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A large variety of acid-free Asian and Western papers offer objects conservators numerous applications in their work. Not only have objects conservators borrowed this extraordinary material - paper - from the field of paper conservation but they have also adopted many of the well-developed methods and techniques of handling and manipulating it in their 3-D treatments. Paper meets all material criteria in modern conservation practice, including reversibility, strength, inertness, long-term stability, minimal change in color over time, and compatibility with the original artwork. Additional attractive characteristics are that it is light weight, non-toxic, hydrophilic, it conforms well to surfaces, and is not affected by the solvents typically used. Also, the cost of paper varies but is not excessively high. Finally, having the option of using paper in sheet, fiber or powder form - either in a dry or wet state - allows for even wider applications. This article is a survey of the wide range of applications of paper in objects conservation. Its use can have two very different functions. It can serve as a restoration material, thereby remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete, and as a tool during treatment, thereby not remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Paper properties determine the product application potential and depend on the raw material, pulping conditions, and pulp refining. The aim of this study was to construct mathematical models that predict quantitative relations between the paper density and various mechanical and optical properties of the paper. A dataset of properties of paper handsheets produced with pulps of Acacia dealbata, Acacia melanoxylon, and Eucalyptus globulus beaten at 500, 2500, and 4500 revolutions was used. Unsupervised classification techniques were combined to assess the need to perform separated prediction models for each species, and multivariable regression techniques were used to establish such prediction models. It was possible to develop models with a high goodness of fit using paper density as the independent variable (or predictor) for all variables except tear index and zero-span tensile strength, both dry and wet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To model advanced 3-D forming strategies for paper materials, the effects of environmental conditions on the mechanical behavior must be quantitatively and qualitatively understood. A tensile test method has been created, verified, and implemented to test paper at various moisture content and temperature levels. Testing results for one type of paper for moisture contents from 6.9 to 13.8 percent and temperatures from 23 to 168 degrees Celsius are presented and discussed. Coupled moisture and temperature effects have been discovered for maximum stress. Uncoupled effects have been discovered for elastic modulus, tangent modulus, hardening modulus, strain at break, tensile energy absorption (TEA), and approximate plastic strain. A hyperbolic tangent function is also utilized which captures the entire one-dimensional stress-strain response of paper. The effects of moisture and temperature on the three coefficients in the hyperbolic tangent function may be assumed to be uncoupled, which may simplify the development of moisture- and temperature-dependent constitutive models. All parameters were affected by both moisture and temperature with the exception of TEA, which was found to only be significantly dependent on temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to understand more fully the out-of-plane auxetic behavior of paper. In the reported research, initial characterization of the auxetic properties of common, commercially available papers is described. The results of these experiments suggest that the auxetic response seen in paper structures is related to the cellulose fiber network structure, as previously suggested, and is related to inter-fiber bonding and fiber organization in the sheet. These results also indicate that further study is needed to understand how materials and processing variables influence auxetic behavior. A mathematical model, attempting to explain auxetic response in an idealized arrangement of fibers is included. Ultimately, the fundamental understanding resulting from this research should lead to new product development opportunities for forest product-based paper materials as well as to the establishment of predictive structure-property relations for auxetic materials using paper as a model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments involves mathematical modeling of the fluorescence recovery process. An important feature of FRAP experiments that tends to be ignored in the modeling is that there can be a significant loss of fluorescence due to bleaching during image capture. In this paper, we explicitly include the effects of bleaching during image capture in the model for the recovery process, instead of correcting for the effects of bleaching using reference measurements. Using experimental examples, we demonstrate the usefulness of such an approach in FRAP analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We would like to congratulate the authors for solving a complex, novel and stimulating problem of identification and estimation in a measurement error context. We also thank the Executive Editor for giving us the opportunity to discuss this work. Our main contribution to this discussion will be to try to develop the necessary insight into the methodology and its properties, with the aim of allowing other readers to better appreciate their highly original approach. We also raise a few points that the authors may wish to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the mechanical characteristics of paper packaging. The ecological aspects of paper packaging, such as biodegradability and its low production costs have made these type of packaging widely used. The study used computational modeling, and possible mathematical models, to determine the strength of paper packaging under compression.

Abstract  In this paper it is shown that the well known special orthotropy of paper, explained by micromechanical models of complex bodies, actually corresponds to a special case of orthotropy of a plane elastic body. The existence of this special orthotropy was predicted by the author in a previous work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to develop an experiment and a procedure to investigate the restoration of water-damaged paper and archival materials using freeze drying in order to allow a reproducible test and comparison of the influence of different operating conditions on drying time and restored paper quality. Firstly, a reproducible method for the preparation of soaked samples simulating water-damaged paper has been developed. Then, the samples have been freeze-dried in a laboratory-scale apparatus that allowed monitoring the temperature as well as the weight of the samples. The technique of evaporative freezing, which reduces the drying time required, has been used in this case. An innovative procedure for the visualization of the progress of the drying process has been validated, thus allowing the validation of a simple phenomenological model of the time evolution of the ice core volume; in addition, data on the residual moisture of the dried paper sheets in different zones have been given. Finally, optimization of this particular drying process by using simple or more sophisticated approaches has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an implementation of an ~daptive beamformer in a hands-free unit. The proposec~ ~daptive beamformer suppresses stationary noise an~ nterference sound. The adaptive beamformer and acoustic `cho canceller were implemented in a compact hands-free mit with a low-cost DSP. Experimental results demonstrate he noise reduction performance of the hands-free unit'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new method to improve re performance of intra-field interpolation which is the mos~ important element of deinterlacing method. Traditional edge- based methods were poor at determining accurate edge iirection which decides interpolation performance. The 7roposed method decides the direction and slope of edge based on locally adaptive-thresholded binary image to mprove efficiency and accuracy, and it also increased the ~orizontal size of search window to 15 for better direction ietermination at gentle slope. Compared to traditional edge- based methods, interpolation based on binary image, which is ,`enerated using the proposed method, leads to great erformance improvement. With computer simulations for a ~`ariety of images, this paper shows the new approach is much ~etter than traditional methods.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within our research work we determined the Young's modulus distribution in the paper plane on the basis of results of tensile tests in selected directions. Using mathematical relationships valid for orthotropic materials, the moduli were calculated theoretically. The tensile stiffness orientation angle (TSA), and the TSO and TSI indices were also determined in order to define the deviations of the main axes of orthotrophy in the paper plane as determined by the machine and the cross directions. The calculation results were compared with measured values. They justified the conclusion that paper may be treated as an orthotropic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic theory of oligopoly up to the end of the nineteen-fifties consisted mainly of the basic work of economists A. Cournot who showed that a linear duopoly is stable. In 1959 economist R.D. Theocharis proved that Cournot obtained his result by accident, since his model becomes unstable if more than two oligopolists act on the market. Theocharis' paper gave rise to a variety of successive publications, in which the duopoly of Cournot was modified in many respects; especially with regard to the Cournot-behaviour-rule, that consists, strictly speaking, of two assumptions, namely: Assumption C1: Each oligopolist computes his optimal quantity on the basis that the quantities of all his rivals remain unchanged and; Assumption C2: Every seller adjusts his output completely and instantaneously to the one that he derived according to Assumption C1.

On the basis of a variety of evidence, including the paper with Professor Harold Watts and a paper by the author, the case for seeking and frequently using disaggregated data seemed strong, but one nagging concern remained. Suppose, as seems likely, the microcomponents exhibit different behaviors. In this case it might not be sensible to pool the data and treat it as a single sample from a single universe. This paper copes directly with this issue, and demonstrates the importance of using disaggregated data even when microcomponents. Instead of using a simulation to study aggregation across components with different behaviors, one could have attempted a mathematical deduction of the effects. In order to do this certain simplifying assumptions would need to be introduced in order to make the problem tractable. Another approach to the problem of aggregation is to use data from the real world to fit models at different levels of aggregation, and then to evaluate the relative worth of these models by means of some quantitative measure.

This paper discusses different approaches to constructing approximate mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]