostatic capacity and surmounted a high blood pressure of 165 mmHg, which is higher than the threshold systolic blood pressure of healthy adults (i.e., 120 mmHg). The mechanical property, morphology, biocompatibility and degradation of the hydrogel were character Borax, the hydrogel successfully blocked the bleeding and accelerated the wound healing. This research provides a new modality for the design of a multifunctional hemostatic hydrogel for effective hemostasis and wound healing. • GelMA/OD/Borax hydrogel is reported for the wound hemostasis and anti-inflammation. • The hemostatic hydrogel can surmount a high blood pressure of 165 mmHg. • The hydrogel is biocompatible, degradable, and has a good antibacterial capacity. • The hydrogel can accelerate the wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]