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Theodosius Harnack, a practical theologian who taught in Dorpat and Erlangen, was born in St. Petersburg. Strongly influenced by the Moravian Brethren and the Catholic revivalist movement in his youth, as a professor of theology in Dorpat he became a leading representative of a confessionalist renewal of the German-speaking Lutheran Church in the Russian Empire. Dorpat was the only Protestant theological faculty in Russia and was held in high esteem by Lutherans in the German Empire. In 1871, Theodosius Harnack, who had already travelled to Italy after completing his studies, travelled to Rome for the first time in his life. The fragment of a letter that has been preserved in the possession of the von Harnack family and is now published here for the first time provides information about this trip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mountain communities of late-first millennium bc Italy have been regarded as non-urban societies that reverted to city life mainly owing to Roman intervention. A growing body of archaeological evidence is uncovering the diversity of settlement forms and dynamics in the region's pre-Roman past, which included sites encompassing a range of functions and social agents. This article presents an in-depth, microscale analysis of one such site, Monte Vairano in Samnium, drawing on perspectives from comparative urbanism. Monte Vairano developed urban characteristics such as a complex socioeconomic profile and political cohesion, as well as potentially more unique features such as an apparently balanced distribution of wealth. These results can shed further light on the diversity of ancient urbanization and its sociopolitical implications in late-first millennium bc Italy and the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the company of Baudelaire we venture into the dualistic culture that permeates Les Fleurs du Mal. We focus on one of the most representative poems of dualism, the CXIX Abel et Caïn, in order to offer a double translation proposal in French-Italian and French-Spanish combinations. The application of a qualitativecontrastive methodology will allow us to carry out an analysis of poetry to show similarities and divergences between these languages. Subsequently, a detailed philological-translatological analysis of the aforementioned poetry will lead to a double translation, into Italian and Spanish respectively, a contribution with which we intend to make known to the target audience some translations that have been purged of errors and loaded with the immediacy characteristic of the original. Finally, we hope that the result of this research will enable the future reader to enjoy Charles Baudelaire's work through a new approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we start from the epistemic uses of future tenses (simple and anterior) in French and Italian in order to determine the degree of correspondence of their use in the respective languages, and, in a second stage of the work, to determine their equivalents in the Serbian language. Examination of the theoretical considerations concerning these two forms makes it clear that in both languages the construction with the verb duty (It. dovere) is often concurrent with the forms studied. Therefore, the study of this construction has become a necessary part of this work. Based on contrastive analysis, we analyse the examples extracted from a corpus consisting of French novels and their translations into Italian, Italian novels and their translations into French, and Serbian translations of all the works concerned. The analysis of the examples of the corpus revealed the following: The French epistemic future has a different distribution than the Italian epistemic future, the use of the French epistemic simple future having disappeared in the contemporary language (and being replaced by the epistemic duty) and the French epistemic future tense being considerably less frequent than the Italian epistemic future tense. In Italian, the two forms of the epistemic future are still quite widespread. In Serbian, the future tenses do not have the capacity to express the epistemic modality, and it is the construction mora da followed by the main conjugated verb (in the tense to which the supposition relates) which has imposed itself as the most frequent epistemic marker, and compatible with all degrees of the epistemic modal scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with expressing causality in French and Italian, from the syntactic and semantic point of view. The research first establishes the inventory of the most frequent means and syntactic procedures by which causality is formalized in French, and then a contrastive method is used to point out similarities and differences that exist in both languages, regarding its way of expression, particularly the structure of subordinating conjunctions. Finally, the analysis of the corpus showed that the observed structures in French usually have the equivalent structures in Italian, but also that there are some classification and structural incongruences between the two observed languages. The French conjunction parce que has two equivalents in Italian (perché and ché/che), although there are some differences regarding their use. It is the same for the French conjunction comme, that has its equivalent in Italian siccome. On the contrary, the French conjunction puisque has a whole range of equivalents in Italian: visto che, dato che, dal momento che. Although in Italian there is no coordinating causal conjunctions, the conjunction car finds its equivalent in Italian perché. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the debate on social security regimes applicable to platform workers in Italy. As social security regimes differ according to the type of employment or self‐employment relationship, Italian case law dealing with platform workers' employment status will be illustrated. Italian legislation, case law and collective bargaining on health and safety at work will then be presented, clarifying the coverage to which platform workers are entitled in the event of accidents at work and occupational diseases, with a focus on the COVID‐19 pandemic impact. In turn, the two main Italian minimum income schemes and the related scholarly debate will be outlined, as well as their impact on the ability of digital labour platforms to avoid their responsibilities as regards workers' rights, including access to adequate social protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article porte sur le phénomène de négation dite « explétive », formalisée dans la langue par l'emploi de l'adverbe ne (discordantiel) et omission du forclusif. Vu qu'il ne s'agit pas de la vraie négation, l'emploi de l'élément ne est facultatif, et souvent considéré comme « pléonastique, redondant » ou même « abusif ». Pourtant, l'analyse du corpus montre que la négation explétive est largement utilisée dans les trois langues considérées, et souvent dans les contextes identiques, ce qui prouve que son emploi peut être justifié par des données psychologiques, ce qui dépasse une contrainte formelle ou un effet de style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Spanish-speaking and Italian-speaking linguistic panorama, the subjunctive has been defined mainly from a structural perspective based on the notion of syntactic dependency. From the 19th century became relevant the semantic approach, and the notions of reality / unreality began to predominate in the definition of mode. However, many bibliographic sources such as Vásquez (2013), Stewart (2002) and Haverkate (2002), have revealed that the use of the subjunctive is not only limited to the appearance of a modalizer of possibility, imaginary, or potential fact, but that the intention of the speaker and the presence of inducers without any unreality value can introduce inexplicable forms of the subjunctive from a perspective purely semantic or clearly syntactic. The objective of this paper is to identify the main distributions of the subjunctive in Spanish and Italian. Contrastive, exploratory, descriptive, and documentary analysis is limited to epistemic and deontic completive propositions, relative sentences and adverbial subordinate clauses, given space limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improvements in medical technologies have seen over-medicalization of childbirth. Caesarean section (CS) is a lifesaving procedure proven effective in reducing maternal and perinatal mortality across the globe. However, as with any medical procedure, the CS intrinsically carries some risk to its beneficiaries. In recent years, CS rates have risen alarmingly in high-income countries. Many exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a 10 to 15% annual CS rate. While this situation poses an increased risk to women and their children, it also represents an excess human and financial burden on health systems. Therefore, from a health system perspective this study systematically summarizes existing evidence relevant to the factors driving the phenomenon of increasing CS rates using Italy as a case study.Methods: Employing the WHO Health System Framework (WHOHSF), this systematic review used the PRISMA guidelines to report findings. PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were searched up until April 1, 2020. Findings were organised through the six dimensions of the WHOHSF framework: service delivery, health workforce, health system information; medical products vaccine and technologies, financing; and leadership and governance.Results: CS rates in Italy are affected by complex interactions among several stakeholder groups and contextual factors such as the hyper-medicalisation of delivery, differences in policy and practice across units and the national context, issues pertaining to the legal and social environment, and women's attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth.Conclusion: Mitigating the high rates of CS will require a synergistic multi-stakeholder intervention. Specifically, with processes able to attract the official endorsement of policy makers, encourage concensus between regional authorities and local governments and guide the systematic compliance of delivery units with its clinical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Germans' image of Lake Garda during the phase of mass tourism in the second half of the 20th century. Lake Garda was one of the first foreign destinations and an important hinge between culture, alpine and beach tourism. The source-based analysis of the touristic gaze at the "Lago" uses historical observational studies, but mainly various visual media such as travel catalogues, local brochures, travel guides, photo albums and websites. They show a gradual shift from Goethe's romantic gaze at the picturesque landscape to the collective gaze, to the sociable consumer pleasure of Dolce Vita. Furthermore, an ever-increasing sportification of nature by surfers, mountain bikers and climbers made the "graceful garden" into a lively "party mile" and a well-developed "sportscape". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the inception of the European Employment Strategy in 1997, individualized employment support has been a key priority of the European Union and its Member States. Nevertheless, empirical research on the delivery of individualized services for the unemployed is still underdeveloped. In this article, we explore how local employment agencies in three European cities tailor counselling and services to jobseekers' individual needs. We find that limited service budgets and underdeveloped organizational interfaces with social service providers tend to constrain the substantive individualization of services in practice, which works in the disfavour of vulnerable jobseekers. Individualized counselling is more widespread, at least for selected target groups. However, organizational capacities for offering individualized problem assessment and advice vary considerably across "worlds of individualization" in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations in 1996, at Terranegra, a site located in the proximity of Legnago (Verona) produced animal remains from a Bronze Age occupation and from a proto-urban settlement dating to the Iron Age (800-600 BC). A total of 4,409 animal remains recovered, of which 2,804 (63.6 %) could be identified to the genus and species level. Our analysis shows that in the faunal assemblage bone fragments from domestic mammals largely dominate, meat procurement being secured by sheep, goat, cattle and pig. Based on the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI), pigs likely outnumbered cattle. Horses and dogs were also present but in small numbers. The contribution of game to the assemblage is marginal as well, which can be expected in societies intensively engaged in agriculture. Most interestingly, the presence of two large-sized cattle metacarpi in the Terranegra assemblage points to non-native individuals and exchange of stock-on-the-hoof, presumably with the Etruscan civilization inhabiting the region of the Po Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic livestock were a crucial part of Mediterranean communities throughout later prehistory. In the first millennium BC, livestock mangement changed, and was changed by, the rise of cities in Italy. Italian prehistory has a rich zooarchaeological tradition, but investigation of the Iron Age has been regionally divided and synthetic works on the Po valley comparatively few. This article presents a panregional review of late prehistoric and protohistoric livestock exploitation that considers Northern and Central Italy together for the first time. Zooarchaeological comparison reveals an increase in the use of sheep/goat for secondary products, while cattle and caprines were subject to size changes that distinguish their management from that of pigs. A marked increase in pig husbandry is visible in both regions, but this shift took place earlier and more emphatically in Northern Etruscan centres than in Central Italy. After defining the main changes in animal management during the period under review, this article looks beyond population density to explore the wider environmental, economic, and cultural context of pork consumption and its relation to the development of urbanism in Etruria padana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the Slovenian-speaking minority in the northern Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It explores the spatial fragmentation in the Slovenian settlement area in Italy and analyzes the socio-economic and demographic processes that exert influence on the minority. The work is based on the critical evaluation of the current status of research, of statistical data from the state censuses and results of own research on site. The Slovenian-language population in the entire region is currently estimated at about 46,000 people. The main settlement area is the eastern border region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, which is characterized by different cultural and regional identities. While the Slovenian-speaking population of Friuli focuses more on its cultural and regional distinctions, the majority of the Slovenian-language group in Venezia Giulia considers itself a "national minority." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to discuss the origins and early spread of metal technology in the central Mediterranean region. Neolithic and Copper Age evidence of metal-working and metal-using is first reviewed. It is claimed in particular that copper tools were first used, and probably also made, south of the Alps in the late Neolithic, and that complex polymetallic metallurgy developed in the early Copper Age after a short-lived intensification phase in the final Neolithic. In the second section, current models explaining the emergence of metallurgy in this region are then discussed, and a new proposal is put forward. This claims that metal technology, coming from eastern Europe, was imported into the whole of the east-central alpine region in the third quarter of the fifth millennium BC. Thence, it would have swiftly spread throughout northern Italy, central Italy, and Sardinia, and would have reached Corsica, southern Italy, and Sicily somewhat later. Finally, it is argued that the Copper Age metalworking communities dwelling in the western part of the central Mediterranean, and especially those located in west-central Italy, would have played a key role in transmitting knowledge of extractive metallurgy further west in the late fourth millennium BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Cold War, many if not all, European or Western countries have increasingly used their armed forces for missions within the borders of the state. The aim of this article is to compare the internal deployment of the military in two European countries: Germany and Italy, both of which experienced authoritarian rule and militarism in the 20th century. However, despite similar historical experiences, there have been considerable differences between the two countries in terms of the roles their armed forces have come to play in addressing domestic challenges in recent years. Indeed, they may represent opposite extremes on a spectrum ranging from very limited to very far-reaching involvement of military forces in internal (security) matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two groups of quarries (Mont Viso and Mont Beigua, Italy) were the source of the Alpine axeheads that circulated throughout western Europe during the Neolithic. The quarries on Mont Viso (Oncino: Porco, Bulè and Milanese), discovered in 2003, have been radiocarbon-dated, and this has revealed that the exploitation of jadeites, omphacitites and eclogites at high altitude (2000–2400 m above sea level) seems to have reached its apogee in the centuries around 5000 BC. The products, in the form of small axe- and adze-heads, were distributed beyond the Alps from the beginning of the fifth millennium, a few being found as far away as the Paris Basin, 550 km from their source as the crow flies. However, it was not until the mid-fifth millennium BC that long axeheads from Mont Viso appeared in the hoards and monumental tombs of the Morbihan, 800 km from the quarries. Production continued until the beginning of the third millennium BC, but at this time the distribution of the products was less extensive, and the process of distribution operated in a different way: tools made from jadeite and eclogite are still found in the French Jura, but the extraction sites at the south-east foot of Mont Viso no longer seem to have been used. The variability in the geographical extent of the distribution at different times seems to be related to the social context of exploitation of the high-altitude quarries, which were only ever accessible for a few months each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst Sicily is the largest and perhaps most geographically diverse island in the Mediterranean, archaeological survey has been slow to develop there and has had little impact on general accounts of Sicilian prehistory. Discussions of prehistoric settlement distribution in the island have to contend with uneven data obtained by different means and limited evidence for past land-use and environmental change. Nevertheless, survey data point to contrasting settlement patterns between the fourth and first millennia BC (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages), which can usefully be compared with information from conventional (non-survey) distribution maps. Surveys have the potential to promote new accounts of Sicilian prehistory in which traditional historicist paradigms are at least complemented by those which place a stronger emphasis on relationships or dynamics within the specific island context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The aim of this study was to verify the incidence of tinea pedis in patients observed in the Department of Dermatology of the University of Cagliari, Italy, in the period from 1996 to 2000. We examined 722 patients, 536 with lesions and 186 without lesions of the feet and in 169 of them (23.4%) we diagnosed tinea pedis. All patients suffering from tinea pedis belonged to the group with lesions. In the 536 patients with clinical manifestations which were evident to a certain degree, microscope and cultural examination gave positive results for dermatophytes in 169 cases (31.5%). The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton mentagrophytes (51.5%), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (45.2%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (3.3%). In the 186 patients without lesions, direct microscope examination was consistently negative while cultural examination showed the growth of sparse colonies of Candida albicans in two cases (1.1%) We analysed distribution by sex, age, residence, occupation and clinical manifestations. Stressing the high frequency of tinea pedis in this region, the discovery of a dermatophytic infection of the feet with an absence of signs and symptoms is an exceptional event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]