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The treatment of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION), and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a topic of ongoing research with mixed evidence on some pharmacotherapies and a need for more consensus. This manuscript provides an overview of these conditions' current, potential future, and attempted pharmacotherapies. AAION's current treatment regimen consists of high-dose steroids, with methotrexate, tocilizumab, and abatacept, being the most viable steroid-sparing therapy candidates. As for NAAION, the treatments being tried are vast, with mixed evidence supporting each modality. Similarly, despite the various treatment options explored, there still needs to be a universally effective therapy for PION. More research is needed to formulate an agreed-upon treatment regimen for these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disorders are the most widespread mental disorders after stroke and hurt survivors' functional prognosis, response to restoration, and quality of life. This review will address an overview of the progress of research on the biological mechanisms associated with stroke-complicating sleep disorders. Extensive research has investigated the negative impact of stroke on sleep. However, a bidirectional association between sleep disorders and stroke exists; while stroke elevates the risk of sleep disorders, these disorders also independently contribute as a risk factor for stroke. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms of stroke-induced sleep disorders. Possible influences were examined, including functional changes in brain regions, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, neurological deficits, sleep ion regulation, neurotransmitters, and inflammation. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of stroke complicating sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the methods to inactivate viruses is to denature viral proteins using released ions. However, there have been no reports detailing the effects of changes in humidity or contamination with body fluids on the inactivation of viruses. This study investigated the effects of humidity changes and saliva contamination on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation with ions using multiple viral strains. Virus solutions with different infectious titers were dropped onto a circular nitrocellulose membrane and irradiated with ions from 10 cm above the membrane. After the irradiation of ions for 60, 90, and 120 min, changes in viral infectious titers were measured. The effect of ions on virus inactivation under different humidity conditions was also examined using virus solutions containing 90% mixtures of saliva collected from 10 people. A decrease in viral infectivity was observed over time for all strains, but ion irradiation further accelerated the decrease in viral infectivity. Ion irradiation can inactivate all viral strains, but at 80% humidity, the effect did not appear until 90 min after irradiation. The presence of saliva protected the virus from drying and maintained infectiousness for a longer period compared with no saliva. In particular, the Omicron strain retained its infectivity titer longer than the other strains. Ion irradiation demonstrated a consistent reduction in the number of infectious viruses when compared to the control across varying levels of humidity and irradiation periods. This underscores the notable effectiveness of irradiation, even when the reduction effect is as modest as 50%, thereby emphasizing its crucial role in mitigating the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu(II) was found using a quick and uncomplicated procedure that involved reacting it with a freshly synthesized ligand to create an orange complex that had an absorbance peak of 481.5 nm in an acidic solution. The best conditions for the formation of the complex were studied from the concentration of the ligand, medium, the effect of the addition sequence, the effect of temperature, and the time of complex formation. The results obtained are scatter plot extending from 0.1–9 ppm and a linear range from 0.1–7 ppm. Relative standard deviation (RSD%) for n = 8 is less than 0.5, recovery % (R%) within acceptable values, correlation coefficient (r) equal 0.9986, coefficient of determination (r2) equal to 0.9973, and percentage capital R-squared explained variation as a percentage/total variation (R2%) equal to 99.73. The method has been successfully applied for the estimation of Cu(II) ions without the influence of other interfering ions, and it can be applied to estimate Cu(II) in any sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing the electrodeposition process condition requires considerable effort and time. The use of modeling and simulations can largely solve this problem. This short review is focused on the development of mathematical models and molecular dynamics simulations, which can be used to predict the electrodeposition of thin silicon and silicon carbide films using the KCl-KF-KI electrolyte. The use of computer simulations to obtain thin films of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide is considered. Silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide are important biomedical materials. Additionally, we consider modeling the decomposition process of various precursors used as sources of Si4+ and C4+ ions for electrolytic deposition. The calculation of various physical properties of crystalline silicon and important modifications of silicon carbide, including the thermal conductivity, surface diffusion coefficients, and a detailed structure determined by constructing Voronoi polyhedra, are discussed. A computer model allows one to explore the use of "a defective silicene/silicon carbide" hybrid material as a lithium-ion battery anode. The possibilities for solving problems of processes optimization in modern methods for producing biomedical materials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammalian cerebral cortex undergoes a strictly regulated developmental process. Detailed in situ visualizations, imaging of these dynamic processes, and in vivo functional gene studies significantly enhance our understanding of brain development and related disorders. This review introduces basic techniques and recent advancements in in vivo electroporation for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral diseases. In utero electroporation (IUE) is extensively used to visualize and modify these processes, including the forced expression of pathological mutants in human diseases; thus, this method can be used to establish animal disease models. The advent of advanced techniques, such as genome editing, including de novo knockout, knock-in, epigenetic editing, and spatiotemporal gene regulation, has further expanded our list of investigative tools. These tools include the iON expression switch for the precise control of timing and copy numbers of exogenous genes and TEMPO for investigating the temporal effects of genes. We also introduce the iGONAD method, an improved genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery approach, as a novel genome-editing technique that has accelerated brain development exploration. These advanced in vivo electroporation methods are expected to provide valuable insights into pathological conditions associated with human brain disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluate light transmittance (%T), color change (ΔE), degree of conversion (DC), bottom-to-top Knoop microhardness (KHN), flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (FM), water sorption/solubility (WS/SL) and calcium release of resin composites containing different dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-to-barium glass ratios (DCPD:BG) and DCPD particle sizes. Ten resin-based composites (50 vol% inorganic fraction) were prepared using BG (0.4 µm) and DCPD particles (12 µm, 3 µm or mixture) with DCPD:BG of 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1. A composite without DCPD was used as a control. DC, KHN, %T and ΔE were determined in 2-mm thick specimens. BFS and FM were determined after 24 h. WS/SL was determined after 7 d. Calcium release was determined by coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha: 0.05). %T was significantly reduced in composites with milled, compared to pristine DCPD (p < 0.001). ΔE > 3.3 were observed with DCPD:BG of 1:1 and 3:1 formulated with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). DC increased at 1:1 and 3:1 DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). All composites presented bottom-to-top KHN of at least 0.8. BFS was not affected by DCPD size but was strongly dependent on DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). Reductions in FM were observed with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). WS/SL increased with DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). At 3DCPD: 1BG, using small DCPD particles led to a 35 % increase in calcium release (p < 0.001). A trade-off between strength and Ca2+ release was observed. In spite of its low strength, the formulation containing 3 DCPD: 1 glass and milled DCPD particles is preferred due to its superior Ca2+ release. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we built up and tested diffusion cells designed to obtain polysaccharide hydrogels by ionotropic gelation. The objective was to obtain gel samples that emulated the wall material of encapsulation beads but, unlike them, have appropriate size and shape for measurement of their structural properties, since these are of paramount importance for the protection, carry and delivery of bioactive compounds. Three polysaccharides widely used for encapsulation and with different gelation mechanisms were tested: kappaliota-carrageenan (which gels mainly in the presence of K+ ions), and sodium alginate and low methoxyl pectin (which both gel in the presence of Ca2+ ions). The diffusion cells consisted of two nitrocellulose membrane filters supported between three rings made by 3D printing. They were filled with the polysaccharide solution, hermetically tightened with screws and nuts, and submerged into the saline solution. The membrane filters effectively avoided the loss of the polysaccharide solution but allowed the diffusion of the ions (either Ca24 or K+) into the polysaccharide solutions to promote their gelation. Firm, self-standing gels were obtained, and their rheological and mechanical properties were successfully measured. Samples of different shapes and sizes could be obtained with this technique, for other types of measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extractive visible spectrophotometric procedure has been developed for diazepam (DZ) determination in pure and pharmaceutical forms using methyl orange (MO) and bromophenol blue (BPB) dyes. The proposed method was based on the formation of an ion–pair colored complex between diazepam and indicators via extracting them into chloroform whereby absorbance measured at 411 and 415 nm, respectively. The extracts are intensely colored and very stable at room temperature. The molar absorptivity for DZ–MO and DZ–BPB ion pairs were determined to be 5.3 × 103 and 6.66 × 103 L/mol × cm, respectively. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in all cases and the conditional stability constant (Kf) of the complexes was calculated. The effective range of concentration for an accurate determination as ascertained from Ringbom's plot was obtained at 16.67–50 μg/mL. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the analysis of drug dosage forms and no interference was observed from common excipients present in pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method were statistically compared by means of the student t-test and by the variance ratio, and F-test with the HPLC method. Here it is shown to be in excellent agreement with the official method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivars URS OLADA and URS POENTE, with superior agronomic performance were bred by the Oat Breeding Program of UFRGS. These cultivars were developed using germplasm from the Quaker Oat International Nursery, a long-term collaborative program of open exchange of oats superior germplasm among breeders in a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of measuring the lifetime of negative molecular ions and HD─ were refined by repeated processing: the lifetime of the ion is 3.9 ± 0.1 µs and that of the HD─ ion is 4.6 ± 0.1 µs. The values of the beam energy at which the measurements were carried out were refined. It is shown that the measurement results are divided into two groups in which the lifetimes of the and HD─ ions are equal with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thomson parabola spectrometer (TPS) [1] is a well-known, universal diagnostic tool that is widely used in laser plasma experiments to measure the parameters of accelerated ions. In contrast to other popular ion diagnostics, such as semiconductor detectors or ion collectors, the TPS is not greatly affected by electromagnetic pulses generated during high-power laser interaction with matter and can be tuned to acquire data in various energy ranges of accelerated ions, depending on the goal of the experiment. Despite the many advantages of this diagnostic device, processing the collected data is a difficult task and requires a lot of caution during interpretation of gathered results. In this work, we introduce the basic principles of operation and data analysis based on the numerical tool created specifically for the TPS designed at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, present a range of data obtained during various recent experiments in which our TPS was used, and highlight the difficulties in data analysis depending on the purpose of the experiment and the experimental setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tapureli is an ancient settlement in Rough Cilicia connected to the Kızılgeçit Valley being located 32 km north of Erdemli in the province of Mersin. It attracts attention with its layout and size, continuity of settlement, well-preserved houses and churches. In this study, two decorated houses that we identified among the houses during our surveys in Tapureli are evaluated. There are architectural decorations in Ionic and Corinthian order at the entrances of the houses belonging to the Roman Imperial Period which are also used in the Late Antiquity. These are rare examples in Cilicia and in other regions. In this study, the architectural ornaments and layouts in these two houses are examined in detail. In this context, reconstruction suggestions are undertaken with the data obtained from the entrances of both houses and a dating proposal has been made based on architectural ornaments. The appearance of architectural ornament forms in Tapureli, indicates that architectural elements in cities were also in demand at the countryside. For this reason, the relationship of these houses with local ornament workshops and local craftsmen is discussed. In addition, the reasons for the presence and use of these decorations in the houses located in the countryside of Rough Cilicia are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of entanglement between distant atoms via single photons is the basis for networked quantum computing, a promising route to large-scale trapped-ion and trapped-atom processors. Locating the emitter within an optical cavity provides an efficient matter-light interface, but mirror-induced birefringence within the cavity introduces time-dependence to the polarisation of the photons produced. We show that such 'polarisation oscillation' effects can lead to severe loss of fidelity in the context of two-photon, polarisation encoded measurement-based remote entanglement schemes. It is always preferable to suppress these errors at source by minimising mirror ellipticity, but we propose two remedies for systems where this cannot be achieved. We conclude that even modest cavity birefringence can be detrimental to remote entanglement performance, to an extent that may limit the suitability of polarisation-encoded schemes for large-scale quantum networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to environmentally relevant levels of settleable atmospheric particulate matter (SePM) limits the aerobic performance of inactive healthy adult fish. We evaluated the gill morpho-functional impacts (gill structure and ionic balance) caused by SePM exposure (96 h) in Nile tilapia when fish is impelled to maximal aerobic swimming effort. In control fish, swimming reduced epithelial filament thickness (EFT, 25 %), increased the distance between lamellae (DL, 21 %), and reduced the plasma Na+ (5 %). In resting fish, SePM exposure increased EFT (11 %), reduced DL (30 %), lamellar height (LH, 18 %), and plasma Na+ (4 %), whereas increased Cl- and K+ (8 % and 20 %). In SePM-exposure fish, swimming reduced EFT (40 %), increased DL (30 %) and LH (30 %), while reduced Na+ and Cl- (9 % and 18 %), and increased K+ when compared to inactive SePM-exposed fish. These morpho-functional limitations may compromise whole-body maintenance and swimming recovery, affecting the fish ability to perform at higher activity levels. [Display omitted] • SePM in aquatic environments poses a potential silent threat to natural fish. • SePM affected gill structure at rest and limited gill remodeling after swimming. • The ion imbalance indicate impairment in gill function. • SePM compromises fish physiological capacity to face aerobic challenges. • Functional tests, such as swimming trials, reveal silent impacts of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The JANNuS-Saclay multi-irradiation platform includes a triple beam facility coupled to an in-situ Raman spectrometer, established at CEA Saclay in 2009. In addition to the triple-beam chamber, two single-beam chambers are set up. Sample temperature can be varied from −180 °C to 800 °C, and at −260 °C or at 1200 °C in dedicated devices. The platform is also equipped with a multi-ion Beam Analysis chamber. JANNuS Saclay facility is a powerful tool to understand the changes generated by irradiation in materials, especially in nuclear application fields. This paper presents the recent facility developments since 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on plasma observations from Juno/Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment during the Ganymede flyby on 7 June 2021. Juno approached Ganymede from southern latitudes, passed through the wake region, then through its magnetosphere to closest approach (1,046 km from the surface) on the night side, and then back into Jupiter's plasma disk. We describe general plasma properties in the regions explored along the trajectory. We infer that Juno traversed a region of open field lines where one end intercepts Ganymede and the other Jupiter. The observations do not support Juno crossing into the closed field line region. The ion composition near Ganymede is very different than that of the nearby plasma environment. H2+ and H3+ ions were detected near Ganymede and in the wake region. Low energy (∼0.1–1 keV) electrons are enhanced just outside the magnetopause, in the wake (inbound trajectory) and in the magnetopause boundary layer (outbound trajectory). Plain Language Summary: On 7 June 2021 the Juno mission came as close as 1,046 km from the surface of Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system. Similar close encounters were previously made by the Galileo mission, from which we learned much of the interaction of the moon, with its own intrinsic magnetic field, and Jupiter's magnetosphere. In this paper, we present an overview of the plasma observations, that is, ions and electrons in the lower part of the energy spectrum, made by the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment. We find that the ion composition near Ganymede is very different than that from Jupiter's magnetosphere. Near Ganymede, the plasma composition is dominated by molecules and ions that originate from water in the atmosphere or the surface. One surprising observation is the presence of the molecular ion H3+ inside Ganymede's magnetosphere and in a region just outside and downstream, that we call the wake. H3+ was not included in various models of Ganymede's atmosphere. Key Points: The plasma observations show that Juno crossed into the open field line region, but do not support crossing into a closed field line regionThe ion composition near Ganymede is very different from its local plasma environmentH2+ and H3+ ions were detected inside Ganymede's magnetopause and outside in the wake region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is an important ecological factor affecting the osmolality of aquatic animals. Solenaia oleivora is an endemic and economically important freshwater shellfish in China. However, its osmotic response and osmoregulatory mechanisms under high salinity stress are still unclear. In this study, S. oleivora was exposed to saline water (salinity: 2.2‰) for 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, and then the changes in osmolality, ion concentrations, free amino acid (FAA) content, Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, and gill histology were analyzed. The hemolymph osmolality increased from 3 h after salinity stress and stabilized between 24–48 h. Na+ in the hemolymph increased from 24 h after salinity stress, and Cl− increased from 3 h. The content of total FAAs in the hemolymph increased after salinity stress. The content of alanine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and other FAAs increased after salinity stress. NKA activity in the gill, hepatopancreases, adductor muscle, and axe foot decreased during 3–48 h of salinity stress. The gill filament space increased and the number of gill cilia decreased after salinity stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) cumulatively explained 77.6% of the total variation. The NKA activity was positively associated with PC1, while the ion concentration and most FAAs were negatively associated with PC1. Thus, these results indicated that S. oleivora is an osmoconformer, and inorganic ions, FAA, NKA, and gill structure changes play an important role in its osmoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T lymphocytes (T cells) are essential for tumor immunotherapy. However, the insufficient number of activated T cells greatly limits the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Herein, we proposed an oncolytic virus‐mimicking strategy to enhance T cell recruitment and activation for tumor treatment. We constructed an oncolytic virus‐like nanoplatform (PolyIC@ZIF‐8) that was degraded in the acidic tumor environment to release PolyIC and Zn2+. The released PolyIC exhibited an oncolytic virus‐like function that induced tumor cell apoptosis and promoted T cell recruitment and activation through a tumor antigen‐dependent manner. More importantly, the released Zn2+ not only enhanced T cell recruitment by inducing CXCL9/10/11 expression but also promoted T cell activation to increase interferon‐γ (INF‐γ) expression by inducing the phosphorylation of ZAP‐70 via a tumor antigen‐independent manner. This Zn2+‐enhanced oncolytic virus‐mimicking strategy provides a new approach for tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T lymphocytes (T cells) are essential for tumor immunotherapy. However, the insufficient number of activated T cells greatly limits the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Herein, we proposed an oncolytic virus‐mimicking strategy to enhance T cell recruitment and activation for tumor treatment. We constructed an oncolytic virus‐like nanoplatform (PolyIC@ZIF‐8) that was degraded in the acidic tumor environment to release PolyIC and Zn2+. The released PolyIC exhibited an oncolytic virus‐like function that induced tumor cell apoptosis and promoted T cell recruitment and activation through a tumor antigen‐dependent manner. More importantly, the released Zn2+ not only enhanced T cell recruitment by inducing CXCL9/10/11 expression but also promoted T cell activation to increase interferon‐γ (INF‐γ) expression by inducing the phosphorylation of ZAP‐70 via a tumor antigen‐independent manner. This Zn2+‐enhanced oncolytic virus‐mimicking strategy provides a new approach for tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) has diverse functions related to plant development and growth. It creates the turgor pressure that drives cell growth by generating the energy needed for the active transport of solutes across the tonoplast. V‐ATPase is a large protein complex made up of multiheteromeric subunits, some of which have unknown functions. In this study, a forward genetics‐based strategy was employed to identify the vab3 mutant, which displayed resistance to isoxaben, a cellulose synthase inhibitor that could induce excessive transverse cell expansion. Map‐based cloning and genetic complementary assays demonstrated that V‐ATPase B subunit 3 (VAB3) is associated with the observed insensitivity of the mutant to isoxaben. Analysis of the vab3 mutant revealed defective ionic homeostasis and hypersensitivity to salt stress. Treatment with a V‐ATPase inhibitor exacerbated ionic tolerance and cell elongation defects in the vab3 mutant. Notably, exogenous low‐dose Ca2+ or Na+ could partially restore isoxaben resistance of the vab3 mutant, suggesting a relationship between VAB3‐regulated cell growth and ion homeostasis. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the V‐ATPase subunit VAB3 is required for cell growth and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Significance Statement: We identified a vab3 mutant. VAB3 is required for cell ion homeostasis and control of V‐ATPase‐related regulation of cell growth in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari, there is a striking contrast on the notion of truth. While the latter elides it as a problem in their project of a "generalized pragmatics," Foucault finds in it the key to link Anglo- American theories of the "speech act" to his analyses of "power-knowledge." The link is confirmed first in the continuity between L'Archéologie du savoir (1969), ostensibly a methodological book, and of the Leçons sur la volonté de savoir, the course of Foucault's first year (1970-1971) at the Collège de France, and then above all, in his reading of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, which was taken up again several times in the 1970s and 1980s. Truth is always analysed here as an essential function to govern the self and others by telling the truth, and this function is accomplished, according to Foucault, through the 'game of halves' that he discovers in Sophocles' tragedy, drawing on the work of Pierre Aubenque and Marcel Detienne. The two halves being the just and the true, Foucault also discovers the game in the research of George Dumézil. The contrast between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari is thus evident as well as in their way of referring to Dumézil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of most phenomenological models used to explain the infrared excited luminescence, a major assumption is usually made in the degree of freedom the excited charge has. One of the two extremes is normally assumed: charge is free to move anywhere over the whole crystal, or it is confined close to the trap and the centers immediately adjacent to it. Determining which of these extremes is more reasonable is difficult to do on the basis of the temporal behavior of the luminescence intensity alone. However, this assumption has important consequences for the understanding of the dynamics of the luminescence process because of the difference in the number of recombination and trapping centers available to the excited charge. Additional experimental evidence was thus sought on this aspect of charge movement. One such experiment is the detection of photoconductivity in which an electrical current is measured during optical excitation or shortly there-after. In this paper, the details of photoconductivity experiments on K crystal are presented. Photoconductivity measurements were inconclusive as to whether or not there was a current flowing during the 850 nm excitation of a feldspar sample. However, there was a clear current when exciting the same sample with 515 nm light, but there was a complex relationship between the magnitude of the current and the number of emission photons counted. A model was developed to explain the photoconductivity results where electrons migrate through the conduction band aided by thermal excitation and tunneling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter is known to have a complex magnetosphere containing energetic (above 10s of keV) electrons, protons, and heavy ions. However, a global distribution of these energetic particles is not fully understood before the era of the polar‐orbiting Juno mission. In this study, we focus on the energetic proton distribution at M < 50 by taking advantage of Juno's measurement covering various magnetic latitudes and M‐shells, and find that energetic proton fluxes are higher off‐equator than that near the equator at M > ∼20, and become comparable or lower at high latitudes than those near the equator at low M‐shells. Pitch angle distributions of energetic protons are field‐aligned, isotropic, and weak pancake‐like from high to low M‐shells. Proton phase space density shows a weak M‐shell dependence at M > 30 and a large positive slope at M < 30, suggesting their potential source and loss processes. Plain Language Summary: Jupiter has a strongly magnetized magnetosphere, which traps electrons and ions with a broad energy range. Before the arrival of Juno at Jupiter, there were limited observations of particles at high latitudes. By taking advantage of high‐quality energetic proton observations from Juno, we evaluate the global distribution of energetic protons at Jupiter. The statistical results suggest that energetic proton flux is mostly comparable or even higher at high latitudes compared to that near the equator, which is consistent with their equatorial pitch angle distributions showing mostly field‐aligned and isotropic, except for a weak pancake feature at low M‐shells. Furthermore, the radial proton phase space density profile shows a weak M‐shell dependence at M > 30 and a large positive slope at M < 30. The underlying mechanisms related to the observed statistical pattern of proton distributions are discussed. Key Points: A statistical survey of energetic proton flux at various M‐shells (M < 50) and magnetic latitudes is performed using Juno observationsPitch angle distribution of energetic protons is mostly field aligned at M > 25 and tends to become pancake‐shaped at smaller M‐shellsPhase space density of equatorial protons increases with increasing M‐shell at M ∼7–30 and keeps almost the same beyond M ∼ 30 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the ions of iron ion, Ca2 +, Mg2+, salt content, B3 + and Al3 + on fracturing fluid are tested・ The experiment showed that due to the low concentration of Mg2 +, Al3 + can be ignored by the small effects. When the main affecting ions of iron ion, Ca2 +, salt content, B3 + was removed, the fracturing fluid system can withstand temperature up to 130 °C, the lowest viscosity up to 83 mPa • s after 2 h shearing and the filtration coefficient is 6 ・ 54 X 10 4 m/min12. The damage rate tests show that the maximum damage rate is 21. 16%, when salt water and kerosene are used as mobile media, the viscosity and surface tension of gel breaking liquid are 3・ 75 mPa • s and 22. 7 mN/m respectively, which meet the requirements of application indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experimental data on the sputtering coefficient of TiC and MAX phase Ti2AlC by noble gas ions Ne, Ar and Xe are summarized. • The sputtering coefficients of TiC and MAX phase Ti2AlC were calculated using a semi-empirical model. • A comparison of the experimental and calculated data showed satisfactory agreement. Information on sputtering coefficients of materials is necessary for coating deposition technologies and studying the interaction of ion beams and plasma with the surface. This paper summarizes experimental data on sputtering coefficients of TiC and MAX phase Ti 2 AlC by noble gas ions Ne, Ar, and Xe. The sputtering coefficients of TiC and MAX phase Ti 2 AlC were calculated using a semi-empirical model. A comparison of the experimental and calculated data showed satisfactory agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) aerogels are highly porous (∼99 %), exhibit ultralow density, and are excellent sorbents for removing ionic pollutants and oils/organic solvents from water. Their abundant hydroxyl and amino groups facilitate the adsorption of ionic pollutants through electrostatic interaction, complexation and chelation mechanisms. Selection of suitable surface wettability is the way to separate oils/organic solvents from water. This review summarizes the most recent developments in improving the adsorption performance, mechanical strength and regeneration of CS aerogels. The structure of the paper follows the extraction of chitosan, preparation and sorption characteristics of CS aerogels for heavy metal ions, organic dyes, and oils/organic solvents, sequentially. A detailed analysis of the parameters that influence the adsorption/absorption performance of CS aerogels is carried out and their effective control for improving the performance is suggested. The analysis of research outcomes of the recently published data came up with some interesting facts that the unidirectional pore structure and characteristics of the functional group of the aerogel and pH of the adsorbate have led to the enhanced adsorption performance of the CS aerogel. Finally, the excerpts of the literature survey highlighting the difficulties and potential of CS aerogels for water remediation are proposed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity caused by sodium chloride on the content of ions and understand the level of resistance in four varieties of Canola (Brassica napus L.) namely Talaye, Sarigol, Zarafam, and Opera. The plants were grown in hydroponic solution (1/4 strength Hoagland solution) and greenhouse conditions. When the plants reached the 5-leaf stage, they were treated with concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 75, and 100 mM sodium chloride for 14 days and then harvested. In order to measure the content of nutritional elements of the plant organs, extracts of the desired organs were prepared. The results of the experiments showed that with increasing salinity, the potassium content of shoots and roots decreased in all 4 cultivars in response to salinity stress, while the content of chlorine and sodium increased. The highest increase of chlorine and sodium elements in response to salinity stress was observed in Talaye and Sarigol cultivars, about 1000 times more than the control plants. The increase in the sodium content of the shoot was higher than that of the root and it increased about 800 times in the roots of Talaye and Sarigol cultivars, it increased about 800 times. Proline and glycine betaine contents of leaves increased in response to salt stress. The amount of soluble sugar in shoot and root also increased in some cultivars, so in the treatment of 100 mM, its amount in the leaves of Talaye variety increased by 43% and in Sarigol by 80%. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that among the cultivars studied, Opera and Zarafam cultivars have better performance under salt stress than the other two cultivars, and the performance of Sarigol is weaker than other cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perturbative and nonperturbative terms of the cross-sections of ultraperipheral production of lepton pairs in ion collisions are taken into account. It is shown that production of low-mass e + e − pairs is strongly enhanced (compared to perturbative estimates) due to the nonperturbative Sommerfeld–Gamow–Sakharov (SGS) factor. Coulomb attraction of the nonrelativistic components of those pairs leads to the finite value of their mass distribution at lowest masses. Their annihilation can result in an increased intensity of 511 keV photons. It can be recorded at the NICA collider and is especially crucial in astrophysical implications regarding the 511 keV line emitted from the Galactic center. The analogous effect can be observed in lepton pairs production at LHC. Energy spectra of lepton pairs created in ultraperipheral nuclear collisions and their transverse momenta are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare type of vacuolating leukodystrophy (white matter disorder), which is mainly caused by defects in MLC1 or glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM) proteins. In addition, autoantibodies to GlialCAM are involved in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. MLC1 and GLIALCAM genes encode for membrane proteins of unknown function, which has been linked to the regulation of different ion channels and transporters, such as the chloride channel VRAC (volume regulated anion channel), ClC-2 (chloride channel 2), and connexin 43 or the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. However, the mechanisms by which MLC proteins regulate these ion channels and transporters, as well as the exact function of MLC proteins remain obscure. It has been suggested that MLC proteins might regulate signalling pathways, but the mechanisms involved are, at present, unknown. With the aim of answering these questions, we have recently described the brain GlialCAM interactome. Within the identified proteins, we could validate the interaction with several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the orphan GPRC5B and the proposed prosaposin receptors GPR37L1 and GPR37. In this review, we summarize new aspects of the pathophysiology of MLC disease and key aspects of the interaction between GPR37 receptors and MLC proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean is one of the most cultivated vegetables globally and in Turkey. Especially in areas with a temperate climate, the losses in productivity and quality limit production due to high temperatures. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the bean genotypes tolerant to high temperature stress and to reduce the above-mentioned yield and quality losses to benefit the researchers and producers. In the present study, 46 bean genotypes and 2 bean cultivars, determined to be tolerant and sensitive to high temperatures in previous studies, were used. Variations in 0-5 visual scale value, plant fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, stem diameter, plant height, leaf number and area, relative leaf water content, membrane damage index and ion (K and Ca) content were determined in bean plants. Bean seeds were sown in 2-liter pots containing 2:1 peat + perlite mixture, 3 plants per pot based on the randomized blocks experimental design. From the seed sowing until the first real leaf appearance, the pots were irrigated with tap water and then, the pots were irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. The control plants were grown in a polyethylene greenhouse and the plants subjected to high temperature were grown in an extra polyethylene covered high tunnel in a polyethylene greenhouse to create high temperature stress. There was a daytime temperature difference of 6ºC (optimum: 32.17ºC for high temperature application; optimum: 26.17ºC for control application) between the control and high temperature applications. The analyzes conducted on the plants revealed that the genotypes V21, V28, V32, V82, T65, and V-a1 and cv. Yakutiye were tolerant to high temperature stress, while the genotypes V88, V89, T7, and T72 and cv. Zulbiye were the sensitive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Na+/Ca2+-induced soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) migration in the mucus layer. The viscosity, potential, microstructure, SHP migration, and metabolite migration were analyzed. The results showed that Na+ had little effect on the viscosity of polysaccharides, while Ca2+ increased the viscosity of polysaccharides. Na+ and Ca2+ promoted the migration of SHP particles by reducing the zeta potential, while they decreased the migration of SHP chyle particles by increasing the aggregation. SHP was fermented by gut microbiota to produce a large number of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Compared with Ca2+, Na+ increased the migration of total SCFAs in the mucus layer. The high-Na+/Ca2+ mucus internal environment had a specific effect on the transport of nutrients in the intestine. [Display omitted] • Na+/Ca2+ increased the migration of SHP by reducing the electrostatic interaction. • Na+/Ca2+ decreased the migration of SHP chyle by increasing the aggregation of chyle. • Na+ increased the migration of total SCFAs in the mucus layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is presented on the elastic scattering of electrons from Nq+ (q = 1–3), Na+, Arq+ (q = 1–3, 7–8), Xeq+ (q = 2–6, 8) to understand the available experimental differential cross section results. A model potential approach has been utilized to describe the scattering process. The model potential includes the static, exchange, polarization and absorption potentials. The static potentialis obtained through the charge density calculated by obtaining ionic wave functions using multi‐configuration Dirac‐Fock (MCDF) approximation. Thereafter, the static potential is added to the suitable exchange, polarisation and absorption potentials to construct the spherically averaged complex optical potential. Using the obtained potential in the Dirac equations,these are solved with the partial wave phase shift analysis method and the differential cross sections are calculated. Results for different ions exhibit prominent interference structures in the energy versus cross section curves and show good agreement on comparison with the experimental results available in the selected energy ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmembrane charge (ion/electron) transfer is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is involved in many biological processes, from protein synthesis to embryonic development in organisms. Designing implant devices that can detect or regulate cellular transmembrane charge transfer is expected to sense and modulate the behaviors of host cells and tissues. Thus, charge transfer can be regarded as a bridge connecting living systems and human‐made implantable devices. This review describes the mode and mechanism of charge transfer between organisms and nonliving materials, and summarizes the strategies to endow implants with charge‐transfer regulating or monitoring abilities. Furthermore, three major charge‐transfer controlling systems, including wired, self‐activated, and stimuli‐responsive biomedical implants, as well as the design principles and pivotal materials are systematically elaborated. The clinical challenges and the prospects for future development of these implant devices are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating sodium is analyzed by flame spectrometry and indirect or direct potentiometry. The differences between estimates returned by the three techniques are often relevant. It is unknown whether peer-reviewed international publications focusing on this parameter provide information about the technique. Objectives of the study were to ascertain if information about the employed technique is provided. A search in the National Library of Medicine for articles whose title contains "hyponatr[a]emia" was performed. We restricted the search to clinical reports including 10 or more humans published in the 2013–2015 and 2017–2019 periods. Authors of papers not reporting the technique were contacted to obtain this information. The study design and journal quartile ranking of each article were also evaluated. For the final analysis, we included 361 articles (2013–2015, n=169; 2017–2019, n=192). Information about the laboratory technique was given in 61(17%) articles. Thanks to our inquiry, we collected this information for 116(32%) further reports. Indirect potentiometry was the most frequently used technique, followed by direct potentiometry. Spectrometry was used in a small minority of studies. Study design, journal ranking and study period did not modulate the mentioned frequency. Most articles focusing on hyponatremia do not provide information on the laboratory technique. This parameter is nowadays analyzed by indirect or, less frequently, direct potentiometry. The figures are similar for high and low impact factor journals and for the 2013–2015 and the 2017–2019 periods. Many authors, reviewers and editors likely assume that the results of this parameter are not influenced by the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BepiColombo Mio (previously called MMO: Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) was successfully launched by Ariane 5 from Kourou, French Guiana on October 20, 2018. The Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment (MPPE) is a comprehensive instrument package onboard Mio spacecraft used for plasma, high-energy particle and energetic neutral atom measurements. It consists of seven sensors including two Mercury Electron Analyzers (MEA1 and MEA2), Mercury Ion Analyzer (MIA), Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA), High Energy Particle instrument for electron (HEP-ele), High Energy Particle instrument for ion (HEP-ion), and Energetic Neutrals Analyzer (ENA). Significant efforts were made pre-flight to calibrate all of the MPPE sensors at the appropriate facilities on the ground. High voltage commissioning of MPPE analyzers was successfully performed between June and August 2019 and in February 2020 following the completion of the low voltage commissioning in November 2018. Although all of the MPPE analyzers are now ready to begin observation, the full service performance has been delayed until Mio's arrival at Mercury. Most of the fields of view (FOVs) of the MPPE analyzers are blocked by the thermal shield surrounding the Mio spacecraft during the cruising phase. Together with other instruments on Mio including Magnetic Field Investigation (MGF) and Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) that measure plasma field parameters, MPPE will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the plasma environment around Mercury when BepiColombo/Mio begins observation after arriving at the planet Mercury in December 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Association analysis for ionomic concentrations of 20 elements identified independent genetic factors underlying the root and shoot ionomes of rice, providing a platform for selecting and dissecting causal genetic variants. Understanding the genetic basis of mineral nutrient acquisition is key to fully describing how terrestrial organisms interact with the non-living environment. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves both as a model organism for genetic studies and as an important component of the global food system. Studies in rice ionomics have primarily focused on above ground tissues evaluated from field-grown plants. Here, we describe a comprehensive study of the genetic basis of the rice ionome in both roots and shoots of 6-week-old rice plants for 20 elements using a controlled hydroponics growth system. Building on the wealth of publicly available rice genomic resources, including a panel of 373 diverse rice lines, 4.8 M genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms, single- and multi-marker analysis pipelines, an extensive tome of 321 candidate genes and legacy QTLs from across 15 years of rice genetics literature, we used genome-wide association analysis and biparental QTL analysis to identify 114 genomic regions associated with ionomic variation. The genetic basis for root and shoot ionomes was highly distinct; 78 loci were associated with roots and 36 loci with shoots, with no overlapping genomic regions for the same element across tissues. We further describe the distribution of phenotypic variation across haplotypes and identify candidate genes within highly significant regions associated with sulfur, manganese, cadmium, and molybdenum. Our analysis provides critical insight into the genetic basis of natural phenotypic variation for both root and shoot ionomes in rice and provides a comprehensive resource for dissecting and testing causal genetic variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmembrane charge (ion/electron) transfer is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is involved in many biological processes, from protein synthesis to embryonic development in organisms. Designing implant devices that can detect or regulate cellular transmembrane charge transfer is expected to sense and modulate the behaviors of host cells and tissues. Thus, charge transfer can be regarded as a bridge connecting living systems and human‐made implantable devices. This review describes the mode and mechanism of charge transfer between organisms and nonliving materials, and summarizes the strategies to endow implants with charge‐transfer regulating or monitoring abilities. Furthermore, three major charge‐transfer controlling systems, including wired, self‐activated, and stimuli‐responsive biomedical implants, as well as the design principles and pivotal materials are systematically elaborated. The clinical challenges and the prospects for future development of these implant devices are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The development of a chilled storage protocol of fish sperm requires an understanding of sperm biology and function as the activation/inhibition of fish sperm is greatly affected by several environmental factors. This study aimed to determine the effects of ionic and non‐ionic solutions, extender types (Ringer's solution, Ca‐F HBSS solution, HBSS solution, He and Wood solution, Saline solution, and Modified Cortland solution), and chilled‐storage period on sperm quality and fertilization ability of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer semen. Regulation of Asian seabass sperm motility was dependent on the osmolality of both ionic and non‐ionic activation media. The threshold levels on the initiation of sperm motility were detected in KCl (>100 mM), NaCl (>50 mM), CaCl2 (>50 mM), glucose (>300 mM), and mannitol (>100 mM) solutions. Relatively high percentages of sperm motility (>80%) were observed when activated with KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, and mannitol solutions at above 700, 600, 350, 1,000, and 1,000 mM, respectively. Ringer's solution was the most optimal extender for chilled storage of Asian seabass semen at 2–4°C supported by the retention of sperm motility and viability for 6 days. Semen diluted in Ringer's solution and chilled‐stored for 2 days exhibited acceptable fertilization (66.1% ± 6.2%) and hatching (56.4% ± 2.9%) rates. This report, for the first time, describes the ionicity and non‐ionicity effects on the motility of Asian seabass sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently emerged ionic thermoelectric conversion with the Soret effect is advantageous in providing large thermopower on the order of ≈1–10 mV K−1, but the origin of the large thermopower and the methodology of attaining superior thermoelectric performances are yet to be disclosed. Here, key parameters and their optimization for outstanding thermoelectric responses with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS‐H) are unveiled. It is found that the thermo‐diffusion of water boosts proton transport, playing a key role in obtaining large ionic thermopower by promoting unidirectional migration of protons from a hotter to colder side. When graphene oxide (GO) embedded in PSS‐H is aligned along the transport direction of protons and water, their diffusion along the in‐plane direction of GO is promoted, enlarging both ionic thermopower and ionic electrical conductivity. PSS‐H containing 3 wt% GO possesses extremely large ionic power factors up to 1.8 mW m−1 K−2 and ionic figure‐of‐merits up to 0.85 at 23 °C. This study provides not only preeminent thermoelectric performances based on ion transport but also identifies the influence of the key parameters on thermoelectric properties, suggesting controllability of thermo‐diffusion of ions depending on inclusions in base materials, which will draw numerous subsequent research with their alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow and ice are important reservoirs of atmospheric ions, yet a comprehensive understanding of ions in snow/ice remains a challenge due to spatiotemporal limitations of field campaigns. To address this issue, mathematical statistics were employed to summarize global observational data from 49 published sources covering 546 snow and 19 ice core sampling sites. The findings show remarkable variability in ion concentrations and compositions in snow, with differences spanning 4 to 6 orders of magnitude. This variation changes with elevation, season and historical development, and differs regionally and within regions. These complex patterns of ion distribution in snow and ice are shaped by a range of factors, including local and remote emission sources, trans-regional transports, atmospheric circulations, natural climate variability, geographical features and environmental factors. This comprehensive global analysis would effectively enhance our understanding of snow and ice chemistry and its significant environmental implications, particularly in the context of a rapid changing global climate. • A comprehensive global assessment of ions in snow and ice cores was conducted based on 546 snow samples and 19 ice cores. • Ions exhibited divergent spatiotemporal patterns in types, concentrations and sources. • The complex patterns of ion distribution were shaped by a range of influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The guide aims to lower the risk of misinterpreting LEIS data by non-expert users. • It serves as a compact database of LEIS spectra for various kinds of materials. • It reflects the most frequently used experimental conditions. • All data were acquired on a dedicated and commercially available LEIS instrument. Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) spectrometry is extraordinarily sensitive and specific to the outermost atomic layers of materials. It is a powerful tool for surface science. Here, we present a practical guide on LEIS spectral interpretation that is based on actual LEIS spectra of a variety of materials. While this article covers some of the theory of LEIS, it is not an exhaustive description of this aspect of the technique. Rather, it is intended for the broad community of scientists who, while not necessarily active users of LEIS instruments, need LEIS in their research, perhaps obtaining LEIS spectra by collaboration or encountering it in the scientific literature. The spectra/experimental results we present reflect both basic and advanced features of LEIS. We believe this guide is quite comprehensive. Most of the spectra shown herein were obtained on a modern high sensitivity (HS)-LEIS instrument. The analyser of this instrument defines and fixes a scattering angle of 145°. However, these results are representative of other widely used geometries. The features of these spectra are quite general. Key concepts covered in this work include surface peaks, elements that promote reionization, double and multiple scattering/collisions, quantification with reference materials, the effect of contamination, differences between particulate and crystalline materials/surfaces, direct scattering from the second atomic layer of a material, and the use and effects of different primary ions, e.g., He+, Ne+, and Ar+. The LEIS spectra shown and discussed in this work come from different materials, including as-received, clean, and oxidized Cu, silicone rubber, Ca evaporated onto SiO 2 , Al, graphene on Cu, Fe, Rh, FeRh, CaF 2 , native silicon oxide (SiO 2) on silicon, BeO, B 2 O 3 , Bi 2 Se 3 , Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene), LiF, SrTiO 3 , an alloy with five elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni), and Au. Many of these materials are of substantial technological interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the electronic stopping power data within the IAEA database, assessing the abundance and scarcity of available data as a function of energy and collisional systems. Our analysis includes an examination of the experimental values, their evolution in time, the dispersion among data, and trends of the more recent measurements. Additionally, we provide comparisons with SRIM-2013 calculations for select cases of interest. Notably, we identify sparsely measured systems and energy regions, emphasizing the pressing need for new, reliable data and independent theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an inert glass bead suspension, the study explores the interaction between various PCE superplasticizers, ions and investigates how it affects rheological performance during resting. To understand the underlying mechanisms, surface charge properties, adsorption, aggregates amount, and size of PCE during resting were measured. Results showed that yield stress increased with time, mainly when a high PCE dosage was used, and the modulus from strain sweep experiments agreed with the yield stress variations. The increase in zeta potential value and decrease in aggregate amount explain the decrease in yield stress in the non-PCE sample but are inconsistent with the increase in yield stress in presence of PCE. The PCE clusters' size increases during resting, and increasing PCE adsorption does not disperse the glass bead particles. In addition, compared to the amount of carboxylate group, the molecular weight of PCE is more dominant in increasing the yield stress during resting. The increase in yield stress could be explained by the increase in the bridging and depletion forces due to the increasing size of the PCE cluster. Another possible reason is that non-adsorbed PCE clusters may form a polymer network that restricts the movement of the particles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent Advances: The 2019 Nobel Prize awarded to the mechanisms for oxygen sensing and adaptation according to oxygen availability, highlighting the fundamental importance of gaseous molecules. Gaseous molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), can interact with different cations generated during metabolic and redox dysregulation in cancer cells. Cross talk between calcium signaling and metabolic/redox pathways leads to network-based dyregulation in cancer. Significance: Recent discovery on using small molecules targeting the ion channels, redox signaling, and protein modification on metabolic enzymes can effectively inhibit cancer growth. Several FDA-approved drugs and clinical trials are ongoing to target the calcium channels, such as TRPV6 and TRPM8. Multiple small molecules from natural products target metablic and redox enzymes to exert an anticancer effect. Critical Issues: Small molecules targeting key ion channels, metabolic enzymes that control key aspects of metabolism, and redox proteins are promising, but their action mechanisms of the target are needed to be elucidated with advanced-omic technologies, which can give network-based and highly dimensioal data. In addition, small molecules that can directly modify the protein residues have emerged as a novel anticancer strategy. Future Directions: Advanced technology accelerates the detection of ions and metabolic and redox changes in clinical samples for diagnosis and informs the decision of cancer treatment. The improvement of ROS detection, ROS target identification, and computational-aid drug discovery also improves clincal outcome.Overall, network-based or holistic regulations of cancer via ion therapy and metabolic and redox intervention are promising as new anticancer strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1108–1127. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of low-energy oxygen ion irradiation on the composition and some properties of the layer formed on the thallium surface is studied. It is shown that the bombardment by oxygen ions leads to the formation of a two-dimensional oxide layer. The resulting oxide layer improves the passivation of the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syndecan-3 (SDC3) and Syndecan-4 (SDC4) are distributed throughout the nervous system (NS) and are favourable factors in motor neuron development. They are also essential for regulation of neurite outgrowth in the CNS. However, their roles in the reconstruction of the nodes of Ranvier after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) are still unclear. Present study used an in vivo model of end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) for 1–3 months. The recovery of neuromuscular function was evaluated by grooming test. Expression and co-localization of SDC3, SDC4, and Nav1.6 channel (Nav1.6) at regenerating axons were detected by proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy after ESN. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was used for imaging ions distribution on tissue. Our data showed that the re-clustering of sodium and Nav1.6 at nodal regions of the regenerating nerve corresponded to the distribution of SDC3 after ESN. Furthermore, the re-establishment of sodium and Nav1.6 correlated with the recovery of muscle power 3 months after ESN. This study suggested syndecans may involve in stabilizing Nav1.6 and further modulate the distribution of sodium at nodal regions after remyelination. The efficiency of sodium re-clustering was improved by the assistance of anionic syndecan, resulting in a better functional repair of PNI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium is a prerequisite factor for triggering the sperm activation in salmonids. The aim of this study was to test different concentrations of Ca2+ on sperm motility activation and fertility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Semen samples activated with calcium free activator (0.0 mM) and increasing concentrations of CaCl2 (6.3, 7.9, 9.5 and 11 Mm) were evaluated by computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA). To assess fertility, eggs from three females were fertilized with semen and activated with each of the five solutions and incubated until four‐cell stage when the rate fertility and the symmetry of the first blastomeres were evaluated. The results show that eliminating calcium from the activator solution significantly reduced the motility rate and fertility in comparison with the other treatments, while increasing the CaCl2 from 6.3 to 11 mM generated high sperm motility (78.5 ± 5.8–95.4 ± 4.0%) and fertility (85.0 ± 9.3–96.0 ± 6.51%) rates, and low symmetry rates in the first blastomeres (<20%). No significant differences were found between solutions for the latter two variables, suggesting that the calcium concentrations were in balance with the other components of the medium and within the requirements for the fertilization of rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new definition of the interface in the context of the Bernoulli percolation model. We construct a coupling between two percolation configurations, one which is a standard percolation configuration, and one which is a percolation configuration conditioned on a disconnection event. We define the interface as the random set of the edges where these two configurations differ. We prove that, inside a cubic box ∧, the interface between the top and the bottom of the box is typically localised within a distance of order (ln /∧/)² of the set of the pivotal edges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]