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This study is about the Başkale Jews, who lived in the Başkale district of Van province for many years and had no presence in the region as of the second half of the 20th century with the migration of the last remaining families. According to historical sources and the information we obtained as a result of the interview; It is known that the Jews of Van-Baskale came to the region for compulsory reasons and after living in the region for a long time, they gradually migrated to other geographies for various reasons. During their time in the region, the Jews used Aramaic as their language; however, it is known that they can also speak Kurdish and Turkish. The shelter and indoor architecture of the region based on mud-brick architecture and the large family structure are common features for all ethnic groups of the period, including the Jews. Accordingly; Based on the similar cultural structure of the geographical region, the traditions, beliefs and rituals of the Jews of Van Baskale also have similarities with other cultural groups of the region. As a result, it has been understood that the Jews of Van-Baskale, who define themselves as Nash Didan, came to this region through Mesopotamia, Iraq and Iran, and that they built a social, cultural, religious and economic life in Başkale for at least 200 years, according to the earliest data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through qualitative analysis, the paper examined the soured relationship between Gambian chiefs and their colonial masters against the backdrop of the legal implications of the disciplinary actions the latter meted out to the former. The article commenced with the theme, before addressing the legal concept of due process, which ensures fairness in the dispensation of justice. By disregarding normal standard legal procedures, the provisions of Magna Carta, and legal precedence, the colonial administrators inflicted draconian punishments on chiefs who dared think outside the box. From archival materials, colonial correspondences, and learned journal publications, the paper advanced explanations for the highhandedness of the colonialists, which degenerated into residency restrictions imposed on the chiefs. The absence of separation of administrative powers, caused by an acute shortage of European personnel, resulted in a situation whereby colonial rule in The Gambia amounted to a situation through which rule of man took precedence over the rule of law. The compelling approach resulting from the lack of collaboration among the chiefs and the colonial administrators fomented discord. The case laws cited in the paper indicate that colonialism in The Gambia remained a case of the strong exerting control over the weak, who had no option but to put up with the inevitable consequences of colonial rule. From diverse learned sources, instances of banishments in history and how the ancient practice was applied to The Gambia received attention with the aim of elucidating how the colonial administrators adopted legal standards which compromised fair play. With primary materials derived from The Gambia National Archive, instances of chiefs who were at loggerheads with the European colonialists was addressed hence, the paper ascertained the causes and nature of the soured relationship. The findings revealed why the local administrators grappled with situations that were at variance with the normal state of affairs in England. This partly accounts for the seemingly unorthodox tactics adopted while addressing a number of issues. Consequently, the activities of overseas colonial administrators were glossed over by the colonial office and British parliament as Gambians were perceived to be a people in need of civilization. Therefore, replicating the conditions in England in a frontier territory as The Gambia would be tantamount to an exercise in futility, as they felt that they should be on higher rungs of the civilization ladder before they could comprehend European conditions. The overbearing approach of the colonialists ultimately exacerbated the lack of cooperation from the colonial subjects leading to the bone of contention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penned in 2004 by Louis de Bernières and articulated through the viewpoints of diverse characters, Birds Without Wings illuminates the harrowing scenes of war and their impact on local inhabitants and migrants during the formative years of the new Turkish Republic. Examining the reverberations of the national struggle in the international context, this paper specifically investigates the repercussions of the population exchange between Greece and the emerging Turkish state in 1923, focusing on a South-West Anatolian village (Eskibahçe) in a tumultuous historical era, which is the central issue in Birds Without Wings. Employing polyphony, that is, a muti-voiced narrative style with Bakhtin’s terminology about the novels with a variety of perspectives and narrators, the novel explores themes such as war, love, forced migration, and identity. The plot unfolds against the backdrop of a multicultural late Ottoman Empire, where Turkish-speaking Christian villagers and Greek Orthodox migrants initially coexist harmoniously but later face social isolation and loneliness after being exiled to Greece. Therefore, this paper aims to underscore individual and social isolation resulting from the devastating impact of wars on the idyllic lives of villagers in Birds Without Wings, drawing on Homi K. Bhabha’s third space theory. Another objective of this study is to demonstrate that Birds Without Wings celebrates hybridity and ethnic diversity by reevaluating the forced migration between Greece and Turkey, prompting reflection on the villagers’ attempts to redefine their identities after the Turkish Republic’s establishment and an analysis of its long-term implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the punishments and punishment methods applied in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 16th century. The concept of punishment is as old as human history. The right to punish has been considered to belong to the states since the emergence of the first states. It is possible to find the origins of punishment methods in the Ottoman Empire in Islamic law, the Roman Empire, the Central Asian Turkish state tradition and the ancient states. The Ottoman sultans, starting from Mehmet the Conqueror, made penal laws and determined the methods of punishment to be applied in the empire. Penalties given to criminals can be determined from the muhimme records. In the Ottoman Empire, imprisonment, banishment, penal servitude, exposure, fines, death penalties and corporal punishment were used to punish criminals in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the attempts of various governments to return them to their homeland, from the date of their exile to the present day, Meskhetian Turks still live on their toes in the regions where they were exiled or migrated. Accordingly, the metaphors produced by Meskhetian Turks, who have personally experienced the exile or immigration process, for immigration and other concepts related to immigration, are helpful elements in understanding the immigration processes and the phenomenon of immigration in general. This research, which was carried out with the Phenomenology pattern, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was carried out in the provinces of Bursa, Istanbul and Antalya. The sample group of the study, which aims to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of Meskhetian Turks about the concepts of immigration, immigrant, exile, homeland and Türkiye, consists of 88 Meskhetian Turks. The metaphors produced by the participants about the concepts related to immigration and the features that connect the metaphor to the subject were collected through a structured interview and the obtained data were analyzed by content analysis technique. As a result, it was seen that Meskhetian Turks produced 50 different metaphors for "immigration," 45 for "immigrant," 54 for "exile," 33 for "homeland," and 36 for "Türkiye." Considering the metaphors produced by the participants and the explanations connecting these metaphors to the subject, a total of 14 conceptual categories were created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John XXII, who was elected as pope in 1316, is a pope who has signed important actions and decisions. One of his papal actions was his Jewish policiy. Pope John ordered the expulsion of the Jews from the Comtat Venaissin region, for reasons of contreversial origin. As a result of the exile, the synagogues of the Jews were liquidated, and chapels were built instead of synagogues in Comtat Venaissin and its towns. While doing these, the Pope also took decisions that protect the Jews. The complexity of the case and the lack of resources make it difficult to extract the anatomy of the exile. From this point of view, it is seen that historians generally try to explain the event for singular reasons. However, when we look at the issue from a wider perspective, we see that there are more than one reason that pushed the pope exile. Rising anti-Semitism and increasing communal violence are a few of these reasons. However, conspiracy stories associated with jews and rumors of sorcery also have an important place in the process. It is known that anti-Semitic incidents were encountered from time to time during the Middle Ages, but the exile of Jews from a region by the Roman Church constitutes an extraordinary example. The aim of our study is to analyze the reasons for his action of the pope against the Jews and to trace the process under the quidance of the main sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ottoman Empire, there were different practices for those who acted to disrupt the social order. Among these practices, exile and fortress confinement punish" ments had an important place. While people were sent away from the place where they were found with the penalty of exile, the penalty of fortress confinement required the person to be imprisoned in the castle. The main purpose of both punishment methods was to rehabilitate the perpetrators and to ensure social order. The Ottoman Empire, especially since the second half of the 17th century, designated some islands in the Aegean and Mediterranean as places of exile and fortress confinement. Famagusta Castle on Cyprus Island was one of them. Due to the forcefiilness of the walls of the Famagusta Castle, during the 18th century, the castle became a punishment place where those who committed many crimes such as especially state officials, murder, theft, banditry, persecution, opposition to census, raid the court, etc. The main sources of the study are the Kalebend and Muhimme Registers and other archKe records of the period. Based on these records, how and according to which principles of the exile and fortress confinement punishment, which are the methods that ensure the social and state order in the Ottoman Empire, were discussed in subtopics. It is aimed that this study will set an example for the sttidies to be carried out on exile and fortress confinement punishments in the Ottonian Empire, in terms of the method and the way the subject is handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ancient Athens, where democracy was born, during the reign of Cleisthenes, between 487 and 416 BC, a kind of exile system called ostracism was introduced to protect democratic rule. This practice was actually a reflex of the Athenians, who were reacting to the arbitrary and oppressive regimes of the Tyrants, to protect the democratic government. Athenians wrote the names of rulers, who they feared would turn into tyrants and destroy democracy by force, on pieces of pottery called ostrakon, which served as ballot papers. As a result of the voting carried out in this way, the person whose name was written the most was exiled outside Athens for ten years. The status of the exiled person did not change. His property was also not confiscated. The person who was sent out of Athens with ostracism was returning to Athens after ten years of exile, continuing his life with his previous title and advantages. Although ostracism was seen as the insurance of democracy and the guarantee of the system when it was first implemented, it later moved away from its real purpose. It is also seen that some Athenian rulers, who wanted to increase their power, used ostracism as a weapon by influencing the views of the people to weaken or eliminate their rivals. Hemistocles, Kimon, and Alcibiades were also among the famous rulers of Athens exiled by the practice of ostracism. Ostracism, which first started with the exile of Hipparchus from Athens for 10 years, was finally applied to Hyperbolos in 417 BC, and then this practice disappeared into history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to reveal the life experiences of Nicolai Berdyaev in a paradoxical language that will shed light on how the extraordinary mind world was formed. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how Berdyaev looks from the outside, not how Berdyaev thinks. Thus, we aim to contribute to the better recognition and reading of Berdyaev, who is an important thinker but is not well known in our country. For this purpose, instead of Berdyaev's works and their contents, the mental world of the thinker and the factors that shape it will be emphasized. Berdyaev's world of belief, his exile experience, the problematic structure of philosophy education with formal education, his literary adventure and mental states caused by his in-betweenness are presented to the reader in the form of subtitles. The presentation style in question will focus on where the thinker positions himself rather than where Berdyaev is defined in the institutional and school context. The main reference in these narratives will be the thinker himself. Because of this point of view, it will be our greatest wish for the truth to come to light that what is said about it is less important than what is said about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we will evaluate the disagreements that Jews in England with the Christian people and administrators between the years 1066-1290 and the reason for these. The first of the main issues that we will consider is the change in the way of life of Jews. Although there were very few attacks on them in the early periods, this situation was reversed after increased support for the Crusaders in England. The second is that they earn income from usury and divide this income with the kings. In addition, will examine the attacks of the people against them for various reasons despite this partnership between the kings and the Jews. Interestingly, sometimes kings acted together with the people and imposed various sanctions against them. King Edward I was the most insistent on this sanction. We will examine Edward's expulsion of the Jews and the consequences of this incident, despite the fact that they are source of income. In our article, we will touch on the discussions about the usury activities of the Jews and their wealth. In our study, we took care to deal with the events by making use of period witnesses such as Matthew Paris, Roger of Wendover, Thomas of Monmouth, Jocelin of Brakelond, Richard of Devizes. In doing so, we kept in mind that the witnesses of the period were even more anti-Semitic than the church. In addition to the witnesses of the period, we have benefited from the comments of modern researchers on the subject, especially C. Roth, J. Jacobs, L. Abrahams, P. Elman, R. R. Mundill, B. D. Ovrut and H. G. Richardson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibnülemin Mahmud Kemal Inal's book, titled Kemâlü'şuarâ when written and retitled Son Asır Türk Şairleri [Last Century Turkish Poets] during its printing, is regarded as one of the final examples of the tazkira (collection of biographies) tradition and the first example of modern biography. The work includes the biographies of 566 poets and it was published by the Directorate of the Atatürk Culture Center in five volumes totaling over 2800 pages. The work includes significant information illustrating the cultural history of the late Ottoman period added when the biographies of the poets were prepared. One of the issues addressed within the context of Ottoman cultural history, was how exile was comprehended. The work also gives significant details on the causes of the poets' exile and the impelementation of exile punishments. This study based on Son Asır Türk Şairleri [Last Century Turkish Poets] will examine which poets were banished in the 19th century on what accusations; the procedures used in the exile operation; the concept of exile developed in keeping with the spirit of the time. It is interesting that the majority of the exiled poets were banished because of their political opposition to the authorities, and some of them were even imprisoned in castles on remote islands. Despite the government's harsh actions, Inal thinks it is important to remain calm. He believes, it is common for poets who challenge the government to be punished by exile. However, he condemns poets who are banished for being called "Bektaşi", a practice that is prevalent among contemporary poets with the intention to give them harm. In the book, exile is "implied" to be a "sorrowful destiny" that upends humankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the literary activities of the Karachay-Balkar Turks during the last two years of the 14-year long deportation period are discussed. The Soviet administration wrongly accused them of helping the Germans during World War II and deported the Karachay-Balkar Turks from their homeland of the Caucasus to various parts of Central Asia on November 2, 1943, and March 8, 1944. Karachay-Balkar Turks lived in deportation for about 14 years. Only five poetry anthologies and four private poetry books could be published in Karachay-Balkar Turkish in the last two years of the deportation period. In our study, since these literary works are few, they have been dealt with in detail and one by one. Brief information about the lives of poets and writers in literary works is presented, and examples of their poems that attract attention in terms of content are given. In the conclusion part of our study, a thematic evaluation was made to cover all the works. Until now, this issue has not been given much attention. This is the first time that such a comprehensive study is presented here. The content of these literary works in question is significant in reflecting the mood of the Karachay-Balkar Turks, who had great troubles at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exile is the banishment of individuals or communities with punishment to a place other than where they are. This punishment was applied to criminals from all walks of life, but also to writers and poets. Ziyâ Paşa is one of them. He was among those who were close to Sultan Abdülaziz with the Cülûsiyye and the poem she wrote. However, this marked the beginning of a troublesome exile for him. The poet who influenced the sultan's decision in choosing the grand vizier prevented Âlî Paşa from becoming grand vizier, and as a result of the difficulties he had with him, he experienced both compulsory and voluntary exile. Ziyâ Paşa's exile can also be divided into national and international exile. Ziyâ Paşa, who was sentenced to compulsory exile in the country, went to Europe as a voluntary exile. The poet talks about the reasons for voluntary exile in Arz-ı Hâl, which he wrote when he was in exile in Europe, and in his ode to Sultan Abdülaziz when he was in Paris. In this study, the process of Ziyâ Paşa's exile and the reasons for his departure to European exile were declined, the contradictions between the reasons for the poet's voluntary exile to Europe and the real reason for this exile were illuminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that the victorious side exile the people of the defeated side individually or collectively after the war has been a common phenomenon since the earliest ages of history. The Ottoman Empire also frequently used this traditional method, which it took from other Turkish states, Seljuks and even Byzantium, to make Istanbul, which lost its centrality in the Byzantine period, a brilliant center in scientific, commercial, industrial, religious and political terms. In this context, exiles from Morea, Amasra, Trabzon, Lesbos, Foça, Karaman and Kefe and exiles made after the Battle of Otlukbeli were added to the exiles made by Mehmed II in order to increase the population of the city after the conquest. Selim I also continued his grandfather's policy of making Istanbul a center of attraction by expelling qualified people, led by scholars, artists, craftsmen, merchants and rich people from Tabriz, with their families, goods and belongings, to Istanbul after Çaldıran's victory. This study basically focuses on the exiled from the cities captured during the period of Mehmed II and the exiles from Tabriz, which was conquered with a victory after the Battle of Çaldıran during the period of Selim I, to İstanbul. Right after the conquest it was aimed to transform the city into a multi-faceted center with the exiles that started to be made in Istanbul and to evolve into a capital city bearing Muslim and Turkish stamps and to deprive the enemy defeated on the battlefield from ordinary and qualified human resources and inflict multiple damage. It has been evaluated in the light of primary sources such as Ottoman chronicles and archival documents and secondary sources that provide monographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anglo-Saxon poetry mainly pictures the world of men in the tone of an elegy. This world is shaped by wars and filled with exile and separation. The poems, depicting the perspective of the Anglo-Saxon women, are quite limited; yet, they have their share of this chaotic world. In this world of banishment, the roles and identities of women are formed by males. Of the works illustrating the plight of the Anglo-Saxon women, the most conspicuous ones are the Wife’s Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer. Plagued by profound grief, the words of the Wife come from a “deep sadness” as a result of her exile. In search of her husband, the wife tells of her life in isolation as her lord leaves the county and her behind most probably due to a blood feud. Similarly, in Wulf and Eadwacer, the female speaker tells of her life of seclusion due to a blood feud. She is also away from her husband and suffers from the abhorrence of her clan. Included in the group of Old English “elegies”, both works are remarkable in that they are only two surviving poems in Old English with a female speaker and they are also rare examples of Old English poems that present the dilemma of the Anglo-Saxon females in the male dominated Germanic world. Accordingly, this article aims to discuss how the roles and identities of Anglo Saxon women are formed by a masculine world of exile, separation and blood feud as depicted in the Wife’s Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer and to introduce these unique texts to Turkish readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On In this article, Oya Baydar's novel Hiçbiryer 'e Dönüş was examined in the context of exile, and the effects of these situations, especially in the psychological world of the individual. The novel, which occasionally bears autobiographical elements, tells the story of a woman with socialist views and her husband's escape to Europe after the 12 September 1980 military coup and things that happened after their return to Turkey. In the book, the main character and her husband describe themselves as in "exile in location" when they were in Europe. With the destruction of the Berlin Wall they realise the ideology they adhere to has also collapsed and return to Turkey in a defeated state. When they return to Istanbul, which has been a dream of theirs for years, they are disappointed to see that everything has changed and transformed. Thus, the main character and her husband become alien to both space and time in the face of the destruction of their utopias in Europe and the disappearance of their past in their own country. This alienation, on the other hand, transforms the "exile in location" into an "exile in time" that heads towards "nowhere". In the introduction part of our study, we focused on the concept of exile. In the examination section the novel Hiçbiryer 'e Dönüş was analysed under the subheadings of "exile in location and exile in time". A general evaluation was made in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

May 21, 1864 is a symbolic date marking the end of the Russian-Caucasus wars. Every year commemorations are organised in both Turkey and Caucasus to remember this momentous of 1864. Serving as a realms of memory, these commemorations enable the construction of collective identity for Circassians and they also shape the identity for the Circassian. In our field research that was conducted in 2017, in the Circassian villages of Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, by means of questions directed at the informants, the role this date plays in terms of the construction of collective identity was analysed. It is determined that Circassians of Uzunyayla reinforced the collective identity through symbols and rituals in these annual commemorations. This research studies the perception and acknowledgement of the date 21 May 1864, how the perception of Kefken mausoleum and fish consumption has been created and also the factors that cause different perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exile, which is included in the category of forced migration, can be defined as taking individuals from the places individually or as a group, and relocating them to another region as part of a state policy. An example that can be given to exile is from the Soviet Union during the World War II. As one of today's peoples who are left without homeland, the Ahıska Turks were sent to exile to Central Asia. This article, which aims to understand the sociopsychological effects of the exile and its place in collective memory with the example of the Ahıska Turks who were left without their homeland, is based on a qualitative study carried out between 2010 and 2013 which compares the migration and integration processes of 1989 Turkish immigrants from Bulgaria and Ahıska Turks in Turkey. Within the scope of this qualitative research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 1989 Turkish immigrants and Ahıska Turks living in Tekirdağ, Kocaeli, Istanbul and Bursa. Yet the present article includes the narratives of Ahıska Turks living in Kocaeli, Bursa and Istanbul. In the article in which some of the Ahıska Turks living in Turkey told us about the exile in 1944 and the life in exile in Uzbekistan, it is concluded that while the memories of exile and its grief were transmitted from generation to generation and caused feelings of loneliness, emptiness, longing, skepticism and anger, they did not feel rootless and humiliated and as some of the interviewees emphasised, this traumatic experience played a role in preserving and strengthening their Turkish identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the presence of phylloxera in vineyards, the production of vine saplings is practically and economically made by grafted. Different rootstock-variety combinations in grapevine production significantly affect the yield and quality of sapling. In this study conducted in 2018, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, and Narince wine grape varieties were grafted on Kober 5BB, 110R, 1103P rootstocks grown as scuba vines and sapling yield and quality were determined according to combinations. According to the combinations, the highest sapling yield was obtained from Narince (92.7%) variety on its root. Cabernet Sauvignon own root (46.2 cm) in terms of shoot length, among the quality parameters, wet-dry shoot weight Cabernet Sauvignon/1103 P (17.1 g; 3.46 g), root length in terms of Merlot/110 R (18 cm), wet-dry root weight Syrah /110 R (3.3 g; 0.21 g) combinations came to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opponents of the communist regime in Albania who moved to Turkey established the Turkish-Albanian Brotherhood Aid Association and started publishing the weekly Vardar newspaper in 1952. Although the newspaper followed a program that intended to keep together the opposition, in time, the association and the weekly lost the attention of its target audience and after 15 issues (most issues had two numbers so the number was 23-24 on the last issue) in 14 years, they were dissolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people lost their lives during the twenty nine years when Stalin was in power in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. The lands of villagers were expropriated by the state. Material and spiritual bans were enforced. Those who rebelled against these actions were suppressed, sent into exile or sentenced to death. Thousands of Crimean Tatars lost their lives in the exile imposed by Stalin. Meskhetian Turks who were relegated from Georgia were imprisoned and executed. When the Azerbaijan People's Government was dissolved, years of anguish started for Azerbaijani Turks. Intellectuals and generals who stood against the system of government and did not change their views were executed by shooting. They were not the only ones whose lives fell apart. Their families were scrutinized; their children, spouses, sisters were dismissed, arrested and sent to exile camps [punishment camps]. Most of the women who were sent to women camps were wives and sisters of intellectuals who were labelled by Soviet government as 'anti-communists' and 'traitors'. Majority of prisoners were acquitted in 1956-1957 after Stalin passed away and some of them could not survive the adverse conditions in punishment camps. This study discusses the oppression and terror imposed by Stalin in the country, Crimean and Meskhetian exiles, the life of Azerbaijani women who were sent to exile in punishment camps, the reasons why women were imprisoned and sent to exile and the hardship they experienced in the places where they went, sent to exile or imprisoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, the struggle for dominance among the great states on the Caucasus has never diminished. Ahmet Mithat Efendi (1844-1912), a writer of the Tanzimat period, presents the appearance of this struggle in the 19th century in some of his works around the migration phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to expose the historical, political, human, cultural, ethnic and economic aspects of the immigration phenomenon of the author's novels along with their geo-graphical extensions. In this framework, the phenomenon of migration through the novels of Kafkas (1878) and Gürcü Kızı Yahut İntikam (1888) about the Caucasia by Ahmet Mithat Efendi were examined around a problem of restlessness and displacement and a story of freedom-exile in the Caucasus geography with its political, economic and cultural fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma studies have recently explored the influence of historical event and circumstance on art and how trauma is portrayed; for example, Modernism represents the embodiment of the theme of trauma, alienation and loneliness after the First World War. This connection is also discernible in the poetry of Edwin Muir who was born in 1887 and witnessed various great events of the twentieth century. However, Muir’s sense of trauma was not limited to only WWI, but the loss of people and places influenced his verse as well. The theme of loss and migration led Muir to a mythical and nostalgic past as a response to trauma. Due to migration to another city, his struggle with agony was blended with certain places; hence, his poetry elaborates on spatial aspects. In this regard, as it often does lead to feelings of nostalgia, trauma becomes central to understanding Muir’s poetry. In the centre of Muir’s trauma related to his abiding sense of nostalgia is a concentration on places, both historical and mythical. Therefore, this paper will explore the main connection between nostalgia and space in relation to Muir’s personal and collective trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as 'inner cities,' 'ghettos,' 'enclaves,' 'no-go areas,' 'problem districts' or simply 'rough neighborhoods'. How are we to characterise and differentiate these spaces; what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death); whence comes the intense stigma attached to them; and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialise and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban Outcasts (Wacquant, 2008a) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascen-dancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of 'advanced marginality' to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarising metropolis at century's threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu's sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of Turkish republics following to collapse of USSR has caused to returning of Turkey’s attention to Central Asia and Caucasus regions. The relations started by the relationship by affinity and developed by discovery of rich energy resources of the region’s states. Soon after that the subject of transportation of these resources to the international markets was added to agenda. In this context geo-political importance of the Ahiska land, which settled in Turkish- Georgia border and lies from Ajaria Autonomous Region to Armenia through the borderline, is remarkable. Aspecially considering of there is no political relations between Turkey and Armenia, Ahiska land has highly strategic position for Turkey in the point of accessing Middle Asia through Caucasus. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Petroleum Pipeline, Baku- Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline and Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway are passing through Ahiska land and the Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia project is planing to passing through the land, as well. But the presence of the Ahiska Turks in this region was terminated because of the immigration and assimilation policies, applied in historical process. The migrating Ahiska Turks are struggling for life now majorly in Caucasian and Middle Asian countries in addition to Russia Federation, Turkey and United States of America. But there is a hope now for returning back to their home lands in the context of some developments occured in recent years. And this hope should be support by Turkey, who was tried to be convicted narrow corridors accessing to Caucasus and Middle Asia regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman's descendants Ahiska Turks, who have been in exile for over a period of seventy years, for different reasons, they did not return to their mainland, Turkey. A small part of the Ahiska Turks, who have managed to come to Turkey has had to struggle with great difficulties in every area of his life. There are many scientific studies carried out by the academicians in Turkey to bring to the agenda the history of the Ahiska Turks and their problems. These studies have been carried out in Turkey since 1995 by the Ministry of National Education, and now the Ahiska students who come to Turkey through YTB (Turks Abroad and Related Communities) also make an important contribution. It is not possible to expect that the descendants will be indifferent to this inhuman suicide on their ancestors. For this reason, Ahiska students who are continuing their education in various departments are trying to express their ancestors' pre- and post-exile situations, their social and cultural lives in theses and articles. In this way, the students have been shedding light on the common history and culture of Ahiska Turks and their brothers in Turkey at every opportunity. Although the number of theses and articles written by Ahiska students is not sufficient yet at the desired level, it is still a great chance to express themselves that these people who have longed for Turkey in years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fırat Sunel's novel Under the Shadows of Drooping Willows (Salkım Söğütlerin Gölgesinde) tells Meskhetians' exile in November 1944 with the command of Stalin, leader of Soviet Russia at that time. The effects of that period on social and individual lives are presented with that novel. In this article Meskhetian Turks will be examined in the context of this novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, tough the Armenian historians claim that the Armenians scattered in various countries of the world after the forced relocation of 1915, the Armenians were forced to leave their historical lands and sent to exile centuries before 1915. Iranians, Byzantines and the Russians who annexed Armenia were the governments who forced Armenians to leave their lands. Armenians, who were fire worshipers before accepting Christian faith, were forced to re-convert to fire worship by Iranians who feared that they would get closer with Byzantine Empire. For the successful implementation of such a policy, the Iranians either relocated or committed mass attrocities against the Armenians. While Iranian and Byzantine emperors subjected Armenians to foreced relocation and exile for mostly religious reasons, Russia executed this policy in 18th and 19th centuries for political purposes. This Russian policy against the Armenians served to gain the upper hand in its wars against the Ottoman Empire and the Iranian Empire that resulted from Russian expansionist policies. In addition to the reasons that are mentioned above, Armenians also migrated to different countries because of commercial and economic reasons. This was basically due to the fact that the lands where Armenians resided were not suitable for agriculture, and thanks to statesmen from other countries who considered Armenians could contribute to their economies with their trade abilities, pave the way for the migration of Armenians to other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different soil tillage and leaf removal treatment effects on water stress, shoot and leaf characteristics were studied in this research. In Tekirdag conditions, Syrah grape cultivar was used as a plant material. Three different soil tillage treatments were used; conservative soil tillage (CST), conservative soil tillage+traditional soil tillage (CST+TST) and traditional soil tillage (TST). Three different leaf removal applications were performed; control (ML+SL) treatment (treatments which main leaf and secondary leaves were left together on vine), ML (treatments which main leaves were left on the vine), SL (treatments which secondary leaves were left on vine). Leaf water potentials (predawn and midday), shoot characteristics (shoot elongation, rate, pruning wood weight, puissance, vigor), leaf characteristics (sun exposed leaf area (ELA), ELA per vine, ELA per kg grape, real leaf area per vine, leaf area per kg grape) and yield per vine criterias were examined in this research. According to results; with CST+TST treatment, leaf water potential and leaf area were decreased. In conclusion, for cv. Syrah, CST soil tillage treatment and control (ML+SL) leaf removal treatment was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the formation of protocorms and shoots from in vitro cultured seeds of Dactylorhiza iberica (Bieb. ex Willd.) Soó, D. umbrosa (Kar. and Kir.) Nevski, and Orchis palustris Jacquin. Culture conditions included binucleate Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia solani isolates, which were symbiotic cultures isolated from the tubers of these plants, and culture media consisting of an oat medium (OM) or a modified oat medium (MOM). The shortest times for protocorm and shoot development of D. umbrosa sowed in OM were 42.67 and 66 days, respectively. The highest rate of protocorm development and the lowest percentage of formation of darkened protocorms in D. umbrosa were 60% (in OM) and 2.99% (in MOM), respectively. The maximum percentage of shoots obtained from protocorms was 35.04% for D. iberica cultured in OM. All data were obtained using binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. inoculates in the nutrient media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between literature and social structure has become an attractive situation day by day. A literal text's originality and being of product of a certain living construct its important ways to be examined. Once the significant events which are included in the examination field of history are examined through the rules of the science of history, some diminutions appear in tranference of related events to the today's people. The reality of human and feeling ignored by the function of serving document and data of history is tried to be lived and felt through the literature. Another method which can help history obviate these diminutions is to appoach from a socioligic aspect. One of the female writers ofKaracay Malkar, Halimat Bayramuk's novel 'Iki Kasim Bin Dokuz Yuz Kirk Uc' mentions about the big banishment of Soviet Union to the Karacay people during the World War II. The pain of this implemention removing thousands of people from their homeland has not yet ended exactly. In this study while related novel is examined through sociologie aspect, accordinly literal and objective maps of the work are constructed and the message for the reader is tried to be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Maraş has been located geographically at the intersection of East Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia and Middle Anatolia regions. The city functioned as the capital city of Gurgum Kingdom which was one of Late Hitit cities due to its location and became an important center for long years at the intersection of trade ways passing through the region. Native people mostly dealt with agriculture and ranching to keep on living. The city has benefited from the advantages of being located on a plain next to Ceyhan River. Through the years, it became a region in which plenty kinds of fruits and vegetables were harvested. At the same time the city was an important region because of native people's arts and crafts. The city always attracted the attention of domestic as well as foreign people due to the growing rice and cotton which were really precious industrial plants. The city of Maraş which is the main topic of this article became a station of food supplies for the army during World War I because of all these features. Sometimes arguments had taken place between the native people and the army for rice and other kinds of supplies which the city had given to the army. The city's socioeconomic visage was changed with loss of population due to epidemics of diseases as the consequence of wars and exiles from the neighboring regions during the wars. The wartorn city was destroyed and put into fire due to many attacks during the period of National Struggle. That's why the city needed a long time period to repair itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia are the main topics in the tradition of Turkish historical novel. Lately, migration became one of the topics of these novels which generally focus on historical personalities, wars and some social events. In the dissolution era of the Ottoman Empire, migration movements created important changes in social life and these changes are mentioned in the novels. Among this new literary material, Balkan Wars and the following tragedy are some of the most commonly held ones. Forced Balkan migration to Anatolia was discussed in the recently published novels in Turkey. Novel as a literary type includes social and political issues within the sociological dimension. Thus, it is not only significant for literature but it is also worth to be considered in the studies of sociology and history. In this study, we aimed to present the common fiction, characters and places emerging with migration, by a selection of post-2000 novels which discuss the migration of the Balkan Turks to Anatolia. In this review, we analyzed how the migration during and after the Balkan Wars reflects on fictional world of novel. We also determined the literal and sociological components of Balkan tragedy within the framework of aesthetic of novel writing. In this context, we established common fiction and idea of novels; and similar aspects of characters by comparative examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article's main purpose is to tackle with how narratives within familial space shaped the Crimean Tatar identity in exile. Based on oral testimonies, this article also focuses on the living conditions and some aspects of the everyday life of the Crimean Tatar who were born in exile in 1950s and 1960s's. By focusing on the oral testimonies of the Crimean Tatars who were born in exile, this article aims to fill the gaps in the historiography of the Crimean Tatars exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Soviet ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars, the subsequent settlement of their lands with Russians and Ukrainians, and the de-Tatarization of the peninsula s place names has a number of similarities with various cases of settler colonialism in the Americas, Africa, Australia, and Palestine. The treatment of the exiled Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, the Urals, and other regions also had a number of similarities with how settler colonies treated their indigenous populations. These similarities, however, have not been thoroughly explored by historians and other scholars. Instead the USSR has been considered as being completely outside of the framework of colonial and ethno-racial relations that developed between Europeans and indigenous peoples in other parts of the world. This article seeks to make a first attempt at suggesting ways in which Soviet policies towards various indigenous peoples in the USSR can be compared to the better studied cases of settler colonialism in places like South Africa and Palestine. In particular it uses the Soviet deportation of the Crimean Tatars and their prolonged exile in Uzbekistan under various legal restrictions as a case study comparable in a number of important ways to settler colonialism. It is hoped that this article will inspire further inquiries and research in a comparative manner regarding this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we wish to call attention with the movement of the classical definition of the conception of migration that whether all of the migrations took part in history should be regarded as migration or not. We clarified that in the historical process of the migration movements took part in our near history, especially crowd of people migrations took part at the period of the second world war can't be evaluated as synonymous with the classical definiation of the migration. We explained, what the reasons of the continuity of migration comunities who came out from the migration movements are and the carrying processes of ethnic idendities to political area. We tried to explain by shortly touching on the definiations of the new migration theories which born out of the continuing immigrant positions of the comunities who obligated to migrate or diarrhoea, how these comunities earned transnaitonal comunities (citizenships, idendities) in the course of time. For example we sociologically put on interpretation on the gain of transnational citizenship of Turkish Ahiska who today it's known their existence in many countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the fifteenth century entered its last quarter Islamic al-Andalus was drowned in internal controversies whereas on the other hand the Christians brought about a powerful alliance between the kingdoms with the aim of concluding the military phase of the Reconquista, that is, the reconquest of Spain. After this alliance, which was established through the marriage of the King of Aragon and the Queen of Castile, the political and military presence of the Muslims in Spain reached an end with the occupation of Granada, the last capital of al-Andalus. Shortly after the occupation hundreds of thousands of Muslims were reduced to "pariah" status within their own country and were made to change their faith under pressure. The Muslims of al-Andalus who looked Christian from the outside and who did what was asked of Christians were called "Moriscos" and were always seen as "the other" and "the other civilisation" in official and religious circles. When these people who despite all efforts in that direction became in no way "good Catholics" and who made common cause with the enemies of Spain (the Ottomas, the French and the dynasties in North Africa) a decision was taken eventually, in April 1609, to send them into "collective exile" in order to sever them from their roots. Following this decision tens of thousands of Muslims began to emigrate via Europe to Muslim lands. Diplomatic initiatives that the Ottoman State initiated in order to ensure the proper running of the emigration, especially via France and Venice, bore fruit and saved from death tens of thousands of Muslims from al-Andalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has been prepared for a purpose to make a social structure analysis of Black Sea Turks exiled from Batumi to Kyrgyz countryside by Soviet Russia in 1944. The main concern for choosing the Black Sea Turks is their being a community which is worthy of investigation. In that, we can see that they keep their cultures alive from the horon, entertainments, guests' rituals to folk songs though they have been living for 65 years far away from their origin region. Another reason making the Black Sea Turks special is that, unlike other exiles, they're not a diaspora community in that number and size, but they act like diaspora communities. And it should be noted that, they have begun to lose their culture slowly as older generation fades from the scene. Therefore, this study is significant in terms of the concern of creating a zero point and being a source for the studies about Black Sea Turks in the future. In this study, it has been aimed to make a social structure analysis by carrying out qualitative and quantitative techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves analysis is a method that is used safely for determination of nutritional status of fruit orchards in all of the world. However, this time is too late at revision of nutrition fault for plant analyses which have been performed at middle of summer. Nutrition requirement of fruit trees is very much at early vegetative period and in this period; they complete almost all of total nutrition quantity that will be used in that year. Many physiological events that affect fruit quality and yield occur during this period. Any nutrient deficiency or excess adversely affects one or more of these physiological processes. Therefore, determining of the nutritional status of fruit trees is of great importance especially at the beginning of the growth season. The fruit quality and yield can be increased both that year and next year by eliminating of mistakes in fertilization program at the early stages of vegetation. Some studies have shown that the nutritional status of plants could be determined by early sampling of flowers, fruit bud, shoots and leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As being the dignitaries of society, âyan was the central figure of the Ottoman urban administration from 18th century to the second quarter of the 19th century. In this period, also called as "the age of âyans", âyan families obtained de facto control in the regions they resided in. The researches about this process reveal that, âyan gained power and some âyan families arose in Bursa too. In this paper, relying on the pamphlet (risâle) named Bursa'da Âyanlık Mücâdeleleri, I will take into account the ayanship and the struggles for being the chief of âyans in Bursa at the beginnings of 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprout control is very important activity when potatoes have to be stored for a long time. The treatment of chemical inhibitors in the stores is a common practice to prevent the growth of sprouts and extend the store-life of the potato tubers. In the present study, it was investigated the effects of different concentrations (0, 150 ye 300 mg/L) of 7 volatile oils distilled from the Turkish oregano (Origanum onites), wild oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), black thyme (Thymbra spicata), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), lavandin (Lavandula hybrida), mint (Mentha spicata), sage (Salvia officinalis) and also S-(+)-carvone from Carum carvi oil as a commercial sprout inhibitor on shoot number and length (mm) of sprouts, fresh and dry sprouts weights (g) and sprouting eye percentage of potato (var. Justin) in the store conditions. The volatile oil components were identified by GC/MS. The major compound in the volatile oils was camphor (40.6%), carvacrol (97.2%) in wild oregano, linalool (37.2%) in lavandin, carvon (64.8%) in mint and α-thujon (23.0%) in sage. Carvacrol (75.5%), α-terpinene (11.6%) and p-cymene (9.2%) were the main compounds in black thyme oil. It was found that potato sprout growth was inhibited especially by S-(+)-carvone and also by the other volatile oils (such as oregano and mint oils). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The words of exile are used from the first ages. To be exiled must necessarily arise in the need to stay to live outside of the country. The people in exile, the most important problem is the language. Some exiles write up work in the main language. Exile have become only within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. In some countries such as Germany, Hungary, Spain, The Arabian Peninsula, have been exiled. In this study of the events described in exiled, there were obligatory exile and also voluntary exile. Some people return to their country from exile. Unfortunately some people died in exile. About this issue, Gürsel Aytaç, Oya Baydar, Mehmet Doğan, Nedim Gürsel's opinions have been given. Exile has been examined in different geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]