Search

Climate change impacts on the hydrology and water resources in East Africa require proper planning of regional adaptation measures. Past studies on the subject matter tended to focus on catchment instead of regional scale. To support actionable policy regarding regional planning of water resources management, this paper reviewed studies conducted in East Africa based on CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6. Compared to the historical condition, temperature of East Africa over the mid- to late 21st century will increase by varying extents over the range 0.17-7°C with about 2.6°C on average. Future precipitation over East Africa will increase by 8.5% on average. Changes in discharge based on CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 will vary from -25.3 to +60.5%, -42.5 to 129%, and -23.4 to 69%, respectively. Ensemble means of the changes in discharge across the study area based on CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 will be by 25.2, 19.2, and 19.1%, respectively. Future peak river discharge across East Africa will increase by 8% on average. These results are important for planning regional climate change adaptation across East Africa. To support local or catchment adaptation, results of climate change impacts of temperature, precipitation and discharge of about 50 catchments across East Africa can be found summarized in this review paper. It is recommended that both regional and local policies or approaches should be considered for climate change adaptation to ensure a balanced, effective and sustainable framework for climate resilience in support of measures for tackling broad and specific needs cohesively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has been used for the digitalization of physical asset management and data management processes in many areas in the industry and academia, including the water domain. Its potential as an immutable data storage system and smart contract integration has provided a plethora of use cases and utility in the domain of hydrology and water resources. This systematic review critically examines the application of blockchain technology in the field of water resources and hydrology. By analyzing 104 academic publications and 37 non-academic studies from 2017 to 15 October 2022, this paper identifies the current state of blockchain applications in water management, delineates their potential use cases, and assesses their practical utility and scalability. Despite the theoretical promise of blockchain for enhancing water governance, data security, and stakeholder trust, the review reveals a noticeable gap between theoretical potential and the existence of workable, real-time applications specifically in water resources management. The findings indicate that while blockchain technology has been effectively implemented in various sectors, its adoption in hydrological domain is still emerging, with limited empirical evidence to support full-scale deployment. The paper concludes with a call for more empirical research to validate theoretical benefits, address scalability and interoperability challenges, and integrate blockchain technology with real-time data networks for sustainable water management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ant-inspired metaheuristic algorithms known as ant colony optimization (ACO) offer an approach that has the ability to solve complex problems in both discrete and continuous domains. ACOs have gained significant attention in the field of water resources management, since many problems in this domain are non-linear, complex, challenging and also demand reliable solutions. The aim of this study is to critically review the applications of ACO algorithms specifically in the field of hydrology and hydrogeology, which include areas such as reservoir operations, water distribution systems, coastal aquifer management, long-term groundwater monitoring, hydraulic parameter estimation, and urban drainage and storm network design. Research articles, peer-reviewed journal papers and conference papers on ACO were critically analyzed to identify the arguments and research findings to delineate the scope for future research and to identify the drawbacks of ACO. Implementation of ACO variants is also discussed, as hybrid and modified ACO techniques prove to be more efficient over traditional ACO algorithms. These algorithms facilitate formulation of near-optimal solutions, and they also help improve cost efficiency. Although many studies are attempting to overcome the difficulties faced in the application of ACO, some parts of the mathematical analysis remain unsolved. It is also observed that despite its popularity, studies have not been successful in incorporating the uncertainty in ACOs and the problems of dimensionality, convergence and stability are yet to be resolved. Nevertheless, ACO is a potential area for further research as the studies on the applications of these techniques are few. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root zone is a vital part of the Earth system and a key element in hydrology, ecology, agronomy, and land surface processes. However, its definition varies across disciplines, creating barriers to interdisciplinary understanding. Moreover, characterizing the root zone is challenging due to a lack of consensus on definitions, estimation methods, and their merits and limitations. This opinion paper provides a holistic definition of the root zone from a hydrology perspective, including its moisture storage, deficit, and storage capacity. We demonstrate that the root zone plays a critical role in the biosphere, pedosphere, rhizosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and cryosphere of the Earth system. We underscore the limitations of the traditional reductionist approach in modelling this complex and dynamic zone and advocate for a shift towards a holistic, ecosystem-centred approach. We argue that a holistic approach offers a more systematic, simple, dynamic, scalable, and observable way to describe and predict the role of the root zone in Earth system science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a community‐accessible dataset comprising daily hydroclimatic variables (precipitation, temperature, and streamflow) observed in 50 catchments in Sweden (median size of 1019 km2). The dataset covers a 60‐year period (1961–2020) and includes information on geographical location, landcover, soil classes, hydrologic signatures, and regulation for each catchment. Data were collected from various sources, such as the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, the Swedish Geological Survey, and several Copernicus products provided by the European Environment Agency. The compiled, spatially‐matched, and processed data are publicly available online through the Swedish National Data Service (https://snd.se/en), contributing a new region to the collection of existing CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large‐sample Studies) datasets. The CAMELS‐SE dataset spans a wide range of hydroclimatic, topographic, and environmental catchment properties, making it a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners to study hydrological processes, climate dynamics, environmental impacts, and sustainable water management strategies in Nordic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plateau Meteorology is the property of Plateau Meteorology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Earth and life sciences are replete with portmanteau (blended) words and neologisms. Researchers at the interfaces between the traditional disciplines within the Earth and life sciences have coined dual titles for 'new' disciplines, such as geobiology/biogeology and ecohydrology/hydroecology. An upsurge in such coinage over the last few decades reflects a healthy willingness of many researchers to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and to include the human sphere within their domains. However, some of the titles cause confusion because their meanings are not self-evident; rather, they sometimes demand extra research to reveal their meanings, thus rendering science less 'open' at a time when Open Science is being vigorously encouraged. After discussing the question of disciplinary neologisms, the paper probes the interchangeability of 15 dual 'new' discipline titles and concludes that six are more-or-less synonymous, three are nonsynonymous, and six are indeterminate for varying reasons. We question the usefulness of some, but by no means all, disciplinary neologisms, given that their meanings are not immediately apparent. Looking beyond portmanteau titles and other neologisms, the paper discusses the rise of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, as seen in the concepts of the Critical Zone, multifunctional landscapes, and Earth System Science, the last of which supports a conceptual model of the planet as an interdependent set of spheres from global to local scales that has the advantages of combining the biotic, abiotic, and human spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of mining impact on groundwater is one of critical considerations for longwall extension and sustainability, however usually constrained by limited data availability, hydrogeological variation, and the complex coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour. This paper aims to determine the factors and mechanism of groundwater depressurisation and identify knowledge gaps and methodological limitations for improving groundwater impact assessment. Analysis of dewatering cases in Australian, Chinese, and US coalfields demonstrates that piezometric drawdown can further lead to surface hydrology degradation, while the hydraulic responses vary with longwall parameters and geological conditions. Statistical interpretation of 422 height of fracturing datasets indicates that the groundwater impact positively correlates to panel geometry and depth of cover, and more pronounced in panel interaction and top coal caving cases. In situ stress, rock competency, clay mineral infillings, fault, valley topography, and surface–subsurface water interaction are geological and hydrogeological factors influencing groundwater hydraulics and long-term recovery. The dewatering mechanism involves permeability enhancement and extensive flow through fracture networks, where interconnected fractures provide steep hydraulic gradients and smooth flow pathways draining the overlying water to goaf of lower heads. Future research should improve fracture network identification and interconnectivity quantification, accompanied by description of fluid flow dynamics in the high fracture frequency and large fracture aperture context. The paper recommends a research framework to address the knowledge gaps with continuous data collection and field-scale numerical modelling as key technical support. The paper consolidates the understanding of longwall mining impacting mine hydrology and provides viewpoints that facilitate an improved assessment of groundwater depressurisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban territorial expansion and forest disclosure are two examples of large-scale modifications necessary because of population growth and the rising demand for land. The paper analyzes the various facets of urban development and the essential role that hydrology plays in planning construction projects and water infrastructure. Hydrology study becomes essential for engineers designing and developing structures involving water resources, especially when flood conditions arise. The paper explores two commonly used flood hydrograph approaches, the Nakayasu Synthetic and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Unit Synthetic, concentrating on the design of flood discharge and its significance in flood management. The study provides insight into the feasibility of existing hydrograph techniques for determining flood discharge and is based on bibliometric data from earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retrieval of continuous snow water equivalent (SWE) directly from passive microwave observations is hampered by ambiguity, which can potentially be mitigated by incorporating knowledge on snow hydrological processes. In this paper, we present a data assimilation (DA)-based SWE retrieval framework coupling the QCA-Mie scattering (DMRT-QMS) model (a dense medium radiative transfer (RT) microwave scattering model) and a one-dimensional column-based multiple-layer snow hydrology model. The snow hydrology model provides realistic estimates of the snowpack physical parameters required to drive the DMRT-QMS model. This paper devises a strategy to specify those internal parameters in the snow hydrology and RT models that lack observational records. The modeled snow depth is updated by assimilating brightness temperatures (Tbs) from the X, Ku, and Ka bands using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The updated snow depth is then used to predict the SWE. The proposed framework was tested using the European Space Agency's Nordic Snow Radar Experiment (ESA NoSREx) dataset for a snow field experiment from 2009 to 2012 in Sodankylä, Finland. The achieved SWE retrieval root mean square error of 34.31 mm meets the requirements of NASA and ESA snow missions and is about 70% less than the open-loop SWE. In summary, this paper introduces a novel SWE retrieval framework that leverages the combined strengths of a snow hydrology model and a radiative transfer model. This approach ensures physically realistic retrievals of snow depth and SWE. We investigated the impact of various factors on the framework's performance, including observation time intervals and combinations of microwave observation channels. Our results demonstrate that a one-week observation interval achieves acceptable retrieval accuracy. Furthermore, the use of multi-channel and multi-polarization Tbs is preferred for optimal SWE retrieval performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a combined air/water source heat pump water heater is presented. At ordinary time, the heater can be used for hot water heating in water-source mode to improve the energy efficiency. While in cold season, it gives priority to air-source mode for water heating to improve operational safety. Experiments were conducted to investigate the thermodynamic performance of the heater in each operation mode, and the experiment results were analyzed. The research indicated that its operation was reliable during the long-time running. This paper offers a promising energy-saving method in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] SWAT is a model widely used to simulate various processes including hydrological processes and crop growth at various scales. This paper reviews its application and development from 1994 to 2022. [Method] The analysis is based on published papers that have been indexed by the Web of Science (WOS). Three bibliometric tools, VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Biblioshiny were used in econometric analysis of the literature. The levels of attention, knowledge and research frontiers in SWAT application and development were analyzed based on the number of published papers, publishing journals, affiliated institutions, paper citation, keywords and research topics. [Result] ① A total of 3 496 papers related to SWAT were published from 1994 to 2022. After 2006, the number of published papers involving SWAT increased rapidly. Since 2008, the number of SWAT papers published by Chinese researchers has grown rapidly, surpassing the United States in 2019 and becoming the lead country in publishing SWAT papers. ② The journals that publish SWAT papers most are "Journal of Hydrology", "Hydrological Processes" and "Water ". Non-Chinese authors who published most SWAT papers are Srinivasan R and Arnold J, both from the United States. Chinese authors who published most SWAT papers are Shen Zhenyao, Chen Lei and Ouyang Wei. ③ Beijing Normal University, the University of Texas, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hohai University, Wuhan University are the institutions that contributed most SWAT papers. Cooperation between countries and research institutions has promoted globalization and development of SWAT. ④ The application of SWAT is mainly in water resources, environmental science, and ecology. 5 The hotspots in SWAT are runoff simulation, assessment of the impact of land use and climate change on hydrological processes, soil erosion, pollution load. [Conclusion] SWAT has been widely used in different areas but its practical application still has some challenges. These include parameter calibrations and the associated uncertainties, model construction for different watersheds as well as the influence of different factors, impact of climate change and human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML) applications in hydrology are revolutionizing our understanding and prediction of hydrological processes, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence and the availability of large, high-quality datasets. This review explores the current state of ML applications in hydrology, emphasizing the utilization of extensive datasets such as CAMELS, Caravan, GRDC, CHIRPS, NLDAS, GLDAS, PERSIANN, and GRACE. These datasets provide critical data for modeling various hydrological parameters, including streamflow, precipitation, groundwater levels, and flood frequency, particularly in data-scarce regions. We discuss the type of ML methods used in hydrology and significant successes achieved through those ML models, highlighting their enhanced predictive accuracy and the integration of diverse data sources. The review also addresses the challenges inherent in hydrological ML applications, such as data heterogeneity, spatial and temporal inconsistencies, issues regarding downscaling the LSH, and the need for incorporating human activities. In addition to discussing the limitations, this article highlights the benefits of utilizing high-resolution datasets compared to traditional ones. Additionally, we examine the emerging trends and future directions, including the integration of real-time data and the quantification of uncertainties to improve model reliability. We also place a strong emphasis on incorporating citizen science and the IoT for data collection in hydrology. By synthesizing the latest research, this paper aims to guide future efforts in leveraging large datasets and ML techniques to advance hydrological science and enhance water resource management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to conduct a detailed analysis of the available flow series in the Chiriquí Viejo River basin in Panama. This paper examines the patterns of variation within these series and calculates various hydrological indexes indicative of the region's hydrology. Utilizing advanced hydrological indexes within the Chiriquí Viejo River basin in Panama, which spans an area of 1376 km2 and supports an estimated population of 100,000 inhabitants, analytical methods were employed to compute indexes such as the Daily Flow Variation Index (QVAR), the Slope of the Flow Duration Curve (R2FDC), the Hydrological Regulation Index (IRH), and the average duration of low (DLQ75) and high (DHQ25) flow pulses. The results indicate moderate flow variability (QVAR of 0.72) and a Hydrological Regulation Index (IRH) of 2.32, signifying a moderate capacity for flow regulation. Notably, low flow events (DLQ75) lasted approximately 3.73 days, while high flow events (DHQ25) lasted around 4.08 days. The study highlights a significant capacity to respond to extreme events, with maximum annual flows reaching 80.25 m3/s and minimum flows dropping to 3.01 m3/s. Despite the significant contribution of the basin to hydroelectric power generation and other economic activities, there is an observed need for sustainable management that accommodates hydrological fluctuations and promotes resource conservation. The conclusions indicate that these findings are critical for future planning and conservation strategies in the region, emphasizing the importance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches for Hydro-Social Sustainability. This novel and holistic approach underscores the interdependence between hydrological dynamics, socio-economic activities, and environmental sustainability, aiming to ensure the long-term resilience of the Chiriquí Viejo basin and its communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution forecasts P over future quantities or events are routinely made in hydrology but usually traded for a (likelihood‐weighted) mean or median prediction to accommodate error measures or scoring functions such as the mean absolute error or mean squared error. Case in point is the so‐called KG efficiency (KGE) of Gupta et al. (2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003) and improvements thereof (Lamontagne et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027101), which have rapidly gained popularity among hydrologists as alternative scoring functions to the commonly used Nash and Sutcliffe (1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022‐1694(70)90255‐6) efficiency, but are equally exclusive in how they quantify model performance using only single‐valued output of the quantities of interest. This point‐valued mapping necessarily implies a loss of information about model performance. This paper advocates the use of probabilistic watershed model training, evaluation and diagnostics. Distribution evaluation opens a mature literature on scoring rules whose strong statistical underpinning provides, as we will demonstrate, the theory, context and guidelines necessary for the development of robust information‐theoretically principled metrics for watershed signatures. These so‐called hydrograph functionals are scalar‐valued mappings of major behavioral watershed functions embodied in a strictly proper scoring rule. We discuss past developments that led to the current state‐of‐the‐art of distribution evaluation in hydrology and review scoring rules for dichotomous and categorical events, quantiles (intervals) and density forecasts. We are particularly concerned with elicitable functionals and scoring rule propriety, discuss the decomposition of scoring rules into a sharpness, reliability and entropy term and present diagnostically appealing strictly proper divergence scores of hydrograph functionals for flood frequency analysis, flow duration and recession curves. The usefulness and power of distribution‐based model evaluation and diagnostics by means of scoring rules is demonstrated on simple illustrative problems and discharge distributions simulated with watershed models using random sampling and Bayesian model averaging. The presented theory (a) enables a more complete evaluation of distribution forecasts, (b) offers a statistically principled means for watershed model training, evaluation, diagnostics and selection using hydrograph functionals and/or extreme events and (c) provides a universal framework for metric development of watershed signatures, promoting metric standardization and reproducibility. Plain Language Summary: The past decades have witnessed an unbridled growth in goodness‐of‐fit metrics of hydrologic models. These metrics may satisfy the needs of hydrologists but lack conforming theory and principles. This state of affairs (a) elicits improper model training and evaluation, (b) provokes and supports misguided inferences, (c) impedes statistically‐principled uncertainty quantification, metric standardization and development of universal model benchmarks and (d) obfuscates determination of whether the model has finished learning. What is more, most hydrologic model evaluation metrics in use today are rather exclusive in how they quantify model performance using only single‐valued simulated output of the quantities of interest. Predictive distributions derived from (quasi)‐Bayesian methods or ensembles are usually traded for a (likelihood‐weighted) mean or median prediction to accommodate error measures (scoring functions) such as the mean absolute error. This implies a large loss of information. This paper develops a distribution‐based approach to hydrologic model evaluation and diagnostics. Distribution evaluation opens the necessary theory and guidelines for development of robust information‐theoretically principled metrics of watershed signatures. These so‐called hydrograph functionals are scalar‐valued mappings of major behavioral watershed functions embodied in a strictly proper scoring rule. The hydrograph functionals offer a statistically principled means for hydrologic model evaluation, diagnostics and selection. Key Points: Scoring rules of hydrograph functionals provide an information‐theoretically principled means for watershed model training, evaluation, and diagnosticsWe present strictly proper (divergence) scores for flood frequency analysis, flow duration, and recession curvesPropriety and elicitability offer useful working paradigms for metric development of hydrograph functionals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Testate amoebae are a polyphyletic group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are characterised by a rigid shell and inhabit mostly freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly abundant in peatlands, especially in Sphagnum-dominated biotopes. Peatland hydrology is the most important influence on testate amoebae communities. The good preservation of the shells in peat deposits and their response to hydrological regime changes are the principles for palaeohydrological reconstructions. Any changes in the water balance of mires should be expected to have far-reaching effects on biogeochemical cycles, productivity, carbon dioxide and methane exchange. New information: This paper presents a dataset (Darwin Core Archive -- DwC-A) on the distribution of Sphagnum-dwelling testate amoebae in nine mires located in the forest-steppe subzone of the East European Plane. The dataset includes information about 86 taxa belonging to 29 genera and contains 3,123 occurrences of 49,874 individuals. The following environmental variables are provided: microtopography, oxidising and reducing potential, total mineralisation, substrate temperature, acidity, substrate wetness and water table depth. These data might be used for biogeographical and palaeoecological studies, including quantitative reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BELSAR dataset consists of high-resolution multitemporal airborne mono- and bistatic fully-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data in L-band, alongside concurrent measurements of vegetation and soil biogeophysical variables measured in maize and winter wheat fields during the summer of 2018 in Belgium. Its collection was funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) to address the lack of publicly-accessible experimental datasets combining multistatic SAR and in situ measurements. As such, it offers an opportunity to advance the development of SAR remote sensing science and applications for agricultural monitoring and hydrology. This paper aims to facilitate its adoption and exploration by offering comprehensive documentation and integrating its multiple data sources into a unified, analysis-ready dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floodplain wetland ecosystems experience significant seasonal water fluctuation over the year, resulting in a dynamic hydroperiod, with a range of vegetation community responses. This paper assesses trends and changes in land cover and hydroclimatological variables, including air temperature, river discharge, and water level in the Upper Columbia River Wetlands (UCRW), British Columbia, Canada. A land cover classification time series from 1984 to 2022 was generated from the Landsat image archive using a random forest algorithm. Peak river flow timing, duration, and anomalies were examined to evaluate temporal coincidence with observed land cover trends. The land cover classifier used to segment changes in wetland area and open water performed well (kappa of 0.82). Over the last 4 decades, observed river discharge and air temperature have increased, precipitation has decreased, the timing of peak flow is earlier, and the flow duration has been reduced. The frequency of both high-discharge events and dry years have increased, indicating a shift towards more extreme floodplain flow behavior. These hydrometeorological changes are associated with a shift in the timing of snowmelt, from April to mid-May, and with seasonal changes in the vegetative communities over the 39-year period. Thus, woody shrubs (+ 6 % to + 12 %) have expanded as they gradually replaced marsh and wet-meadow land covers with a reduction in open-water area. This suggests that increasing temperatures have already impacted the regional hydrology, wetland hydroperiod, and floodplain land cover in the Upper Columbia River valley. Overall, there is substantial variation in seasonal and annual land cover, reflecting the dynamic nature of floodplain wetlands, but the results show that the wetlands are drying out with increasing areas of woody/shrub habitat and loss of aquatic habitat. The results suggest that floodplain wetlands, particularly marsh and open-water habitats, are vulnerable to climatic and hydrological changes that could further reduce their areal extent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Systematic literature reviews can provide an objective global overview of background research on hydrological questions. This study presents a methodology to ensure rigor, traceability, and replicability in evaluating state-of-the-art hydrological topics. The proposed methodology involved systematic, objective, and explicit steps. Strategies with defined selection criteria were used to search the relevant literature comprehensively and accurately on hydrological uncertainty as a case study. The most pertinent documents were filtered to build a critical state-of-the-art synthesis for evaluating their quality and relevance. This methodology allows systematic literature analysis to provide an objective summary of the evidence, with a structured procedure for state-of-the-art reviews, which promotes transparency in the search, unlike typical review papers that lack reproducible methodologies that may lead to obtaining a potentially subjective reference selection. Consequently, the proposed methodology improves reference reliability and study reproducibility while generalizing the methodology. This procedure has proven effective and practical for building state-of-the-art research in the study case (State-of-the-art Uncertainty in Hydrological forecasting from 2017 to 2023) and can be considered a relevant tool in hydrology and other STEM disciplines, providing a rigorous and transparent approach that enhances evidence quality and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil's Northeast region (BRN), especially the state of Ceará (CE), has dealt historically with severe drought events since the late 1800s, which commonly led to catastrophic impacts of mass migration and deaths of thousands of people. Throughout the last century, the "Droughts Polygon" region experienced an intense infrastructural development, with the expansion of a dense network of reservoirs. This paper presents a parsimonious hydrologic modeling approach to investigate the 100‐year (1920–2020) evolution of the hydrology of the 24,500 km2 Upper Jaguaribe Basin, throughout the development of a dense reservoir network. We aimed at reproducing the hydrology at the basin scale and analyzed the outcomes of reservoir expansion in terms of water fluxes and water security. Our model's structure captured the growth in reservoir count and storage capacity, which was then confronted with an evolving water demand, allowing us to estimate how water security (i.e., proportion of demand being met) varied over the 100‐year period. Significant streamflow reduction at the basin's outlet and increase in evaporation losses, associated with a decrease in streamflow at varying exceedance frequencies were observed at the end of the study period. While reservoir expansion allowed for the transition from complete vulnerability to meteorological droughts to increased levels of water security, drought impacts had, in the meantime, disproportionally intensified, especially in reservoirs of medium to small capacities. Smaller reservoirs are suggested to have played the role of distributing water resources throughout the region, while larger reservoirs were more efficient as tools to promote water security. Plain Language Summary: Brazil's Northeast region is known to suffer from severe droughts since colonial times. The state of Ceará is perhaps the best representation of how hydraulic interventions were used in the last century to mitigate water scarcity in Brazil's semi‐arid. Recently, the debate on how widespread construction of reservoirs can lead to unintended (negative) consequences in terms of water provisioning has been the brought to the attention of the scientific community. Studies to quantitatively characterize such phenomena are thus necessary to create basic understanding on how humans interact with water systems, with the potential of promoting more sustainable water management practices. In this study, we investigate a large region in the state of Ceará that experienced a dramatic increase in storage capacity through the last century, spurred by the construction of dams of varying sizes led by both local population as well as funded by the authorities. Our study tries to characterize how this complex system has evolved over time in terms of the positive and negative effects reservoir expansion might have brought to humans living in that region. Key Points: A hydrologic model with an evolving structure was developed to capture 100 years of reservoir expansion in a large semi‐arid basinDrought intensity and duration evolved differently through the system, with smaller reservoirs becoming more affected over timeWater retention in the basin reduced streamflow at the basin outlet and increased evaporation losses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the responses to the global commitments against climate change, the Ethiopian Government launched a nationwide Green Legacy Initiative (GLI) in 2019, which largely focused on forest tree plantations with some inclusion of fruit trees. Despite its tremendous efforts and investments, its effectiveness and impacts have not been studied. This paper attempted to address this necessity by conducting a cross‐sectional quasi‐experiment in three randomly selected woredas/districts of Lake Hawassa Watershed from August 20 to September 2, 2023. The research hypothesized the likely impacts of GLI on four dependent variables (hydrological regulation, soil stability, nutrient cycling and plant species diversity). To achieve this, the research considered the two variants of GLI practices (plantation with and without soil and water conservation measures) and the corresponding control sites. Having three sites and three treatments with five replications, the study involved a total of forty‐five quadrats of the same size (20 m × 20 m). The first three parameters were analysed using the landscape functionality analysis method, while the fourth employed Shannon's diversity index. Results of ANOVA showed that, on average 87% of randomly selected quadrats were found to significantly improve the local hydrology (runoff potential) (≈ 83.3% with Av. p = 0.012), soil stability (≈100% with Av. p = 0.002), nutrient cycling (≈83.3% with Av. p = 0.017) and plant species diversity (≈83.3% with Av. p = 0.012). The research revealed positive results from the Ethiopian Green Legacy Initiative. The small number of samples is acknowledged as a limitation of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrology has a long history, but is still considered a young science due to its lack of a solid scientific foundation as a natural science. Field experimentation is crucial when investigating hydrological processes and mechanisms, and is essential if hydrology is to have a solid, science‐based foundation. Professor Wei‐Zu Gu (1932–2022) was an internationally renowned scientist in the field of hydrology and is recognized as the greatest pioneer of experimental hydrology and isotope hydrology in China. He created the Hydrohill experimental catchment, which serves as both a great public facility for experimental hydrology and a valuable legacy for researchers that will enable them to conduct advanced hydrological experiments in the future. This legacy consists of innovative infrastructure that bridges the gap between natural watershed experiments and artificial physical models. The Hydrohill is an intensively instrumented experimental catchment that allows different elements of the hydrological cycle and their tracing indicators to be comprehensively measured. To provide an in‐depth understanding of the Hydrohill, this paper presents a short history of the site, its experimental objectives, a site description (including location, construction and instrumentation), site conditions (such as soil, hydrological and meteorological properties), and its contributions to hydrological science. We acknowledge Professor Gu for creating the Hydrohill experimental hydrology facility and enhancing our understanding of hydrological processes and mechanisms. Finally, we hope that Chuzhou Scientific Hydrology Laboratory, along with support from Professor Gu's friends, will ensure the continued growth of the Hydrohill so that it can address unsolved problems in hydrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment connectivity at the catchment scale includes the processes linking sediment sources, sinks and the river outlet. Soil erosion models usually estimate yields without considering riverine processes or human infrastructure that may affect sediment connectivity. Quantifying these processes at a large scale is a determinant of understanding sediment transfers from continental lands to marine ecosystems. This study tries to fill this gap by coupling the soil erosion model WaTEM/SEDEM (WS) with the riverine connectivity tool CASCADE to quantify sediment fluxes in the Rhône watershed. The coupling returned a good fit, with deviations of −51.7%. WS alone predicts the exported fluxes better with a deviation of −34.9%. Nevertheless, this paper shows the importance of considering connectivity and transport capacity to develop a more realistic representation of fine sediment dynamics at a large scale. However, connectivity tools depend on the quality of the models (soil erosion and hydrology) and the geomorphological data on which they depend, which is a limiting factor in large‐scale studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating snow hydrology parameters, including snow coverage mapping and snow depth, plays a significant role in comprehending water resource dynamics, flood forecasting, and environmental management in regions influenced by snow cover. These parameters are critical for hydrological models that simulate snowmelt and runoff, which are essential for predicting water availability and managing water resources in snow-covered areas. Traditional methods for estimating these parameters often rely on manual measurements or simplistic models, which can be inadequate for capturing the complexity of snow-related processes. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in leveraging deep learning techniques for snow hydrology parameter estimation, offering the potential to overcome these limitations. This review paper comprehensively analyzes the current state, challenges, and future directions of image-based approaches in snow hydrology parameter estimation. By harnessing the power of automated methods, particularly deep learning, these approaches demonstrate the ability to capture intricate spatial and temporal relationships present in image data. A comparative analysis between traditional and image-based methods highlights the strengths of automated approaches, including scalability and accuracy. Integration of image sensors, such as satellite imagery and crowd-sourced data, is explored as a crucial component of snow hydrology parameter estimation. Various satellite image sources, including Sentinel 1-2, Landsat, and MODIS, are discussed in terms of their suitability for snow hydrological applications. Despite the promise of image-based approaches, challenges remain, including data availability, model interpretability, and transferability. The paper identifies future research directions, emphasizing the exploration of novel deep learning architectures and uncertainty quantification techniques to address these challenges. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of image-based approaches for advancing snow hydrology parameter estimation. By addressing challenges and maximizing potential impact, these approaches have the potential to revolutionize snow hydrological modeling and environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on urban flood hydrology processes and hydrodynamic principles, the stormwater management model (SWMM) was improved upon. The coupling and implementation methods of the SWMM and two-dimensional hydrodynamic model are proposed. The improved SWMM was coupled with the hydrodynamic model both from the vertical and horizontal directions. The hydrology and hydrodynamic coupling model (HHDCM) was constructed and verified by using extreme rainstorm data. Taking July.20 extreme rainstorms (from July 17 to July 20, 2021, i.e., July.20 extreme rainstorm) in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China, as an example and using the HHDCM model, the flood disaster caused by July.20 extreme rainstorm was simulated. Based on the simulation results, an inundation distribution map was drawn for the urban area. A comparison between the simulated and measured results reveals that the maximum relative error in the simulated results is 12.5%. Therefore, the HHDCM model proposed in this paper has desirable accuracy and reliability for simulating extreme urban rainstorms and flood disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is widely used as a tool in geotechnical, geo-environmental, hydrology, and soil science fields for predicting and interpreting hydro-mechanical behaviors of unsaturated soils. Several previous studies focused on investigating the influence of initial water content, stress history, temperature, and salt content on the SWCC behavior. However, there is still limited understanding to be gained from the literature on how we can systematically incorporate the influence of complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemo (THMC) effects into interpreting and predicting the behavior of unsaturated soils. To address that knowledge gap, in this study, the coupled influence of temperature, initial stress state, initial density, soil structure, and chemical solution effects was modeled using established SWCC equations from the literature. The methodology for incorporating the coupled effects of these influential factors is presented herein. Furthermore, we evaluated the SWCC models proposed in this study, enabling us to provide a comprehensive discussion of their strengths and limitations, using the published SWCC data from the literature. The developments outlined in this paper contribute toward facilitating a rigorous approach for analyzing the THMC behaviors of unsaturated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial that discusses the importance of water in agriculture, particularly in arid and semiarid regions, and the impact of irrigation on hydrological processes. It covers various research fields within agricultural hydrology, such as water-heat-salt-nutrients transport and evapotranspiration modeling, as well as remote sensing applications. The document provides an overview of published papers on this topic, highlighting research gaps and challenges in integrated agro-hydrological modeling, water resource management, non-point source pollution control, soil salinization, data-driven algorithms, and the use of remote sensing technology. It also lists research topics related to hydrology, including remote sensing, sustainability, ecohydrology, crop water requirement, drought assessment, and groundwater, with studies conducted in different regions such as China, South Africa, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and the USA. The document includes a list of research articles covering various subjects, such as the impacts of climate change on streamflow, water footprint of the animal breeding industry, reference evapotranspiration estimation methods, and the effects of controlled tile drainage on crop growth. The articles are authored by researchers from different countries, including China, Spain, the USA, and Sri Lanka. The document also provides information on the authors' contributions, data availability, and conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

This paper was focused to find out the impact of silting of Gabčíkovo-Topoľníky channel on the flow conditions at this channel. There were performed the detailed field measurements of bed sediment thicknesses along the Gabčíkovo-Topoľníky since the year 1993 to 2023. Based on the calculation of the values of the average thickness of the bed sediments, there was determined the longitudinal distribution of the bed sediments along the Gabčíkovo-Topoľníky channel, the percentage of silting of the flow area in this channel and the values of the volumes of bed sediments in this channel during the monitored period, which was the main objective and the reasons of this research. This paper relates to evaluation of results from the field measurements at Gabčíkovo-Topoľníky channel during whole monitored period since the year 1993 to 2023, especially compares the results from measurements between the year 1993 and 2023. Gabčíkovo-Topoľníky channel is one from three main channels of Žitný Ostrov (Rye Island) channel network. The area of Žitný Ostrov (ŽO) is flat land and the velocities in all channels of channel network are very slow. The occurrence of small velocities is considered for main reason of sediment's aggradation at channel bed. The flow profile of channels is reduced by increased thickness of bed sediments. Consequently, the permanent sedimentation process is unfavourably changing not only the cross-section of channel, but also its longitudinal profile. The channel's capacity is therefore significantly reduced, e. g. the channel conveys much lower flow as a result of obstruction, lowering the efficiency at channel performance. The volume of sediments is also growing. Bed sediments, their thickness and texture have the important impact to interaction between surface water in channels of ŽO network and groundwater in its surroundings. The results of these measurements are summed up in all tables and figures of this paper and their comparison indicates the growing trend of longitudinal silting of this channel and the volume quantity of bed sediments during the observed period - 30 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the functionality of Arc Hydro, one of the components within ArcGIS. The purpose of using GIS, specifically the Arc Hydro component, is to prepare geospatial data (e.g., preprocessing digital terrain models, identifying river networks and watershed areas, etc.) during the pre-modeling phase within HEC-HMS. Arc Hydro provides a set of standardized attributes and a toolset for implementing the data model. The Arc Hydro tools generate several datasets that collectively describe the drainage pattern of a catchment. These tools are installed as an Arc Hydro toolbar, which includes the Terrain Preprocessing menu. This menu provides functions dealing with DEM processing and is mostly used once to prepare spatial information for later use. Arc Hydro is not a hydrologic modelling software but an excellent free tool to facilitate hydrologic modelling of watersheds. It is a unique GIS program that maintains the connectivity of hydrologic features. Using the example of the Bioštica River Basin, this paper will demonstrate the pre-modeling steps utilizing Arc Hydro. Additionally, the results obtained during the pre-modeling phase serve as the foundation for the watershed delineation method, using the Point Delineation option (it allows interactive delineation of a watershed upstream of a user-specified point). In this way, the study defines the watershed area for the Hydrological Station HS Bioštica, Bioštica River. Compared to the manual subwatershed and stream network delineation approach, the Arc Hydro toolbar offers significant time savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a special issue of the Journal of Hydrology & Hydromechanics celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, Slovakia. The Institute, established in 1953, focuses on improving water management in Slovakia and is currently a scientific research institution specializing in environmental science and water management. The special issue includes papers from researchers at the Institute and other institutions, covering topics such as the use of biochar in soil improvement and the impact of biochar on soil erosion. The articles explore various aspects of hydrology and hydrodynamics, including changes in soil volume, climate change's effect on water temperatures and runoff, precipitation measurement methods, and more. The articles emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of hydrological sciences and their significance for society. Readers are encouraged to delve into the articles for further knowledge and inspiration. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this study is to assess, monitor, and analyzed water quality parameters recorded from reservoirs in of Saudi Arabia for Electrical Conductivity (EC) forecasting. Water quality parameters play a key role in the lives of humans, plants, and animals depending on those reservoirs for survival. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a novel autoencoder stacked LSTM transfer learning (TL + aeSLSTM) model for EC forecasting. Although various factors such as pH, EC, CaCO3, Turbidity, Salinity, Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca2+), Fluoride (F−), Chloride (Cl−), Bromide (Br−), Nitrate (NO3−), and Sulfate ( SO 4 2 - ) affects EC forecasting, in this paper we utilized Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Na as our source dataset for EC forecasting. In order to select the most appropriate or suitable transfer learning model network for EC forecasting, a trail-by-error approach was employed where parameters e.g., hidden layers, number of neurons, batch-size, epochs, optimizers, and activation functions were varied and applied to each model. To assess the performance of the proposed model to the baseline model, we employed the most common evaluation metrics ie. MSE, MAE, and MAPE. Superior performance by the novel TL + aeSLSTM over the state-of-the-art models illustrates the capability of the model to utilize both the advantage of the autoencoder, stacked LSTM, and transfer learning capability for EC forecasting. The results show that the least value of train MAE, train MSE, train RMSE, test MAE, test MSE, test RMSE when Na is used as the source dataset for EC forecasting by the TL + aeSLSTM are 248.044, 519.292, 22.788, 206.114, 212.004, and 14.560, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]