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A novel 3D metal/semiconductor nanostructured surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate is constructed through Ag nanoparticles decoration of flower‐like ZnO nanorods (fZnOs) on a buckled substrate. A thermal treatment is applied to induce substrate buckling and is followed by ZnO hydrothermal synthesis and Ag reduction, resulting in the production of a buckled Ag/fZnOs SERS‐active device. In addition to providing a high areal density of hotspots, surface buckling enhanced the hydrophilicity of the Ag/fZnO composite surface, which aided the adsorption of probe molecules. Buckling also facilitated the formation of eddies in the depressions on the surface, promoting the capture and accumulation of chemicals. Compared with flat Ag/fZnOs, the buckle‐enhanced SERS effects can increase their enhancement factor by over 103 times. The buckled Ag/fZnOs SERS‐active device is recyclable, stable, and inexpensive and is found to be highly sensitive for the detection of Rhodamine 6G and commercial pesticides, achieving a low detection limit of 10−9 m and a high enhancement factor of 2.43 × 108. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid‐stiffened composite cylinders are widely used in a variety of applications and are subjected to static, dynamic, and impact loads. In terms of buckling strength, these structures outperform simple layered and sandwich composites of the same weight, and the presence of unidirectional fiber ribs contributes to their delamination resistance. The purpose of this research is to look into the buckling behavior of grid‐stiffened composite cylinders under low‐velocity and high‐energy axial impacts. The tests were carried out at room temperature using a 35 kg impactor with an impactor fall height of about 2.75 m. This study builds on previous research and considers the samples' thin skin, indicating that skin buckling is the primary buckling mode in such scenarios. According to static loading research, three types of buckling can occur in grid‐stiffened composite cylinders: local shell buckling, local rib buckling, and general buckling, and each of these can be controlled by adjusting the geometric properties. But, based on the loading speed in the weight‐drop test, controlling the specific type of buckling that occurs during impact loading is difficult. Examining residual structural effects can help determine the type of buckling and damage sustained during impact events. According to the results, the forces that cause buckling in grid‐stiffened composite structures under impact loads are 1.5–2 times greater than static loading conditions. Notably, once the forces are removed, these structures can return to their original positions, however with less stiffness. As a result, they absorb a significant amount of impact energy. Highlights: Composite cylinders with spiral ribs have higher static compression resistance.Dynamic loading increases local buckling forces in grid‐stiffened structures.Despite being damaged, grid‐stiffened cylinders bounce back quickly after impact.Skin buckling is a common mode of failure for grid‐stiffened composite.The global buckling force is greater than the local buckling force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case report of pediatric pars planitis complicated with massive exudative retinal detachment (ERD). A 7-year-old presented with visual acuity (VA) in the right eye (RE) of 6/9 and in the left eye (LE) 6/15. Fundoscopy revealed BE inferior retinoschisis, vitritis and snowballs. He was treated with systemic immunosuppressants. RE retinoschisis resolved within 2 months. Three years later presented with LE VA 6/60 and total ERD. Systemic and intravitreal steroids were administered. Due to refractoriness, he underwent 360° scleral buckle and drainage of subretinal fluid. No retinal breaks or traction were detected. Five months postoperatively LE VA was 6/7.5. Long-term stable outcome was maintained. We report a challenging total ERD as a complication of pars planitis. Although extensive and non-responsive to medical therapy, complete resolution and improvement in vision was achieved with surgical intervention and systemic immunosuppression. We speculate that uncontrolled chronic vasculitic process culminated in diffuse ERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are a range of paediatric distal forearm fractures that could potentially be managed with minimal interventions, including either a removable splint or bandage. • There is high-quality evidence to support minimal interventions for children or adolescents with buckle (torus) fractures of the distal forearm. • Although there is growing evidence to support minimal interventions for incomplete, complete, and physeal fractures, well-designed, large, multicentre trials are lacking. • This scoping review highlights the need for further research to delineate exactly which paediatric distal forearm fractures can be managed with minimal interventions, which could benefit the patient and health care system. Distal forearm fractures are common in children and adolescents with a spectrum of severity. There are fracture patterns that are suitable for minimal interventions, such as a splint or bandage. The objective of this review was to identify which types of paediatric distal forearm fractures can be safely and effectively managed with a removable splint or bandage. A scoping review was performed. Databases searched were PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and CINAHL; two trial registries were also searched. All primary study designs with children <18 years of age with a distal forearm fracture that was managed in either a splint or bandage were included. Quality of evidence was determined using the GRADE tool. Twenty-two eligible articles were included from 20 unique studies: 12 randomised controlled trials, seven cohort studies and a case report. Twelve studies focused solely on buckle/torus fractures, with remaining studies including other fracture types, such as incomplete ('greenstick'), complete ('transverse'), or physeal (Salter-Harris). Twelve studies reported that participants with either bandage or splint had appropriate reduction in pain and recovery of function at completion of follow-up for all fracture types. All 20 studies reported minimal adverse events related to fracture management. One study reported worsening angulation with bandage immobilisation for complete fractures in two participants, which required manipulation under anaesthesia. There is high quality evidence to support the safety and effectiveness of a splint or bandage for treatment of distal radius buckle and non-displaced incomplete fractures. Several studies supported the use of minimal interventions for various distal radius cortical breach fracture types, with good outcomes, but were limited by heterogeneity (methodology, interventions, outcome measures, reference standard) and potential bias. Included studies confirmed the inherent stability of buckle fractures. The current literature gap to support minimal interventions for a range of other paediatric distal forearm fracture types was highlighted. High-quality evidence with well-designed, large, multicentre randomised control trials in defined age groups is required to identify which paediatric distal forearm fractures can be safely and effectively managed with either a removable splint or bandage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite stiffened panels have been applied to the fuselage and wing structures of large aircraft. The shear buckling characteristics of the stiffened panel structures were investigated using test and finite element methods. The buckling load and failure load of stiffened panel structure are obtained by shear test. The results show that when the structure reaches the buckling state, it will not lose its bearing capacity immediately, and the buckling load accounts for 81.8% of the failure load. Comparing the shear buckling loads with and without fixture, it can be seen that fixture have a great influence on the buckling stability of stiffened panels, and ignoring fixture may lead to serious errors in simulation. At the same time, the difference of boundary conditions may change the buckling stability of the structure, and the strength of the fixture may affect the force transmission path of the structure. Appropriate boundary conditions can greatly improve the stability of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a thin film bonded to a compliant substrate is subject to in‐plane compressive loading, wrinkles on the thin film may form as a consequence of deformation instability. The specimen geometry may also favor global buckling. In this study, a recently developed computational approach is employed to directly simulate 3D wrinkling and buckling from pre‐instability to post‐instability in a straightforward manner, covering a wide biaxial loading spectrum. The finite element models contain an embedded imperfection with perturbed material properties at the film‐substrate interface. This approach is capable of activating the first and subsequent bifurcation modes, along with the deformation patterns in between. It is demonstrated that, in addition to the temporal evolution of wrinkle patterns, surface wrinkling and global buckling can form simultaneously as the substrate becomes thinner. Wrinkles and buckle can either co‐develop, or the buckling‐induced curvature may help facilitate wrinkle formation depending on the specimen thickness and loading biaxiality. Different wrinkle patterns, such as parallel waveform and checkerboard, can even coexist on the same buckled structure. The state of biaxiality can influence the deformation instability significantly, and each bifurcation point can be traced back to certain abrupt changes in the overall load–displacement response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metallurgical and technological characterization of a seventh century bronze buckle coming from the Lombard necropolis of Monte San Zeno in Montichiari (Brescia, northern Italy) was performed to understand the manufacturing techniques. At first, a careful inspection was carried out to highlight the existence of any type of details, which would indicate an intentional design activity or typical casting defects. To avoid destructive measures on the ancient artifact, the buckle was successively characterized only via scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This investigation was supported by an accurate study on the chemical composition of the matrix. The results suggest that the buckle was produced by sand casting, although the use of this technique in Europe dates back to the fifteenth century. Finally, based on the results obtained, a faithful archaeometallurgical reproduction of the buckle is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steel plate reinforcement is a common method to repair the bearing capacity of the corroded end of the steel girder. The current repair design primarily focuses on improving the local performance under the condition of a pair of stiffeners at the end, with less consideration given to the condition of multiple stiffeners at the end and the evaluation of the overall performance. To clarify the recovery effect of the reinforced steel plate parameters on the bearing capacity of the steel girder, a static loading test was carried out, taking into account the number of stiffeners, the corrosion range, and the reinforced steel plate parameters. The finite element model of the whole bridge was established, and the validity of the specimen size and model were verified. The ultimate load strengthening coefficient and safety coefficient after reinforcement were compared. The influence of steel plate reinforcement parameters on the reinforcement effect was clarified. The results demonstrate that the buckling mode of the corroded end of the steel girder is related to the corrosion range, and the bearing capacity of the steel girder after reinforcement can be restored to original health status. Notably, increasing the coverage range of the reinforced steel plate has a more significant impact on enhancing the reinforcement effect compared to increasing the thickness of the reinforced steel plate. According to the number of end stiffeners and reinforcement conditions, the reasonable value range of the reinforced steel plate parameters is given. • The impact mechanism of the corrosion extent at the corroded end of the steel girder with multi-transverse web stiffeners on the failure mode is elucidated. • The influence of steel plate reinforcement parameters on the reinforcement effect of the corroded end of the steel girder with multi-transverse web stiffeners is clarified. • The reasonable range of steel plate reinforcement parameters for the corroded end of the steel girder is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compressively stressed poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film with a sputtered gold film can buckle owing to the difference between the Young's modulus of the PDMS film and that of the gold film. The instability of stress is observed at the interface between materials with different Young's modulus. The experiment conducted in this study revealed the important factors that affect the evolution of strips at certain angles at which tensile stress is applied to the elastomer with a ripple pattern. Strips cannot withstand shear stress applied in two different directions simultaneously, resulting in the formation of grids at other angles. Therefore, a dislocation-like movement was observed, proving that Y type dislocations-like exist as well as the displacement of the earth's crust. The fractured surfaces on top of the gold film helped form a pyramid-like pattern. The movement of the dislocation-like and herringbone patterns was recorded using an optical microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvent‐provoked formation and evolution of thin film buckling‐delamination on a compliant substrate have been studied. The film surface is observed by an optical microscope showing a remarkable dynamic buckling‐delamination development and a subsequent stable branched‐straight state. It is revealed that the initiation, propagation, and the resulting patterns of film buckles are strongly dependent on the solvent type, film stress, interfacial adhesion, and film thickness. The buckling could be controlled further by a reasonable chemical solvent configuration and used to provide useful information for the pattern creation on polymer systems in diverse fields, such as micro/nanofabrication and optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging flexible electronics industries, such as solar cells and RFID tags manufactures, adopt the roll-to-roll (R2R) technology to improve their production efficiency. However, the flexible webs used in these fields wrinkle easily due to their tiny thickness and complex structure. Moreover, the webs are easily buckled if the rollers are misaligned. Therefore, it is desired to introduce an efficient method which can help to determine the critical buckling conditions of the webs when there is misalignment of rolls during their production. The current research presents a model based on the Kirchhoff plates buckling theory to determine the critical buckling misalignment and tension for webs transported through misaligned rollers. Webs are modeled as tensioned Timoshenko beams to obtain their stress distributions. The critical buckling conditions are calculated using the Galerkin method in the current research. Results indicate that the calculated critical conditions are close to the practical ones considering the parabolic variation of shear stress and the linear variation of bending stress. The results also indicate that the critical misalignment increases with the increase of the span ratio and tension, and critical misalignment decreases with the increase of the elastic modulus and web width. Moreover, the critical tension increases as the thickness and elastic modulus increases. The presented model provides a useful method to design and maintain R2R equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesion of thin metal films on dielectric substrates is one of the most important properties in microelectronic devices due to the fact that interface adhesion determines the device lifetime and reliability. In order to improve the lifetime of these devices, substrate treatments and adhesion layers are often utilized, making a quantitative assessment of adhesion of the utmost importance. A key example of a metal film common in many microelectronic devices is Tungsten-Titanium (WTi), which is used as a diffusion barrier and an adhesion layer. Several testing methods and mechanics-based models have been developed over the last decades to quantitatively evaluate interface adhesion of thin metal films on rigid substrates. For thin films on rigid substrates (i.e. dielectrics or silicon) the most viable methods are mechanical techniques such as nanoindentation and scratch induced delamination because of the simplicity of the test setup and sample preparation. During indentation or scratching, stresses are induced into the film system which can cause interface separation in the form of buckles. By measuring the dimensions of the buckle and employing the appropriate model, the interfacial adhesion energy can be quantitatively determined. These techniques were utilized to induce interface delamination of a WTi film on different borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) substrates. The comparison of the results from the different techniques will provide more insight into the techniques applicability and help to better characterize the adhesion of similar film systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The strengthening efficiency was improved significantly for the slabs with hybrid anchored (HA) CFRP. • The surface treatment had a marginal influence on the strengthening effect of slabs strengthened with HA CFRP. • The strength of the slabs strengthened with HA CFRP decreased with the length of CFRP sheets. Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are widely strengthened in flexure by externally bonding (EB) carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets, where debonding failure remains a critical issue. To solve the debonding problems, a self-locking device is initially proposed to enhance the anchorage at the end of FRP sheets for strengthening of RC slabs in this study. The effects on the debonding resistance and the improvement of the strengthening efficiency are experimentally investigated. Six one-way RC slabs strengthened with end-buckled and/or externally bonded CFRP sheets were prepared for the four-point bending tests. All strengthened specimens had higher ultimate loads than the reference specimen. While the slab strengthened by EB CFRP had a limited increase in ultimate load, the improvement was significant for the cases with hybrid anchored (HA) CFRP including both end-anchorage and external bonding, which was 46.2%. In this case, the interfacial stresses could be reduced and the end debonding can be avoided due to the increasingly tight anchoring effect, and the ultimate load can be increased even after partial debonding since the stress can continue to be transferred via mechanical anchorage. When the specimens were strengthened with HA CFRP, the surface treatment had a marginal influence on the strengthening effect. The strength of the slabs strengthened with HA CFRP decreased with the length of CFRP sheets, which is contrary to the trend of cases using EB CFRP. Finally, expressions were proposed to estimate the strain of the CFRP and load-carrying capacity of the strengthened members at the ultimate state, and the test results were within the range of the calculated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfabricated devices have increasingly incorporated bacterial cells for microscale studies and exploiting cell-based functions in situ. However, the role of surface interactions in controlling the bacterial cell behavior is not well understood. In this study, microfluidic substrates of varied bacterial-binding affinity were used to probe the interaction-driven behavior of filamentous Escherichia coli. In particular, cell alignment under controlled shear flow as well as subsequent orientation and filamentation were compared between cells presenting distinct outer membrane phenotypes. We demonstrated that filaments retained position under flow, which allowed for dynamic single-cell monitoring with in situ elongation of over 100 μm for adherent cells. This maximum was not reached by planktonic cells and was, therefore, adhesion-dependent. The bound filaments initially aligned with flow under a range of flow rates and their continual elongation was traced in terms of length and growth path; analysis demonstrated that fimbriae-mediated adhesion increased growth rate, increased terminal length, as well as dramatically changed the adherent geometry, particularly buckling behavior. The effects to filament length and buckling were further exaggerated by the strongest, specificity-driven adhesion tested. Such surface-guided control of the elongation process may be valuable to yield interesting "living" filamentous structures in microdevices. In addition, this work may offer a biomedically relevant platform for further elucidation of filamentation as an immune-resistant morphology. Overall, this work should inspire broader exploration of microfabricated devices for the study and application of single bacterial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent, stretchable films of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant attention for applications in flexible electronics, while the lack of structural strength in CNT networks leads to deformation and failure under high mechanical load. In this work, enhancement of the strength and load transfer capabilities of CNT networks by chemical vapor deposition of graphene in the nanotube voids is proposed. The graphene hybridization significantly strengthens the CNT networks, especially at nanotube joints, and enhances their resistance to buckling and bundling under large cyclic strain up to 20%. The hybridized films show linear and reproducible responses to tensile strains, which have been applied in strain sensors to detect human motions with fast response, high sensitivity, and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bending characteristics of individual thin-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are investigated through a novel in-situ nanoindentation in transmission electron microscopy. Unlike thick-walled CNTs, the graphitic layers of thin ones buckle into V-shaped kinks rather than Yoshimura ripples. These kinks are found to be entirely reversible without residual plastic deformation following unloading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collision and rebound behavior of ping pong balls impinging onto rigid target are studied. Three dimensionless dominant parameters are identified: (1) the ratio of the wall-thickness to the average radius of the ball; (2) the dimensionless initial velocity; and (3) the yield strain of the material. Depending on the dimensionless initial velocity, various collision and rebound behaviors of the ball are revealed: (1) When the initial velocity is low, the deformation of the ball remains purely elastic, for which the characteristic duration is theoretically obtained; (2) With the increase of initial velocity, the ball's cap begins to buckle and multiple impacts occur, leading to the increase of the restitution duration and the reduction of the coefficient of restitution (COR); (3) With the higher initial velocity, the ball's cap buckles permanently, leading to the disappearance of multiple impacts and a sudden drop of the restitution duration; consequently the COR decreases from 0.5 to 0.3; and (4) When the initial velocity is close to the material's yield velocity, the ball buckles into a non-axisymmetric mode. The simulation results are also compared with experimental ones. Furthermore, the effects of thickness-to-radius ratio, yield strain and coefficient of friction are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying heat treatment to buckled steel construction elements especially at the time of disaster, are accepted as temporary repairs. This study aims to turn temporary retrofits applied to steel structural elements into permanent repairs using an additional operation. To this end, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to remedy weaknesses observed in elements repaired with heat treatment by gluing fiber-reinforced polymer plates to them. Experimental and parametric studies show that a permanent repair can be achieved by affixing GFRP plates to locally buckled steel structures after heat treatment. In addition, a formula is presented to calculate the critical buckling stress in GFRP-reinforced steel plates based on the slenderness ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cylindrical shells are widely used in marine structures from small-sized pipes to various immersed containers and large submarines. Dynamic plastic buckling of the shells could be caused by underwater explosion (UNEX) loads in industrial accidents or hostile attacks. Influential factors including non-dimensional hull shock factor reflecting the resilience of the material to shock intensity, slenderness ratio, localised ring stiffener and endcap are identified. Their impacts on the dynamic buckling modes are discussed relied on the finite element investigations. The results show that the global hoop and axial buckling modes are mainly determined by the hull shock factor and slenderness ratio, respectively. With the increase of hull shock factor, i) back-side buckling, ii) back- and front-side buckling with dominant buckles at the back-side, iii) back- and front-side buckling with dominant buckles at the front side, and iv) overall buckling with very large buckles at the front-side originating from the priority buckling modes can be observed in the circumferential direction. The competition between the front- and back-sides buckling is attributed to their different buckling mechanisms. The former one is caused by shock transmitted from the explosion source through the fluid, whereas the later one is due to striking of the structural hoop stress waves propagated from the front-side via the shell itself. Axial buckling modes consisted of primary and potential buckles alternating in the axial direction could be triggered for a large slenderness ratio, but be concealed by localised buckling modes for small slenderness ratio. The localised buckling modes are controlled by the ring-stiffener and endcap, because they alter the continuity of compression potential of shells. • Typical hoop and axial plastic buckling modes are found out. • The roles of stress wave on the formation of the buckles are clarified. • Competition between the back- and front-sides buckling is discussed. • The influences of L/D, HSF p , ring-stiffener and endcap on buckling modes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In our region there has been considerable success in the redesign of adult fracture clinics. The aim of this study was to define our paediatric fracture clinic load, to assess the feasibility of increasing efficiency by decreasing inappropriate attendance. Findings Prospective case notes review of all attendees at 6 serial fracture clinics at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children (Glasgow) which has both local and tertiary referrals. Of 234 consecutive attendances across 6 fracture clinics, 34 (15%) were judged inappropriate: 13 had fractures not requiring orthopaedic follow-up (radial torus/clavicle/undisplaced metacarpal), and 21 had diagnoses or situations that were not appropriate. Of the 200 attendances deemed appropriate (172 fractures, 11 soft-tissue injuries, 9 infections and 8 acute atraumatic limps), there were 33 new referrals from the emergency department, and a further 39 were first-time attenders at the fracture clinic after an acute admission (37 were post-operative and 2 were non-operative). Of these 200, the treatment plan was changed for 67 (34%), a cast removed or exchanged for 92 (46%), and radiographs taken for 153 (77%). The overall discharge to return ratio was 76:158 (1:2.1), and for appropriate attenders 61:139 (1:2.3). Conclusions Tighter discipline can be applied to indications for fracture clinic appointments, including certain fracture types being discharged from the emergency department without unnecessary review - our particular fracture clinic numbers can be decreased by 15%. In the remaining attendances there are high radiograph and intervention rates, such that it seems unlikely that further reductions in attendance would be feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the paper was to present the efficacy and indications for application of conventional surgical treatment of retinal detachment by using external implants, that is, application of encircling band and buckle. Material and method: This study comprised patients from the University Eye Clinic in Skopje. A total of 33 patients were diagnosed and surgically treated in the period between May 2010 and August 2011. Conventional surgery was applied in smaller number of patients whose changes of the vitreous body were manifested by detachment of posterior hyaloid membrane, syneresis, with appearance of a small number of pigment cells in the vitreous body and synchysis, and the very retina was with fresh detachment without folds or epiretinal changes (that is, PVR A grade). There were a larger number of patients with more distinct proliferative changes of the vitreous body and of the retina, grades PVR B to C1-C2, and who also underwent the same surgical approach. Routine ophthalmologic examinations were performed, including: determination of visual acuity by Snellen’s optotypes, determination of eye pressure with Schiotz’s tonometer, examination of anterior segment on biomicroscopy, indirect biomicroscopy of posterior eye segment (vitreous body and retina) and examination on biomicroscopy with Goldmann prism, B scan echography of the eyes before and after surgical treatment. Conventional treatment was used by external application of buckle or application of buckle and encircling band. In case of one break, radial buckle was applied and in case of multiple breaks in one quadrant limbus parallel buckle was applied. Besides buckle, encircling band was applied in patients with total or subtotal retinal detachment with already present distinct changes in the vitreous body (PVR B or C1-C2) and degenerative changes in the vitreous body. Breaks were closed with cryopexy. Results: The results obtained have shown that male gender was predominant and that the disease was manifested in younger male adults. According to the present risk factor, high myopia was found in 5 patients, which has been emphasized to be a significant risk factor for onset of retinal detachment. Lattice degeneration was the most common peripheral degenerative change. The most frequently found was horseshoe retinal hole with vitreous traction and the break location was most common in the upper retinal quadrants. The most commonly applied type was limbus radial buckle with encircling band, depending on the pathological process in the eye. The retina was postoperatively attached in 31 eyes. In two cases, the retina was not attached; in one eye due to the inadequately inserted implant and in the other case due to the larger number of breaks (3) with more distinct PVR (C2), and postoperative inflammation and proliferative components were more intensified. In one patient who did not have a total detachment, but had a larger break placed posterior to the equator and PVR C1, re-detachment appeared one month later due to a manifested fibroproliferative reaction, although the break was closed. Regarding visual acuity, the day following the surgery there was no improvement; moreover, there was a small decline of visual acuity due to exudates in the vitreous body and vitreous hemorrhage. After 3 months, there was a significant improvement in the largest number of eyes. Intraoperative complications included intravitreous hemorrhage, and postoperative more distinct proliferative component in the vitreous body was found in two patients. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and intervention in retinal detachment by application of an adequate method and less invasive technique gives excellent results in postoperative morbidity rate and rehabilitation of the vision. The results of the conventional treatment of retinal detachment justify its application in the treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Buckle fractures are extremely common and their optimum management is still under debate. This study aimed to ascertain whether buckle fractures of the distal radius can be safely and effectively treated in soft cast with only a single orthopaedic outpatient clinic appointment. Methods: A total of 232 children with buckle fractures of the distal radius were included in the study. 111 children with 112 distal radius fractures were treated in full rigid cast and 121 children with 123 fractures were treated with soft cast. The rigid cast children attended outpatient clinic for removal of cast at 3 weeks. Soft casts were removed by parents unwinding the cast at home after 3 weeks. Follow-up was conducted prospectively by telephone questionnaire at an average of 6 weeks post-injury. Results: Outcome data were available for 117 children treated in soft cast and for 102 children treated in rigid cast. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall sustained from standing or running, followed by falls from bikes and then trampoline accidents. Overall, both groups recovered well. Overall satisfaction with the outcome of treatment was 97.4% in soft cast and 95.2% in rigid cast. Casts were reported as comfortable by 95.7% in soft cast and 93.3% in rigid cast. Cast changes were required for 6.8% of soft casts and 11.5% of rigid casts. The most frequent cause for changing rigid casts was getting the cast wet. None of the improved scores seen in the soft cast group were statistically significant. No re-fractures were seen in either group. Nearly all (94.9%) children in soft cast did bathe, shower or swim in their cast. Parents of both groups preferred treatment with soft cast (p <0.001). Reasons given for preferring the soft cast included the ability to get the cast wet, avoidance of the plaster saw and not having to take time off work to attend a follow-up visit for cast removal. Conclusion: Buckle fractures of the distal radius can be safely and effectively treated in soft cast with only a single orthopaedic outpatient clinic appointment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We describe a simple and effective method to control the periodicity of the buckling structure by thermal evaporation and ultraviolet/ozone (UVO) treatment so as to effectively extract the waveguide modes in organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices, inferring an underlying buckling mechanism. The periodicity of the buckles decreased from 460 to 300nm with the UVO treatment time, shifting the emission wavelength showing the highest enhancement ratio toward the shorter wavelengths in the device with buckles. We exemplified the outcoupling characteristics of the waveguide modes by the buckles with different periodicities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chromium (Cr) films are widely used as interlayers to promote the adhesion of copper or gold to substrates. However, the Cr interlayer usually fractures at lower strains than the ductile metal films. In this paper, the cracking and buckling behavior of Cr films on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates were studied in situ under tensile loading with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical microscope imaging. Cr films with three nominal thicknesses of 15, 70 and 140 nm were studied. The depth and width of the cracks, as well as the height and width of the buckles, were measured from AFM images acquired at incremental loading steps. The buckle shapes at different strain levels were carefully examined using AFM line profile. It was found that at large strain levels the measured buckle shapes usually deviated from the elastic buckling mode shapes. Further in situ AFM imaging of the buckles at a smaller scan area revealed that in some cases the buckles were cracked at the apex. These in situ nanoscale measurements provided experimental observations and data for further model development and more accurate measurement of the interfacial fracture energy at the Cr-PET interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chain algorithm element is created from pseudo-rigid-body segments and used in a chain calculation that accurately predicts the force deflection relationship of beams with large 3-D deflections. Each chain element is made up of three superimposed pseudo-rigid-body models acting orthogonally in relation to each other. The chain algorithm can accurately and quickly predict large displacements and the force-deflection relationship of lateral torsional buckled beams. This approach is not intended to compete with finite element analysis, but rather is a supplement tool that may prove particularly useful in the early phases of design when many analysis iterations are required. The 3-D chain algorithm is demonstrated and compared to the finite element analysis for the nonlinear large-deflection, post-buckling path of a flexible beam undergoing lateral-torsional buckling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to define the cultural context of a set of Visigothic metallic elements recovered from Patalou. Patalou is a site located in the county of Nisa, but it has not as yet been excavated. The artefacts of adornment, produced in bronze, and used over costume, are: three pieces of belt buckles, a simple buckle and an isolated component of a buckle. The analysis and interpretation developed in this text attempt to sort the artefacts according to a typology, in order to discuss their artistic, political, religious and chronological context. In doing so, I will compare the artefacts to those from well known Visigoth sites, namely burial sites located in the Iberian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimTo describe buckle-related complications following surgical repair of retinal dialysis.MethodsA retrospective study of 28 consecutive cryobuckle procedures for retinal detachments secondary to retinal dialysis is reported, with particular attention directed towards postoperative complications relating to the buckle. Stata 8 statistical software and Fisher's exact test were used to analyse the data.ResultsOf the 28 cases, anatomic success was achieved with a single procedure in 26 cases (92.9%). Postoperative complications were seen in 20 cases (71.4%), with complications attributable to the buckle noted in 19 (67.9%). Buckle-related complications included exposure (7; 25%), strabismus (5; 17.9%), and infection (3; 10.7%). Surgical removal of the buckle was indicated in 13 cases (46.4%), typically within the first 6 postoperative months. Of these, the retina remained flat following removal of buckle in 12 cases (92.3%), whereas the retina redetached in one case (7.7%).ConclusionCryotherapy with explant is an effective primary procedure for the surgical repair of retinal detachment secondary to retinal dialysis. However, there is a high rate of postoperative complications relating to the buckle following this surgical approach, although the buckle can be safely removed without compromising the anatomic success of the primary surgery in the vast majority of cases.Eye (2008) 22, 485–490; doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702665; published online 1 December 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2001, Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) undertook an archaeological excavation at Swainbost, Isle of Lewis, under the provisions of the Historic Scotland Human Remains Call Off Contract, following the discovery of the partial remains of a coastally-eroded in-situ human burial. The remains were found to be from one individual, probably male, aged between 30 and 34 years at death with a slight deformity of the spine buried in a supine position in a flat-based grave. Several flat slabs present in the vicinity may have been the remains of a cist. An iron artefact, identified as a belt buckle, was recovered adjacent to the right side of the pelvis. A single radiocarbon date suggests the burial dates to 390–170 BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to calculate the tensile and compressive properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles, with the atomic interactions modeled by the short-range Brenner potential coupled with the long-range van der Waals potential. The dependence of the tensile and compressive properties of various configurations of CNT bundles was investigated. The critical strains, failure and buckling loads were determined and presented for the different configurations of CNT bundles. The average failure load of each single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in a CNT bundle can be used to determine the failure load of the entire CNT bundle of any sizes. The MD simulations also reveal that CNT bundles comprising bigger SWCNTs will exhibit higher strength. The average buckling load of each SWCNT was computed and compared with earlier reported buckling loads for individual SWCNTs and it was found that the presence of intratube van der Waals interactions tend to weaken the CNT bundles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The macroscopic pre-cracked line scratch test (MPLST), in which a debonded edge of a film is loaded in in-plane compression, has been modeled as a generic, coupled fracture–buckle problem using simple beam theory. Near crack-tip beam rotation (also called root rotation in literature), which always exists due to the eccentric loading in this type of test, has been incorporated into the governing equations. An analytical solution to the augmented problem has been derived. It is found that the near-tip rotation can introduce pre-buckle bending in the film. One important consequence of this pre-buckle bending is that it leads to the reduction of the critical buckling condition. This agrees well with the results of [Int. J. Fract. 113 (2002) 39] obtained by solving the full elastic field near the crack-tip. Furthermore, the pre-buckle bending moment at crack-tip remains negative (leading to crack closure) as long as the pre-buckle crack length is small, but it becomes positive (leading to crack opening) at larger pre-buckle crack length. The negative bending moment causes the crack-tip energy release rate to decrease as the crack propagates, which results in a stable pre-buckle crack growth. Once it becomes positive, however, the bending moment causes crack-tip energy release rate to increase rapidly as crack length increases and hence leads to an unstable (pre-buckle) crack growth. Further, the nominal phase angle is initially larger than the classic prediction of 52.1° owing to the existence of the negative crack-tip bending moment, but it drops quickly upon approaching the buckle point. All these results are confirmed by a rigorous 2D FEM calculation using cohesive zone modeling (CZM) approach. Finally the derived analytical solution has been used to analyze a set of PLST data reported in the literature. It has been demonstrated that plasticity in the adhesive layer and in the bonded film is responsible for the strong R-curve toughening characteristics in the deduced interface toughness data. It has also been shown that, once the deduced interface toughness is incorporated into a CZM simulation, both the axial loading and buckling point can be accurately predicted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case study of an 8-year-old girl who while running, slips, braces her fall with the left upper extremity and then complains of pain in the hand. The pain persists for a few days and the patient is brought to the Emergency Room. Radiographs were obtained and demonstrated an impacted buckle fracture through the base of the left fifth metacarpal. The article discusses the value of comparative views to detect subtle buckle fractures of the metacarpals in children.

The article describes the case of a 12-year-old male patient who complained of pain and swelling on his left wrist following a dodge ball game. Particular focus is to common fractures of the carpal bones, as well as the patient's mechanism of injury. Topics discussed include radiographic findings and signs of a compressive fracture of the scaphoid bone.

The article presents the case of an 18-month-old female who fell off of a water park slide. The patient had a little limp, did not want to run and favored her left lower extremity. There was a little pain to palpation over the lower leg. Radiographs demonstrated a subtle buckle fracture in the distal left tibia of the infant. The article discusses the importance of the patient's history, the value of comparative views and of knowing where certain fractures are likely to occur.

The article describes the case of a 3-year-old male patient who developed swelling and bruising on his left hand after his brother accidentally stepped on his left hand. Topics discussed include the radiological procedure done on the patient, radiological findings showing some irregularity of contour of the base of the third metacarpal, and the susceptibility of children to buckle/compression fracture due their bones being soft.

The article discusses the case of a pediatric patient with the childhood equivalent of the Smith's buckle fracture. Topics discussed include mild pain and swelling experienced by the patient after falling on a flexed wrist, radiography of the wrist revealing buckle fracture, and the occurrence of ventral buckling.

The article describes the case of a 9-year-old male who suffered pain in the forefoot after accidentally stepping into a hole while playing out in the field. Topics discussed include the identification of subtle fractures on his right foot, the discoloration of the injured foot, and the immobilization of the foot in a cast.

The article discusses subtle buckle fractures of the distal tibia in children. Topics discussed include physical evidences of injuries in children who had fall accidents such as difficulty in walking and inability to bear weight, radiographic images of the leg showing a very subtle fracture, and comparing the x-rays of the injured leg to the normal leg. Also mentioned is the correlation of clinical findings with radiographic findings.

The article describes the case of a 12-year-old boy whose left fifth finger bent backwards. The patient presented to the emergency room with sore and swollen finger. Radiographs were obtained and they revealed an abducted left fifth finger and subtle evidence of a buckle fracture through the base of the proximal fifth phalanx.

The article describes the case of a teenager who had an angled buckle fracture in the proximal humerus after falling with an outstretched upper extremity while playing basketball. The fracture was revealed after radiographs were performed. Risk of cortical buckle fractures in older children and teenagers compared to younger children is discussed.

In situ graphene hybridization is applied within the nanotube voids to reinforce carbon nanotube (CNT) networks, as demonstrated by X. M. Li, H. W. Zhu, Y. Fang, and co‐workers on page 2078. The CNT–graphene hybrids effectively resist buckling deformation of the CNT network and load transfer within the hybridized films, which could be applied in wearable and implantable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]